also attempted some dramatic writing at this time, several of his farces being purchased by Barney Williams, and this departure brought him an offer to go on the professional stage, which he, however, refused. He removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1852, where he was a local editor on the Sun; went on a journalistic trip to Niagara Falls in 1853, and there formed the acquaintance of Junius Henri Browne, who became his life-long friend. He was subsequently detailed to report the celebrated "Matt Ward" trial in Kentucky, the sale of his published report exceeding 20,000 copies; was employed on the Cincinnati Unionist, 1854, and afterward edited the Cincinnati Columbian, declining its entire management in 1855. He was married in April, 1855, to Mary Louise Pease of Cincinnati. In 1857 he severed his connection with the Gazette and went to Kansas, where he served as secretary of the territorial legislature; engaged in political life, and contributed regularly to the Boston Journal. He accompanied Horace Greeley and Henry Villard to Pike's Peak in 1859, and the same year revisited New England and made an extended tour of the southwestern territories, corresponding meanwhile with the New York Sun and other newspapers. He subsequently made a second trip to Pike's Peak as special correspondent of the Tribune, in company with Col. Thomas W. Knox, with whom he established and edited the Western Mountaineer. He traveled through the Southern states as secret correspondent of the Tribune, 1860-61; and afterward as a war correspondent. On May 3, 1863, with Junius H. Browne, also of the Tribune, and Colburn of the New York World, he joined the party of thirty-four men who attempted to pass the Vicksburg batteries on two barges lashed to a steam-tug. He was taken prisoner and confined at Salisbury, N.C., but finally escaped, and after a journey of 400 miles arrived in Tennessee in 1865. During his imprisonment his wife and infant son had died and he himself had contracted pneumonia, and was obliged to visit California for the benefit of his health in the spring of 1865 and again in 1869. He was married in November, 1869, while on his death-bed, to Abby Sage. He is the author of: The Field, the Dungeon and the Escape (1865); Beyond the Mississippi (1866), and Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant (1868). See "Garnered Sheaves" (1871), by Abby Sage Richardson (q.v.). Mr. Richardson was shot and fatally wounded in the Tribune office, New York city, by Daniel MacFarland, Nov. 26, 1869, and died, Dec. 2, 1869.

RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, author, was born in Hallowell, Maine, May 29, 1851; son of Dr. Moses Charles and Mary Savary (Wingate) Richardson; grandson of Moses Davis and Sarah (Collins) Richardson and of Francis and Martha

(Savary) Wingate, and a descendant of William Richardson, who was born in England about 1620 and settled in Newbury, Mass., about 1640. He was graduated from Dartmouth college, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874, and engaged in journalism. He was an editor of the New York Independent, 1872-78; of the Sunday School Times in Philadelphia, Pa., 1878-80; and of Good Literature in New York city, 1880-82; and was elected professor of English language and literature at Dartmouth college in 1882. He was married, April 12, 1878, to Elizabeth Miner, daughter of Jesse and Ellen Elizabeth (Miner) Thomas of Wilkesbarre, Pa. The honorary degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1895. He is the author of: A Primer of American Literature (1878); The College Book (1878); The Cross (1879); The Choice of Books (1881); American Literature, 1607-1885 (188688); The End of the Beginning (1896).

RICHARDSON, Ernest Cushing, librarian, was born in Woburn, Mass., Feb. 9, 1860; son of James Cushing and Lydia Bartlett (Taylor) Richardson; grandson of Benjamin B. and Abigail (Cushing) Richardson and of Philip and Nancy (Le Baron) Taylor, and a descendant of Samuel Richardson, one of the founders of Woburn, Mass., in 1642. He was graduated from Amherst college, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883, and from the Hartford Theological seminary in 1883. He was librarian and associate professor at Hartford Theological seminary, 1883–90, and was appointed librarian of Princeton university in 1890. He was married, June 30, 1891, to Grace Duncan, daughter of Z. Stiles and Sarah (Duncan) Ely of New York city. He was appointed a member of the New Jersey State Library commission; was president of the New Jersey Library association, and first vice-president of the American Library association. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Washington and Jefferson college in 1887, and that of A.M. by Princeton university in 1896. He was editor of the American chapter in Berner's "Jahresberichte d. Geschichtswissenschaft," and is the author of: Bibliographical Synopsis of the Ante-Nicene Fathers (1887); Influence of the Golden Legend on the Culture-History of the Middle Ages (1887); Faust, and the Clementine Recognitions (1894); In Praise of Libraries (1900); Classification, Theoretical and Practical (1901); and revised translations of Eusebius's "Life of Constantine (1890); Jerome's and Gennadius's "Lives of Illustrious Men " (1892), and a critical edition of the same (1896).

