rooms for the entertainment of workers or visiting naturalists, and the upper one being a ventilating chamber receiving the flues from

FIG. 38.-Plan of first or ground floor of Friedrichshagen Institute.

the various rooms below and discharging through the

ventilating

cupola which crowns the building. The building is heated by steam,

and is admirably adapted to its purposes and is completely fitted and adequately equipped. The cost of the building, with 440.9

and the rooms are supplied throughout with gas and filtered water from the city mains. It is a fine example of the modern builder's art

sq. m. of floor space and 5,528 cu. m. contents, was 135,000 marks, or 24.5 marks per cubic meter. The fittings and equipment cost an additional 80,000 marks.

The grounds of the station contain also the small building (7.5 by 11.5 m.) formerly occupied as station, the boathouse, and a series of seventeen natural or artificial fish ponds and culture basins for purpose of experiment and observation. It possesses several row boats and small power launch (1.5 by 11.5 m.) with a 4-horsepower motor, and is equipped with an ample outfit of the usual collecting apparatus. It has a small library of works pertaining to freshwater fisheries.

Müggel-See is a widened portion of one of the divided channels of the river Spree, and is therefore a small lake traversed by a considerable current. It lies in a territory rich in similar expansions of the Spree and in small lakes and streams where fresh-water fisheries flourish. It is a body of water 4,500 m. long and 3,000 m. in width, an area of about 700 hectares, and a maximum depth of 8 m. It possesses a rich plankton, some marginal vegetation and an abundant fish fauna. A full account of the physical conditions and notes on the fauna and flora will be found in the papers of Frenzel (1895) and others in the Zeitschrift f. Fischerei.

Literature: Anon. (1908), Frenzel (1895), Ward (1900).

ROYAL BAVARIAN BIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT STATION, MUNICH,

GERMANY.

(Kg. Bayerische Biologische Versuchstation.)

Located at the Kgl. Tierärtzlichen Hochschule, Veterinärstrasse 8, near the English Garden.

Director, Prof. Dr. Bruno Hofer, professor of zoology in the Kgl. Tierärtzliche Hochschule at Munich.

Assistant for fish diseases, Dr. Marianne Plehn.

Assistant in biology, Dr. E. Neresheimer. (See Fisheries Station, Vienna, p. 272.) Chemist, Dr. Fr. Graf.

Assistant chemist, Dr. A. Strell.

Scientific associate in fish culture, Dr. Wather Hein.

Scientific associate in physiology, Dr. Hans Reuss.

The commercial development of modern Germany has brought into existence not only great industrial centers like Berlin, but also a host of smaller factory towns and isolated plants scattered throughout the land, and often located upon or near streams. The prominence which the chemical industries have attained is only paralleled by their wide distribution, all too often along the rivers or within reach of running water. Germany has thus been brought face to face with the vital question of the protection of public and private interests in her water courses, the preservation of her fresh-water fisheries, and the prevention of the pollution of lakes and rivers by the sewage of cities and the

wastes of factories and industrial plants. The problem has been approached from the engineering and sanitary standpoints in relation to questions of water supply and sewage disposal, often to the neglect in Germany, as elsewhere, of the biological problems involved, the analysis of which is contributory in no small way to the solution of the difficulties.

The Bavarian biological station prior to the recently developed Prussian "Institut für Binnenfischerei" was unique among the scientific agencies engaged in the attack upon the intricate problems of stream pollution resulting from our complex modern industrialism in that its point of view is biological. It seeks to devise ways and means by the technical application of science to preserve and develop the fresh-water fisheries, to prevent the pollution of waters and the destruction of fish by industrial wastes by rendering these harmless through mechanical or chemical treatment, or by forbidding their admission where correction is impossible. To this end it has become a state bureau, with advisory relations in all matters of legislation and police control, and is clothed with powers of supervision over all waste waters from municipal, industrial, and private sources entering the streams of Bavaria. It is active not only in the detection of sources of contamination, but also in experimentation to discover means of relief without loss to either fisheries or factory. Two of the important lines of investigation in progress are the rendering innocuous the wastes of cellulose factories and the investigation of sewage from country places, and even from Munich itself, in carp culture.

Another line of investigation followed with preeminent success has been the study of the diseases of fish and invertebrates of economic importance. It is to this laboratory that we owe the discovery of cancer in fishes. Its researches in this line are affiliated with those of the Bavarian committee for the investigation of human cancer. The director of the station, Doctor Hofer, is himself the author of the only scientific treatise on the diseases of fishes. Its service in this field is not limited to Bavaria or Germany, but is in fact international. It also deals with the practical question of fish hatching and fish culture the introduction and acclimatization of food fishes. To this end a biological laboratory which deals largely with the biology of fishes is maintained and forms a bureau for consultation in all matters pertaining to the fisheries. The physiological problems relating to the action of the chemicals of industrial wastes upon fish and other organisms of fresh water, and questions of nutrition and growth under cultural conditions, afford fruitful field in which active investigation is carried on.

The Bavarian biological station is largely the outgrowth of the scientific activity of the present director, Dr. Bruno Hofer, and is at

present an institution for scientific research of high order on broad foundations and intimately correlated with the solution of practical problems. It originated in 1897, when the German Fishery Society established a biological station for the investigation of fish diseases, to which Professor Hofer was called as director and Dr. Fr. Doflein as assistant. It was located in the zoological institute of the University of Munich, and was under the charge of a curatorium or scientific board of control, consisting of Professor Buchner, of the hygienic institute; Prof. R. Hertwig, director of the zoological institute of the university; Professor Voit, director of the physiological institute of the veterinary school; Doctor Hofer and representatives of the Bavarian Ministerium; the Bavarian Fisheries Society; and the secretary of the German Fisheries Society. This curatorium, with some increase in the Bavarian representation, has been continued. It has advisory control of the general plan of work of the station and supervision of the annual budget and expenditure. The director makes an annual report to the curatorium.

Its work has gradually enlarged, and its staff has been increased accordingly. In 1900 its present name was assumed, and with the establishment of a zoological institute at the Royal Bavarian Veterinary Hochschule, to which Doctor Hofer was called, the fisheries station was moved to that institution, and now occupies five rooms adjacent to those of the zoological laboratories. Its physiological investigations are, however, carried on in the physiological laboratory of the Hochschule, while its field experiments in fish culture of the Salmonidæ are conducted in a hatchery and breeding ponds of ample extent at Mühlthal, near Munich.

The Bavarian biological station, as such, has no concern with instruction, this being given under the auspices of the veterinary Hochschule. It is purely a research institution, and its relations to the fisheries and to the Hochschule are similar in many respects to those of our own agricultural experiment stations to agriculture and to our agricultural colleges. This type of organization has resulted in the case of the Bavarian station in progress of high order, in the application of scientific methods to the solution of the practical problems of the fisheries.

The equipment of the Bavarian biological station does not differ in essential particulars from that of a modern biological laboratory. It is amply supplied with aquaria in which the various fish and invertebrates under investigation are kept with good success. This is especially valuable in connection with the study of fish diseases. One of the conditions of success has been the rather feeble illumination in which the aquaria are kept. The aquaria are shown in figure 40.