tude work in the territories for the U.S. corps of engineers. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; associate of the Royal Astronomical society of England; a member of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Leipzig; a member of the Deutscher Geometer Verein, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1878 Williams college gave him the degree of Ph.D. He published a continual star catalogue for Williams college, and two polar-star catalogues for Harvard observatory. He edited volumes IV and V of the " Annals of Harvard College Observatory," and is the author of: Mathematical Teaching and Its Modern Methods. He died in Newark, N.J., June 13, 1901.

SAGE, Henry Williams, philanthropist, was born in Middletown, Conn., Jan. 31, 1814; son of Charles and Sally (Williams) Sage; grandson of William and Elizabeth (Cook) Sage and of Josiah and Charity (Shaler) Williams, and a descendant of David Sage, Middletown, 1652. His father was shipwrecked on the Florida coast in 1838, and murdered by the Indians. He had prepared for college, but in 1832 removed to Ithaca, N.Y., and engaged in the mercantile business with his uncle. He married, Sept. 1, 1840, Susan, daughter of William Linn of Ithaca. In 1854 he became interested in the lumber regions of Canada and the west, bought extensive tracts of timber land, and became successful as a lumber merchant. Later he erected the largest saw-mill in the country at Winona, Mich. He was a Whig member of the New York assembly in 1847; removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1857, and returned to Ithaca in 1880. He was a trustee of Cornell university, 1870-97; president of the board, 187597; and gave to the university $266,000 for the Sage college for women; $50,000 for the Susan Linn Sage chair and $200,000 for the Susan Linn Sage School of Philosophy; $260.000 and an endowment of $300.000 for the University Library building; $20,000 to the Museum of Classical Archæology; $11,000 for the erection of a house for the Sage professor of philosophy, and $30,000 toward paying off a floating indebtedness. His other benefactions include the endowment of the Lyman Beecher lectureship on preaching at Yale college, the building and endowment of several churches and schools, and a public library at West Bay City, Mich. After his death his residence, valued at $80,000, together with an endowment of $100.000, was given to Cornell for a students' hospital, by his sons Dean and William H. Sage. He died in Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1897.

SAGE, Russell, financier, was born in Shenandoah. Verona township, Oneida county, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1816; son of Elisha and Prudence (Risley) Sage. His parents removed to Durhamville,

Oneida county, in 1818, and there he worked on his father's farm, and attended the district school. In 1828 he became errand-boy in the grocery store of his brother, Henry Risley Sage, at Troy, and in 1837 engaged in partnership with his elder brother, Elisha Montague Sage, in a retail grocery store in Troy. A few years later, Russell bought out his brother's interest, and in 1839 made the business a wholesale concern, taking John W. Bates as his partner. The business rapidly increased, and he interested himself in politics, serving as alderman of Troy, 1845-48, and treasurer of Rensselaer county for several years. He was a delegate to the Whig national convention in 1848, where he supported Henry Clay as Presidential candidate; was the defeated Whig candidate for representative in the 32d congress in 1850, and was elected a representative in the 33d and 34th congresses, serving, 1853-57, defeating Horatio Seymour, 1852. His father died in 1854, while he was in congress. In 1857 he engaged in financial business, through the influence of Jay Gould, and in 1863 removed to New York city, and opened a broker's office in Wall Street, dealing principally in railroad stocks and bonds. He purchased a seat in the New York stock exchange in 1874, and, in association with Jay Gould, became one of the most prominent operators on the street, amassing one of the largest private fortunes in the United States, his holdings being estimated in 1903 at about $75,000,000. He was vice-president and president of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad for many years; a director of the Union Pacific railroad, and a manager of Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, and the St. Louis and San Francisco railroads. He was a manager of the American Cable company, the Western Union Telegraph company, a director of the Manhattan Elevated Railway company, president of the Standard Gas Light company of New York, and a director of the Merchants' Trust company and the Fifth Avenue bank of New York city. He presented the Troy Female seminary with a new dormitory costing $200,000, in honor of his second wife and the memory of Mrs. Willard, who was Mrs. Sage's instructor, and also gave $50,000 to the Woman's Hospital in the State of New York, of which Mrs. Sage was a patron, for the erection of a new building. He was twice married; first, in 1841, to Maria, daughter of Moses J. Winne of Troy, and secondly, in 1867, to Oliva, daughter of the Hon. Joseph Slocum of Syracuse, N.Y., and a graduate of the Troy Female seminary.

