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fruits, as has been done by more carpologists than one. While the true aggregate fruit is produced by the ovaries of a single flower, a collective fruit, if aggregate, is produced by the ovaries of many flowers; a most important difference. As the pericarp is necessarily much affected by the calyx when the two adhere so as to form a single body, it is indispensable, if a clear idea is to be attached to the genera of carpology, that inferior and superior fruits should not be confounded under the same name: for this reason I have in all cases founded a distinction upon that character.

In order to facilitate the knowledge of the limits of the genera of carpology, the following analytical table will be found convenient for reference. It is succeeded by the characters of the genera in as much detail as is necessary for the perfect understanding of their application.

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CLASS II. Fruit aggregate. AGGREGATI.

Ovaria elevated above the calyx :

Pericarpia distinct,

Pericarpia cohering into a solid mass,

Ovaria enclosed within the fleshy tube of the calyx,

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ETÆRIO.
SYNCARPIUM.
CYNARRHODUM.

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CLASS I. Fruit simple.

APOCARPI.

Ovaria strictly simple; a single series only produced by a single flower.

I. UTRICULUS, Gartner. (Cystidium, Link.)

One-celled, one- or few-seeded, superior, membranous, frequently dehiscent by a transverse incision. This differs from the pyridium in texture, being strictly simple, i. e. not proceeding from an ovarium with obliterated dissepiments. Example. Amaranthus, Chenopodium.

II. ACHENIUM. (Akenium, of many; Spermidium; Xylodium, Desv.; Thecidium, Mirb.; Nux, Linn.)

One-seeded, one-celled, superior, indehiscent, hard, dry, with the integuments of the seed distinct from it.

Linnæus includes this among his seeds, defining it "semen tectum epidermide osseâ." I have somewhere seen it named Spermidium; a good term if it were wanted. M. Desvaux calls the nut of Anacardium a Xylodium. Examples. Lithospermum, Borago.

III. DRUPA. Drupe. fig. 165. p. 223.

One-celled, one- or two-seeded, superior, indehiscent, the outer coat (naucum) soft and fleshy, and separable from the inner or endocarpium (the stone), which is hard and bony; proceeding from an ovarium which is perfectly simple. This is the strict definition of the term drupa, which cannot strictly be applied to any compound fruit, as that of Cocos, certain Verbenacea, and others, as it often is. Fruits of the last description are generally carcerules with a drupaceous coat. The stone of this fruit is the Nur of Richard, but not of others.

Eramples. Peach, Plum, Apricot.

IV. FOLLICULUS. Follicle. (Hemigyrus, Desvaur; Plopocarpium, Desv.) fig. 141.

One-celled, one- or many-seeded, one-valved, superior, dehiscent by a suture along its face, and bearing its seeds at the base, or on each margin of the suture. This differs from the legumen in nothing but its having one valve instead of two. The Hemigyrus of Desvaux is the fruit of Proteaceæ, and differs from the follicle in nothing of importance. When several follicles are in a single flower, as in Nigella and Delphinium, they constitute a form of fruit called Plopocarpium by Desvaux, and admitted into his Etærio by Mirbel.

Examples. Pæonia, Banksia, Nigella.

V. LEGUMEN. Pod. (Legumen, Linn.; Gousse, Fr.) fig. 138, 139.

One-celled, one- or many-seeded, two-valved, superior, dehiscent by a suture along both its face and its back, and bearing its seeds on each margin of the ventral suture. This differs from the follicle in nothing except its dehiscing by two valves. In Astragalus two spurious cells are formed by the projection inwards of either the dorsal or ventral suture, which forms a sort of dissepiment; and in Cassia a great number of transverse diaphragms (phragmata) are formed by projections of the placenta. Sometimes the legumen is indehiscent, as in Cathartocarpus, Cassia fistula, and others; but the line of dehiscence is in such species indicated by the presence of sutures. When the two sutures of the legumen separate from the valves, they form a kind of frame called replum, as in Carmichaelia.

Examples. Bean, Pea, Clover.

VI. LOMENTUM. (Legumen lomentaceum, Rich.)

Differs from the legumen in being contracted in the spaces between such seed, and there separating into distinct pieces; or indehiscent, but divided by internal spurious dissepiments, whence it appears at maturity to consist of many articulations and divisions.

Example. Ornithopus.

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Ovaria strictly simple; more than a single series produced by each flower. VII. ETERIO, Mirb. ("Polychorion, Mirb. ;" Polysecus, Desvaux; Amalthea, Desv.; Erythrostomum, Desvaux.) fig. 163.

Ovaries distinct; pericarpia indehiscent, either dry upon a dry receptacle, as Ranunculus, dry upon a fleshy receptacle, as Strawberry, or fleshy upon a dry receptacle, as Rubus. The last is very near the syncarpium, from which it differs in the ovaria not coalescing into a single mass. It is Desvaux's Erythrostomum. This term is applied less strictly by M. Mirbel, who admits into it dehiscent pericarpia, not placed upon an elevated receptacle, as Delphinium and Pæonia; but the fruit of these plants is better understood to be a union of several follicules within a single flower. If there is no elevated receptacle, we have Desvaux's Amalthea. The parts of an Etærio are Achenia.