RICHARDSON, Henry Hobson, architect, was born in Priestley's Point, St. James parish, La., Sept. 29, 1838; son of Henry D. and Catherine Caroline (Priestley) Richardson. He was gradu.

ated from Harvard, A.B., 1859, A.M., 1872, and studied architecture in Paris, France. On his return to the United States he formed a partnership with Charles D. Gambrill in New York city. On the death of his partner in 1876, he removed to Brookline, Mass. Among the more noted buildings designed by him are: The church of the Unity, Springfield, Mass.; Brattle Street church, Boston, 1871; Trinity church, Boston, 1877; the Cheney buildings, Hartford, Conn.; the Ames Memorial library, North Easton, Mass.; the State capitol, Albany, N.Y., Sever and Austin halls, Harvard university; public libraries at Woburn, Quincy, Malden and Burlington,

Mass., the stations along the Boston and Albany railroad; the Board of Trade building in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the court house at Pittsburg, Pa., both left unfinished. He died in Brookline, Mass., April 28, 1886.

RICHARDSON, Israel Bush, soldier, was born in Fairfax, Vt., Dec. 26, 1815; a descendant of Israel Putnam. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy in 1841; was promoted 2d lieutenant in the 3d infantry, Sept. 30, 1841, and served in the Florida war, 1841-42; in garrison and on frontier duty, 1842-45; in the military occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and in the war with Mexico, 1846-47. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Sept. 21, 1846; engaged in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, siege of Vera Cruz, battle of Cerro Gordo, skirmish of Oka Laka, battles of Contreras and Churubusco, the storming of Chapultepec, and the assault and capture of the City of Mexico. He was brevetted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and major, Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec. He served in Mississippi, Texas and New Mexico, 1848-54; was promoted captain, March 5, 1851, and resigned from the service, Sept. 30, 1855. He engaged in farming near Pontiac, Mich., 1855-61, and in 1861 volunteered his services and was appointed brigadier-general of U.S. volunteers, May 17, 1861. He was commis

sioned colonel of the 2d Michigan infantry, May 25, 1861, and commanded the regiment in the defenses of Washington, May to July, 1861. He commanded the 4th brigade, 1st division, McDowell's army, in the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, where he covered the retreat; commanded the 1st division, 2d corps, Army of the Potomac, in the Virginia Peninsular campaign, and took part in the battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, 1862 ; and the seven days' battles before Richmond, June 25-July 1, 1862. He was promoted major-general of U. S. volunteers, July 4, 1862; and commanded the 1st division in the Maryland campaign, taking part in the battle of South Mountain (Boonsboro), Sept. 14, 1862; and the battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Sept. 17, 1862, where he was mortally wounded and carried to Pry's house, McClellan's headquarters. He won the name of "fighting Dick ". He died at Pry's house, Sharpsburg, Md., Nov. 3, 1862.

RICHARDSON, James Burchell, governor of South Carolina, was born at the family mansion in Craven (now Clarendon) county, S.C., Oct. 28, 1770; son of Gen. Richard and Dorothy (Sinkler) Richardson; and grandson of Charles Richardson. Gen. Richard Richardson was chief in command in a campaign against the Indians, and afterward served in the war of the Revolution. James B. Richardson was married to Ann Cantey Sinkler. He engaged in planting and was also a breeder and runner of thoroughbred horses, his name being frequently mentioned in this connection in the Turf Register. He was an active politician, served in both houses of the state legislature, being president of the senate, and was governor of South Carolina, 1802-04. He died at his mansion, April 28, 1836.