SAGE, William, author, was born in Manchester, N.H., May 8, 1864; son of Daniel and Abby (Sage) McFarland. He assumed his mother's maiden name, attended the celebrated "Gunnery"

school in Washington, Conn., and studied in France and Germany, 1881-95. He was employed in the railroad and banking business, and in 1897 adopted literature as a profession, beginning by writing short stories for magazines and newspapers. He is the author of: Robert Tournay (1900), and The Claybornes (1902).

ST.CLAIR, Arthur, soldier, was born in Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, in 1734; a descendant of William de St. Clair of Normandy, who settled in Scotland in the eleventh century, and from whom was also descended the Earl of Roslin,

generally, but erroneously, supposed to have been the grandfather of Arthur St. Clair. At an early age he entered the University of Edinburgh, and in 1755 was indentured to Dr. William Hunter, the celebrated London physician. On the death of his mother in the winter of 1756-57, he purchased his time, obtained an ensign's commission (dated May 13, 1757) in the Royal American regiment of foot, under Maj.-Gen. Jeffrey Amherst, and came to America, arriving before Louisburg in 1758. He took part in the capture of that city, July 26, 1758; was commissioned lieutenant, April 17, 1759; assigned to the command of General Wolfe, and took a conspicuous part in the attack on Quebec, and in the siege of Montreal and the capitulation of the French posts in Canada, Sept. 8, 1760. St. Clair was married in Boston in 1759, while on a furlough, to Phoebe, daughter of Belthazar Bayard, and Mary Bowdoin, his wife, who was a half sister of Governor James Bowdoin (q.v.). By his marriage St. Clair received £40,000, a legacy to his wife from her grandfather, and this, added to his own fortune, made him a wealthy man. He resigned his commission, April 16, 1762, and resided first in Boston and later in western Pennsylvania, in the Ligonier Valley, where he is said to have commanded Fort Ligonier, receiving the title of captain. He became a large land owner; was prominent in the military and civil life of that section, and erected the first, and for many years the only, grist mill in that section. He was appointed surveyor for the district of Cumberland, April 5, 1770; justice of the court of quarter sessions and common pleas in May, 1770, and was a member of the governor's council for Cumberland county, 1770-71. On the erec

tion of Bedford county in 1771, he was appointed by the governor a justice of the court, recorder of deeds, clerk of the Orphans' court and prothonotary of the court of common pleas, and in the same year, with Moses McLean, he ran a meridian line, nine and a half miles west of the meridian of Pittsburgh. In May, 1775, he participated in a meeting of the Scotch residents of Westmoreland, held to protest against British aggressions, and later in the same year, while acting as secretary to the commissioners sent to treat with the Indians at Fort Pitt, St. Clair suggested a volunteer expedition to surprise Detroit, and engaged between 400 and 500 young men, who agreed to undertake the project, which, however, although strongly recommended to congress by the commissioners, was disapproved by that body on the ground that Arnold's forthcoming expedition would result in the fall not only of Quebec, but of Detroit. In December, 1775, St. Clair was commissioned colonel of militia, and reported for duty at Philadelphia. On Jan. 22, 1776, he received orders to raise a regiment to serve in Canada, and on March 12, it left Philadelphia for the North, fully equipped, reaching Quebec, May 11, just in time to cover the retreat of General Thomas's army, which proceeded from that place to the mouth of the Sorel, having halted for a few days at Point Deschambault. Meantime St. Clair went to Montreal to consult with the committee of congress, and on May 15 he left for Sorel. On June 2, General Thomas died at Chambly, and the command devolved on General Thompson. On arriving at Sorel, St. Clair advised Thompson to occupy Three Rivers, and accordingly, on June 5, was despatched from the camp at Sorel to Nicolet, whence he was to cross the St. Lawrence. When Sullivan reached Sorel the same day and learned of the movement of St. Clair, he ordered Thomp

