had assisted the Nepalese, etc., were provided for. Thus ended the war with Tibet, much to the satisfaction of the Nepalese, upon whose resources the supporting of such a huge expedition was a burden that could not much longer have been endured.

On the 1st of August 1856, Jung Bahadur resigned the post of prime minister in favour of his brother Bam Bahadur, and he himself was created Mahārāja, with sovereignty over the two provinces of Kāski and Lamjung, and with power to act as adviser to the king and prime minister.

At the end of this year Mr Schlagintweit was permitted to visit the country, and to take a few observations, such as could be taken within the narrow limits assigned to Europeans.

In the beginning of 1857 there was an uneasy feeling in the Nepalese army, which at one time threatened to produce serious consequences, but fortunately the disturbances were put down without bloodshed.

In June intelligence was received of the mutiny of the native army in Hindustan, and the Durbar at once offered to send troops to the assistance of the British. On the 15th of June two regiments started, and three more were to follow at once. Unfortunately, however, the measures adopted by the Resident, General G. Ramsay, were not approved of by the Governor-general, and the troops were recalled. Had they gone on, it is probable that the massacre at Cawnpore would never have occurred.

On the 26th of June, however, a telegram was received by the Resident, instructing him to accept the offer of troops, and 3000 men started on the 2nd of July, while 1000 more followed on the 13th and 14th of August.

At the end of June Jung Bahadur resumed the offices of prime minister and commander-in-chief, and shortly afterwards offers were made of more troops to assist the British; but it was not till the 10th of December that Jung Bahadur set out himself with an army of 8000 men. This force was joined by Colonel MacGregor, as military commissioner, and assisted in the campaign of 1857 and 1858 against the rebels.

Early in 1858 numbers of fugitive rebels took refuge in the Nepalese Terai; and as there were but few troops in that part of the country, they remained there almost unmolested. Amongst those who came subsequently, were the Begum of Lucknow and her son, Brijis Kadr, the infamous Nānā Sāhib, Bālā Rão, Mammu Khān, Beni Madho, and about fifty more of the principal leaders of the rebellion. The rebels suffered greatly in the Terai from sickness and want of provisions; and in September the Nānā himself was said to have fallen a victim to malarious fever. This, however, is doubtful. The fact seems to have been, that the Nepalese temporised with the rebels till they had got all the jewels and money they could out of them, in the meantime throwing every possible obstacle in the way of attempts on the part of the British to arrest them. At last, at the end of 1859, the Nepalese organized an expedition, and, in concert with the British troops, swept the remainder of the mutineers out of the Terai.

In February 1860, the Nana's wives took refuge in Nepal, where they still reside in a house close to Thapatali. There are not wanting those who say that the Nānā himself is still living in the interior of Nepāl; and as far as the British Resident's power of obtaining intelligence goes, he might be within twenty

miles of the capital any day, without his ever being heard of. The Begam of Lucknow and her son also took refuge in the country, and still (1875) reside there in a house not far from Thāpatali.

The strength of the auxiliary force supplied by the Nepalese in the campaign of 1857-58 was upwards of 8000 fighting men, with more than 500 artillerymen, and 24 guns, and of course a number of followers. All these, as well as the 4000 men of the earlier expedition, were fed and paid by the British from the day of their leaving Kāṭhmānḍū.

In addition to the outlay thus incurred, all the troops employed received batta, and a large portion of the Terai was made over to Nepal. This ground contains valuable sal forests, and yields a revenue of several lakhs of rupees yearly. Besides this, General Jung Bahadur was created a G. C. B., an honour of which he is not a little proud.

There is no doubt that it was entirely owing to the personal influence of Sir Jung Bahadur that troops were sent to assist at all; and had it not been for his representations of the power and resources of the British, it may be doubted whether the Nepalese would not have held aloof from the struggle, or, more probably, have been induced to side with the rebels. Now, however, all parties see the wisdom of the course adopted, and Sir Jung Bahadur's position has no doubt been rendered more secure by the benefits which the country has derived from his policy.

From the conclusion of the expedition against the remnants of the mutineers up to the present time, there is but little that is worth chronicling.

Some alterations have been made in the treaties for the extradition of criminals; but all efforts to induce the

W. N.

5

Nepalese to relax their jealous rules regarding the exclusion of foreigners have proved fruitless, and the country, except for fifteen miles around the capital, is as much a terra incognita as it was when Colonel Kirkpatrick visited it nearly a hundred years ago.

In 1873-74 there were some disputes with Tibet, which it was at one time feared might lead to another For the present, however, all danger of this seems to have passed away.

war.

In 1873 Sir Jung Bahadur was created a G. C.S. I.; and at the same time received from the Emperor of China the title and insignia of Thong-lin-pim-ma-ko-kāng-vāngsyan.

In 1874 he proposed to revisit England with several of his brothers, sons, and nephews, and he had got as far on the way as Bombay, when he met with an accident, which put a stop to the intended journey.

On 8th of August 1875, a son was born to the Crown Prince, the mother being one of Sir Jung's daughters. A son had been born four years before this, but he was a sickly child and died within a month of his birth.

CHAPTER V.

Remarks on the aspect of political matters in Nepāl at the present time. Sir Jung Bahadur's influence. His numerous relatives. Prospect of the country being thrown open to Europeans. Trade. Character of the Nepalese. Position of the Resident and other Europeans in Nepal. Means of obtaining information regarding the country. Amusements and employments of young men of the upper classes. Concluding general remarks on the country and its climate.

HAVING now described the Valley of Nepal, and given a brief sketch of its people and its history, it only remains for me to add a few remarks on the probable future of the country, the general condition of the people, the prospects of trade, and the social intercourse existing between the Nepalese and Europeans. To treat of all these subjects fully would increase the bulk of this introduction to an unreasonable extent; I shall therefore be as succinct as possible.

As long as Sir Jung Bahadur retains his present influence in the country, it is extremely unlikely that there will be any change in the relations existing between the British and Nepalese. He has obtained a most astonishing hold upon the country. His word is law, and his power seems unlimited. Owing to the inter

marriages between his numerous relatives and all ranks. of the upper classes, his family interests are interwoven with those of almost every other family, from that of the king down to the lowest officials.