RICHARDSON, James Daniel, representative, was born in Rutherford county, Tenn., March 10, 1843; son of John Watkins and Augusta Mary (Starnes) Richardson; grandson of James and Mary (Watkins) Richardson, and of Daniel and Harriet Starnes, and a descendant, on the paternal side, of Virginia ancestors. He attended the public schools and Franklin college, but left the latter institution in 1861 to enter the Confederate army as a private; was promoted adjutant of the 43d Tennessee infantry regiment, and served, 1862-65. He was married, Jan. 18, 1865, to Alabama, daughter of Eldred Pippen of Greene county, Ala. He studied law and established himself in practice in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 1, 1867; was a representative and speaker in the state legislature, 1871--72; state senator, 1873--74; a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1876, 1896 and 1900, and permanent chairman of the Kansas City convention of 1900. He was chosen the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, 33d degree of the Ancient

and Accepted Scottish Rite of Free Masonry, for the Southern jurisdiction of the United States, the Mother Council of the World. He was a Democratic representative from the fifth Tennessee district in the 49th--58th congresses, 1885-1905, and became the leader of the minority in the house of representatives, and a member of the committee on ways and means in the 56th and 57th congresses. He edited and compiled "Messages and Papers of the Presidents."

RICHARDSON, John Manly, soldier, was born at "Bloom Hill" Sumter district, S.C., March 13, 1831; son of William Guignard and Emma Corbet (Buford) Richardson and grandson of Capt. William Richardson (q.v.) and of William and Frances (June) Buford. He was a student at the South Carolina Military academy, at the University of Virginia, and was graduated at Harvard university, Cambridge, Mass., B.S., 1854, and served while at Harvard as assistant in

mathematics in the Lawrence Scientific school. He was married first to Levenia Eugenia, daughter of John Ragan King of South Carolina, and secondly to his cousin, Elizabeth Buford (Richardson) Gaddy, widow of Dr. John T. Gaddy and daughter of the Rev. John Smythe Richardson. He was one of the

John M. Richardsons founders (1856) with

Col. Charles A. McDaniel, of the Bowdon Collegiate institute, Ga., and later became professor of mathematics in the Hillsboro, N.C., Military academy, resigning in 1861 to enter the Confederate States army. He was commissioned major of the 11th N.C. volunteers, army of Northern Virginia, July 3, 1861, which regiment later became the 21st N.C. infantry. He was forced to resign on account of illness, January, 1862, and in February accepted the superintendency and chair of mathematics in the Georgia Military institute, Marietta. On the restoration of his health in the fall of 1863 he resigned his position and declining a professorship in the University of Alabama accepted (Nov. 2, 1863) an appointment as officer on the general staff of the Confederate States army. He was so severely wounded at Winchester Sept. 19, 1864, as to necessitate the amputation of his left leg. He was president of collegiate institutes Bowdon, Ga., 1868-69; Carrollton, Ga., 187077; Sulphur Springs, Tex., 1877-80; Leesburg, Tex., 1880-85; and in 1886 took charge of the

RICHARDSON, John Peter, governor of South Carolina, was born at Hickory Hill, Sumter district, S.C., April 14, 1801; son of John Peter and Floride (Peyre) Richardson; grandson of Richard Richardson (q.v.), and nephew of James B. Richardson (governor of South Carolina, 1802-04). He was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1819 and was admitted to the bar in 1821, practising in Fulton, S.C., and also engaging in planting. He was married to Juliana, daughter of Charles and Elizabeth (Eveleigh) Richardson, of Sumter, S.C. He represented his district as an anti-nullifier in the state legislature, and was also a judge of the circuit court. He was a staterights Democratic representative in the 24th congress, completing the term of Richard Manning, deceased, and was re-elected to the 25th congress, serving, 1836-39. He was governor of South Carolina, 1840-42; a delegate to the Southern convention at Nashville, June and November, 1850; president of the Southern Rights association in 1851, and a member of the state conventions of 1852 and 1860, voting against secession on the first ballot. He died in Fulton, S.C., Jan. 24, 1864. RICHARDSON, John Smythe, jurist, was born at Bloom Hill," Sumter district, S.C., April 11, 1777; son of Capt. William (q.v.) and Ann Magdalen (Guignard) Richardson. He was educated in Charleston; studied law under John J. Pringle; was admitted to the bar in 1799, and settled in practice in the Sumter district. He represented Claremont county in the state legislature in 1810, originating the general suffrage bill, which later became a part of the state constitution, and served as speaker of the house in 1810, resigning to accept the

attorney generalship

of the state. He was elected a law judge, Dec. 18, 1818; declined the nomination of the Republican party for representative in congress in 1820; was president judge of the court of appeals of South Carolina, 1841-46, and of the court

of errors, 1846-50, succeeding David Johnson. He was married about 1803, to Mrs. Elizabeth Lucretia (Buford) Coutrier, widow of Thomas Coutrier of Berkeley district, and daughter of William and Frances (June) Buford of Williamsburg district, formerly of Virginia. After his death his remains were taken to his home, Bloom Hill, Sumter district, and laid at rest among his ancestors. His widow died in 1859, and was buried by his side. He died in Charleston, S.C., May 8, 1850.