Examples. Ranunculus, Fragaria, Rubus.

VIII. SYNCARPIUM. (Syncarpium, Rich.; Asimina, Desv.)
Ovaries cohering into a solid mass, with a slender receptacle.
Examples. Anona, Magnolia.

IX.

CYNARRHODUM. (Cynarrhodum, Officin. Desvaux.)

Ovaries distinct; pericarpia hard, indehiscent, enclosed within the fleshy tube of a calyx.

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X. CARYOPSIS. (Cariopsis, Rich.; Cerio, Mirb.)

One-celled, one-seeded, superior, indehiscent, dry, with the integuments of the seed cohering inseparably with the endocarpium, so that the two are undistinguishable; in the ovarium state evincing its compound nature by the presence of two or more stigmata; but nevertheless unilocular, and having but one ovulum.

Examples. Wheat, Barley, Maize.

XI. REGMA, Mirb. (Elaterium, Rich.; Capsula tricocca, L.)

Three or more celled, few-seeded, superior, dry, the cells bursting from the axis with elasticity into two valves. The outer coat is frequently softer than

the endocarpium or inner coat, and separates from it when ripe; such regmata are drupaceous. The cells of this kind of fruit are called cocci.

Example. Euphorbia.

XII. CARCERULUS, Mirb. (Dieresilis, Mirb.; Cœnobio, Mirb.; Synochorion, Mirb.; Sterigmum, Desvaux; Microbasis, Desvaux; Polexostylus, Mirb.; Sarcobasis, Dec., Desv.; Baccaularius, Desv.)

Many-celled, superior: cells dry, indehiscent, few-seeded, cohering by a common style round a common axis. From this the Dieresilis of Mirbel does

not differ in any essential degree. The same writer calls the fruit of Labiata

(fig. 162.), which Linnæus and his followers mistake for naked seeds, Coenobio: it differs from the Carcerulus in nothing but the low insertion of the style into the ovaria, and the distinctness of the latter.

Examples. Tilia, Tropæolum, Malva.

XIII. SAMARA, Gærtn. Key. (Pteridium, Mirb.; Pterodium, Desv.), fig. 145. Two or more celled, superior; cells few-seeded, indehiscent, dry; elongated into wing-like expansions. This is nothing but a modification of the Carcerule. Examples. Fraxinus, Acer, Ulmus.

XIV. PYXIDIUM. (Pyxidium, Ehr., Rich., Mirb.; Capsula circumscissa, L.) fig. 154.

One-celled, many-seeded; superior, or nearly so; dry, often of a thin texture; dehiscent by a transverse incision, so that when ripe the seed and their placenta appear as if seated in a cup, covered with a lid. This fruit is onecelled by the obliteration of the dissepiments of several carpella, as is apparent from the bundles of vessels which pass from the style through the pericarpium down into the receptacle.

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XV. CONCEPTACULUM. (Conceptaculum, Linn.; Double Follicule, Mirb.) fig. 141.

Two-celled, many-seeded, superior, separating into two portions, the seeds of which do not adhere to marginal placentæ, as in the folliculus, to which this closely approaches, but separate from their placenta, and lie loose in the cavity of each cell.

Examples. Asclepias, Echites.

XVI. SILIQUA, Linn. fig. 157, 158, 159.

One- or two-celled, many-seeded, superior, linear, dehiscent by two valves separating from the replum; seeds attached to two placentæ adhering to the replum, and opposite to the lobes of the stigma. The dissepiment of this fruit is considered a spurious one formed by the projecting placenta, which sometimes do not meet in the middle; in which case the dissepiment or phragma has a slit in its centre, and is said to be fenestrate.

XVII. SILICULA, Linn.

This differs from the latter in nothing but its figure, and in containing fewer seeds. It is never more than four times as long as broad, and often much shorter. Examples. Thlaspi, Lepidium, Lunaria.

XVIII. CERATIUM. (Capsula siliquiformis, Dec.; Conceptaculum, Desv.)

One-celled, many-seeded, superior, linear, dehiscent by two valves separating from the replum; seeds attached to two spongy placentæ adhering to the replum, and alternate with the lobes of the stigma. Differs from the siliqua in the lobes of the stigma being alternate with the placenta, not opposite. This, therefore, is regular, while that is irregular, in structure.

Examples. Glaucium, Corydalis, Hypecoum.

XIX. CAPSULA. Capsule. fig. 146, 147. 151, 152. 136, 137.

One- or many-celled, many-seeded, superior, dry, dehiscent by valves, always proceeding from a compound ovarium. The valves are variable in their nature usually they are at the top of the fruit, and equal in number to the

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