they were attacked by the British, and the disas trous battle of Three Rivers followed, in which Thompson was taken prisoner, and the command of the retreating Americans devolved upon St. Clair, who, while feigning a second attack, withdrew his men and crossed the river in safety, reaching Sorel two or three days later. Sullivan then retreated to Crown Point, and later to Ticonderoga. St. Clair was appointed brigadiergeneral, Aug. 9, 1776; left the northern department, and joined General Washington in New Jersey, where he organized the state militia. He commanded his brigade in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and at the latter guarded the fords of the Assanpink and proposed to Washington turning the enemy's left and marching to the North. In recognition of his distinguished services he was commissioned major-general, Feb. 19, 1777, and succeeded Colonel Reed as adjutant-general of the army in March, 1777. He was ordered to the northern department and appointed to the command of Fort Ticonderoga, reaching there, June 12, 1777, and finding a small garrison badly armed and clad and without magazines. His force of 2.200 was obviously inadequate to hold the works against Burgoyne's force of 7,863 well armed men, and St. Clair ordered the fort evacuated. The Americans were pursued by the British and reached Fort Edward, July 12, 1777. St. Clair was severely censured for evacuating the post. On Aug. 20, 1777, he left the northern department to report at headquarters and await an inquiry into his conduct. He demanded a court-martial, and joined in the campaign under Washington, serving as voluntary aide-de-camp at the battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777. The court-martial was delayed until September, 1778, when it was held with Major-General Lincoln as president, and reached the following verdict: "The court, having duly considered the charges against Major-General St. Clair, and the evidence, are unanimously of opinion, that he is not guilty of either of the charges preferred against him, and do unanimously acquit him of all and every of them with the highest honor." He took part in the preparation of Gen. John Sullivan's expedition against the Six Nations; was a member of the court-martial that condemned Major André; was in command at West Point in October, 1780, and in November was given temporary command of the corps of light infantry until the return of General La Fayette. He was active in suppressing the mutiny among the Pennsylvania troops under Gen. Anthony Wayne in January, 1781; engaged in raising troops in Pennsylvania, and in forwarding them to Virginia. He joined Washington in October, 1781, in time to take part in the surrender of Yorktown by Cornwallis. In 1782 he returned to his home at Westmoreland,

Pa., and found himself financially ruined. He was a member of the council of censors in 1783; was vendue-master of Philadelphia, and as a delegate from Pennsylvania took his seat in the Continental congress, Feb. 20, 1786, being elected its president, Feb. 2, 1787. On Oct. 5, 1787, he was elected first governor of the newly formed Northwestern Territory, and served at Fort Harmer, Ohio, July 9, 1788. The civil government of the Territory was established, and Governor St. Clair took office at Marietta, July 15, 1788. He drafted a bill for the government of the Northwestern Territory, which was introduced in the U.S. house of representatives in July, 1789, and which passed both houses without opposition. This act gave the sanction of the national legislature to all the important provisions of the famous ordinance of 1787 (see sketch of Manasseh Cutler), including the compact for the inhibition of slavery. St. Clair went to New York to concert measures with General Knox for the settlement of the difficulties with the Indians on the borders, and while there assisted in the inauguration of President Washington, April 30, 1789. He seriously considered resigning the territorial governorship and returning to Pennsylvania to enter actively into political life, and in July, 1789, he received a letter from James Wilson, asking if he would stand for the presidency of Pennsylvania. Later in the year, however, he returned to the west, and in the winter of 1790 he was joined by his son Arthur, and his three daughters, Louisa, Jane and Margaret, Mrs. St. Clair remaining in the East. On Dec. 20, 1789, he started on a trip to the Illinois country, stopping en route at Fort Washington, where, on Jan. 4, 1790, he issued a proclamation establishing Hamilton county. Courts were organized, officers and judges appointed and Cincinnati (so named by Governor St. Clair, it having previously been known as Losantiville) declared the county seat. The next and third county to be laid out was St. Clair county, April 27, 1790, with Kankoski as the county seat. Upon his recommendation it was decided to send a formidable military force into the Miami country against the Indians, and erect a series of forts, and he was appointed to conduct the expedition in person, being given the rank of major-general. In a battle fought on a creek branching from the Wabash river, Nov. 4, 1791, he was surprised, and the army of untrained soldiers fled in disorder to Fort Jefferson. The matter was thoroughly investigated by congress, and St. Clair was exonerated of all blame. He resigned his commission in the army, and was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne. In 1796, after unsuccessful attempts to induce a competent lawyer to accept the office of attorneygeneral of the Territory, the governor prevailed