RICHARDSON, John Smythe, representative, was born at "Bloom Hill", Claremont county, Sumter district, S.C., Feb. 29, 1828; son of the Rev. John Smythe and Sophia (Hyatt) Richardson; grandson of Judge John Smythe (q.v.), and Elizabeth (Buford) Coutrier Richardson and of Capt. Charles Hyatt, a sea captain whose family resided in Providence, R.I. He was graduated from the College of South Carolina in 1850; was married, Dec. 11, 1850, to Agnes Davison, daughter of Davison and Catherine DuBose (McCray) McDowell; was admitted to the bar in 1852, and settled in practice in Sumter, S.C. He also engaged in planting, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army as captain of infantry, serving under Col. J. B. Kershaw, until after the first battle of Manassas, where he was wounded. He was then transferred to the 23d South Carolina regiment as adjutant, serving until the end of the war, and surrendering with Johnston at Greensboro, N.C. He represented Sumter county in the state legislature, 1865-76, and was appointed agent of South Carolina in 1866, to apply for and receive the land-scrip donated by congress. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1876; was defeated the same year as the Democratic candidate for representative in the 45th congress, and elected a representative from the first South Carolina district to the 46th and 47th congresses, serving, 1879-83. He was master in chancery for Sumter county, 188493, and died at "Shady Side," near Sumter, S.C., Feb. 24, 1894.

RICHARDSON, Joseph, representative, was born in Billerica, Mass., Feb. 1, 1778; son of Joseph and Martha (Chapman) Richardson; grandson of Samuel and Hannah (Walker) Richardson, and a descendant of Thomas Richardson, who emigrated from England with his brothers Ezekiel and Samuel in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630, and settled first in Charlestown, and then in Woburn, Mass. He was graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1802, A.M., 1805, studied theology under Dr. Cumings, and was licensed to preach by the Andover association in 1803. He taught school in Charlestown, Mass., 1804-06; was ordained to the Unitarian ministry, July 2, 1806; was married, May 23, 1807, to Ann, daughter of

in

1855, and the church edifice, built in 1681, is probably the oldest in the United States. He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1820; represented Plymouth county in the Massachusetts legislature, 1822-23; was a state senator in 1823, 1824 and 1826, and served as chairman of the committee on parishes in both houses. He was a representative from Massachusetts in the 20th and 21st congresses, 1827-31; declined re-election in 1830, and was succeeded by John Quincy Adams. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Brown university in 1817. He is the author of: The American Reader; The Young Ladies' Selection of Elegant Extracts; A Narrative of the Proceedings in the North Parish, with an Appendix (1807); Vindication of the Proceedings of the First Church and Parish of Hingham in settling Rev. Joseph Richardson (1807); and A Sermon at the Close of Fifty Years. He died in Hingham, Mass., Sept. 25, 1871.

THE OLD MEETING HOUSE HINGHAM.MASS

RICHARDSON, Richard, patriot soldier, was born in eastern Virginia, near Jamestown, in 1704; son of Charles Richardson. He was a land surveyor, emigrating to Sumter district, S.C., in 1725, where he conducted a plantation, commanded the colonial militia in the district, and was elected a member of the council of safety in 1775. He was married first, to Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Cantey, and secondly to Dorothy, daughter of James and Margaret Sinkler. Upon the revolt among the loyalists of the state he used the militia in restoring order, and for his services received the thanks of the Provisional congress and a commission as brigadier-general. He was a delegate to the Provincial congress that framed the constitution of South Carolina in 1776, and while defending the city of Charleston against the British under Clinton in 1780, was taken prisoner, and sent to St. Augustine where he withstood the alluring promises of Cornwallis, conditioned on his espousing the cause of the Royalists. He was held by the British a prisoner of war a few months, when broken in health, he was sent to his home to die. Colonel Tarleton when on a raid through Carolina in 1781 burned his house and opened his grave to be assured of

the patriot's death. His son, James B. Richardson, was governor of South Carolina, 1802-04. Richard Richardson died on his plantation near Salisbury, S.C., in September, 1780.

RICHARDSON, William, patriot, was born in eastern Virginia, July 13, 1743; son of Edward (a sea-captain) and Elizabeth (Poinsett) Richardson. His father, a native of England, married and made his home in Virginia, continuing his sea voyages. William removed to Charleston, S.C., in early manhood, and engaged in business with success. He was married to Ann Magdalen, daughter of Gabriel and Frances (de Lessiline) Guignard, refugees from France. Some years later he removed from Charleston to his plantation "Bloom Hill" on the Wateree river, Sumter district. He was a member of the committee to carry into effect the Continental association, and a member of the first provincial congress of South Carolina. He was appointed captain in the first regiment of riflemen and served until the fall of Charleston in 1780, when he was captured and paroled to his plantation, being exchanged in May, 1781. Upon exchange he was appointed by Governor Rutledge, commissarygeneral, and his plantation became the depot of supplies for the state troops. He died at Bloom Hill," S.C., Feb. 17, 1786.

66

RICHARDSON, William, representative, was born at Athens, Ala., in 1845; son of William and Anne Maria (Davis) Richardson, and grandson of Capt. Nicholas and Mary (Hargrove) Davis. His father and maternal grandparents were natives of Virginia. William Richardson entered the Confederate army as a private, 1861, rose to the rank of captain, and was wounded in the battles of Chickamauga, Shiloh and Murfreesboro. He was admitted to the bar in 1865, elected representative from the county of Limestone to the lower branch of the general assembly of Alabama, and in 1867 began the practice of law in Huntsville, Ala. On Dec. 18, 1872, he married Elizabeth Benagh, daughter of Ambrose B. Rucker of Lynchburg, Va. Mrs. Richardson died, Oct. 24, 1891. Captain Richardson was judge of the probate and county court of Madison county, Ala., 1875-86; was nominated by acclamation, July 3, 1900, and elected a Democratic representative in congress from the eighth Alabama district to fill the unexpired term of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, resigned, and was re-elected to the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05.

RICHARDSON, William Adams, cabinet officer, was born in Tyngsboro, Mass., Nov. 2, 1821; son of the Hon. Daniel and Mary (Adams) Richardson, and a descendant of Ezekiel Richardson, the immigrant, 1630. He attended Groton academy, and was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846; studied law with his

brother Daniel in Lowell, Mass.; was graduated at the Harvard Law school, 1846; was admitted to the bar at Boston, Mass., July 8, 1848, and began practice in partnership with his brother. He was married in 1849 to Anna M. Marston of Machiasport, Maine. He was associated with Judge Joel Parker in the revision of the general statutes of Massachusetts, 185059; was judge of the probate court for Middlesex county, Mass., 1856-58; judge of probate and insolvency courts for Middlesex county, 185872; declined a commission as judge of the superior court

of Massachusetts in William A. Richardson

April, 1869, to accept

the assistant secretaryship of the U.S. treasury, from President Grant, and on March 17, 1873, succeeded Mr. Boutwell as secretary of the treasury. During his administration the Geneva award of $15,000,000 was transferred from London to Washington. He resigned the treasurership in June, 1874, to accept a seat on the bench of the U.S. court of claims, and in 1885 he was appointed by President Arthur, chief justice of the court. He formed a plan for enlarging the jurisdiction of the probate courts, which was passed by the Massachusetts legislature; was a law lecturer at Georgetown college and at Columbian university, and was an overseer of Harvard, 1863-75. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Columbian in 1873; by Georgetown in 1881; by Howard in 1882, and by Dartmouth in 1886. He is the author of: The Banking Laws of Massachusetts (1855); Supplement to the General Statutes of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1860-62); Practical Information Concerning the Debt of the United States (1872); National Banking Laws (1872); and prepared and edited: A Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the United States (1881); History of the Court of Claims (188285). He died in Washington, D.C., Oct. 19, 1896.

RICHARDSON, William Merchant, jurist, was born in Pelham, N.H., Jan. 4, 1774; son of Capt. Daniel and Mary (Merchant) Richardson. He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, engaged in teaching school in Leicester and Groton, Mass., and was married in 1798 to Betsey, daughter of Peter Smith of Pelham. He studied law under Judge Samuel Dana, with whom he practised in Groton until 1812. He was a Federalist representative in the 12th and 13th congresses, serving