SAINT GAUDENS

upon nis son, Arthur St. Clair, Jr., a promising young attorney at Pittsburgh, to remove to Cincinnati and take the office. This step, although a great personal sacrifice on the part of the son, later subjected the governor to unjust criticism. Early in 1802 charges were preferred against him, and on Nov. 22, he was removed from office by President Jefferson. His removal is generally acknowledged to have been a political partisan movement. Returning to Pennsylvania he gathered his family about him at Ligonier. Although at the beginning of the Revolution he had owned seven hundred acres of good land, which promised to become very valuable, his losses in the war were such that he was forced to give up his estate, which passed to James Galbraith, from him to James Ramsey and thence to his son, John Ramsey, who founded upon it the town of Ligonier, Pa. After the sale of his home he removed to a small log house on the summit of Chestnut Ridge, where he passed his remaining years in great privation, his eldest daughter, Mrs. Louisa Robb, sharing his fortunes. The Pennsylvania legislature granted him $400 a year in 1813, and in 1817 congress settled $2,000 and a pension of $60 a month upon him. He was a member of the American Philosophical society; an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati, and president of the State Society for Pennsylvania, 1783-89; and is the author of: A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign Against the Indians in the Year 1791 was Conducted (1812). While driving to Youngstown for provisions, he was thrown from his wagon and fatally injured. The Masonic society erected a monument to his memory in the cemetery of Greensburg, Pa., bearing these words: "The Earthly Remains of Major-General Arthur St. Clair are deposited beneath this humble monument, which is erected to supply the place of a nobler one due from his country." See "The St. Clair Papers" by William Henry Smith (2 vols., 1882). He died at Chestnut Ridge, Pa., Aug. 31, 1818.

SAINT GAUDENS, Augustus, sculptor, was born in Dublin, Ireland, March 1, 1848; son of Bernard Paul Ernest and Mary (McGuinness) Saint Gaudens. His father, a native of Saint Gaudens, Haut Garonne in the Pyrenees, settled in Dublin early in the nineteenth century, and came to the United States with his wife and son in 1848, locating in New York. Augustus attended the public schools, studied drawing in the evening classes of the Cooper Institute, 1861-65, and at the National Academy of Design, 1865-66, and meanwhile learned the trade of a cameo cutter.

He studied sculpture under Jouffroy at the École des Beaux Arts, Paris, 1867-70, and continued his studies in Rome, 1870-72, where he produced his first figure, Hiawatha, in 1871. In 1872 he opened

SAINT GAUDENS

a studio in New York city, and made a second visit to Paris and Rome, 1878-80, removing his studio to Paris in 1898. He was married in 1877 to Augusta F., daughter of Thomas J. Homer of Boston, Mass. He was made a National Academician in 1889 ; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; a corresponding member of the Institute of France; an officer of the Legion of Honor; president of the Society of American Artists, which he was instrumental in founding; one of the founders of the American Academy in Rome; a member of the National Sculpture society, the Architectural league, the Century association, and of various social clubs of New York. He was also a supporter of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Academy of Design. He was awarded a medal of honor at the Paris exhibition, 1900; a special medal of honor at the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo, 1901; and received the degrees LL.D. from Harvard and L.H.D. from Princeton in 1897. His more important works include the basrelief, Adoration of the Cross by Angels, in St. Thomas's church, New York; statue of Admiral Farragut, New York city (1880); of Abraham Lincoln, Chicago, Ill. (1887); The Puritan, a statue of Samuel Chapin, Springfield, Mass. (1887); statues of John A. Logan, Chicago (1897), Peter Cooper, New York (1897); Shaw Memorial,

Boston Common, facing the State House, unveiled Memorial Day, 1897; figure over the grave of Mrs. Henry Adams, Rock Creek cemetery, Washington; monument to General Sherman for New York (unveiled, 1903); portrait busts of William M. Evarts (1872-73), Theodore D. Woolsey (1876), and Gen. William T. Sherman (1888), and medallions of Bastien Le Page (1879), Robert Louis Stevenson (1887), Rev. Henry W. Bellows, D.D., W. Dean Howells, Dr. James McCosh of Princeton, Mr. Justice Horace Gray (1901), Mr. and Mrs. Wayne McVeagh (1902), and many others. He also modeled the caryatids in the Cornelius Vanderbilt house, New York city; the main façade

of the Boston Public library; assisted John LaFarge in the decorations of Trinity church, Boston, and in 1903 completed a portrait statue of Phillips Brooks for the triangular space between the north transept of the church and the chapel.

ST. JOHN, Charles Elliott, clergyman, was born in Prairie du Chien, Wis., Dec. 19, 1856; son of Thomas Elliott and Henrietta (Knox) St. John. He attended the high school in Worcester, Mass. ; was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1879, A.M., 1883, and from Harvard Divinity school, B.D., 1883; ordained to the Unitarian ministry in the latter year, and served as pastor of the Second Congregational church, Northampton, Mass., 1883-91. He was married, June 26, 1888, to Martha Elizabeth, daughter of George Draper and Martha (Plummer) Everett of Dover, Mass. He was pastor of the First Unitarian church, Pittsburg, Pa., 1891-1900, and in July, 1900, was appointed secretary of the American Unitarian association of Boston, Mass.

ST. JOHN, Isaac Munroe, engineer, was born in Augusta, Ga., Nov. 19, 1827; son of Isaac R. and Abby R. (Munroe) St. John. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1848; studied law in New York city, and in 1847 became assistant editor of the Patriot, at Baltimore, Md. He subsequently engaged in civil engineering on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad until 1855, and superintended divisions in the construction of the Blue Ridge railroad in Georgia, 1855-61. He was a private in the Fort Hill Guards, South Carolina state troops, in February, 1861; was transferred to engineer duty in April, 1861, and became engineer-in-chief of the Confederate forces on the Peninsula under Gen. John B. Magruder. He was promoted major and chief of the mining and nitre bureau corps in May, 1862, and subsequently rose through the various grades to the rank of brigadier-general, attaining the position of commissary-general of the Confederate States army in 1865. He was married during the progress of the civil war to a daughter of Col. J. L. Carrington of Richmond, Va. He was chief engineer of the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington railroad, 1866-69; city engineer of Louisville, Ky., making its first topographical map and establishing the sewerage system, 1870-71, and consulting engineer of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, and chief engineer of the Lexington and Big Sandy railroad, 1871-80. He died at the Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., April 7, 1880. ST. JOHN, John Pierce, governor of Kansas, was born in Brookville, Ind., Feb. 25, 1833; son of Samuel and Sophia (Snell) St. John; grandson of Daniel and Mercy (Gardner) St. John. The St. Johns are of Huguenot descent. He worked on his father's farm and in a country store; attended the district school, and removed

John P.St John

to California in 1853, where he shipped for a voyage to South America, Mexico, Central America and the Sandwich Islands. He also served in the Indian wars in California and Oregon, engaged in mining, and removed to Charleston, Ill., in 1859. He was married, March 28, 1860, to Susan J. Parker, daughter of Col. Nathaniel Parker of Charleston, Ill. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1861, practised in Charleston, and in 1862 was arrested and tried under the Illinois "Black Laws," on the criminal charge of harboring a colored person, and was acquitted. He aided in organizing the 68th Illinois volunteers in 1862, in which he served as captain; was detached and assigned as acting assistant adjutant-general, under Gen. John P. Slough; commanded the troops at Camp Mattoon, Ill., in 1864; was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 143d Illinois infantry, and served in the Mississippi valley until the close of the war. He practised law in Independence, Mo., 1865-69, and in Olathe, Kan., from 1869; was a member of the Kansas senate, 187374; was Republican governor of the state for two terms, 1879-83, and was nominated for President of the United States on the Prohibition ticket in 1884, from which year he advocated prohibition, woman suffrage, and the free coinage of both gold and silver. He also opposed the war in the Philippines, 1898-1901, and lectured extensively on these subjects.

ST. PALAIS, James Maurice de Long d'Aussac de, R.C. bishop, was born at La Selvatat, diocese of Montpelier, France, Nov. 15, 1811. He attended the College of St. Nicholas du Chardonet at Paris, and the Seminary of St. Sulpice, 183036. He was ordained, May 28, 1836, at Paris, France, by Mgr. de Quelin, archbishop of Paris, and was sent to America as a missionary. He arrived at Vincennes, Ind., and established a church about thirty-five miles east of that town. After building several churches in Indiana, he removed to Chicago in 1839, and began a labor among the Indians. In the face of much opposition, he built St. Mary's church, which became the first cathedral of the diocese of Chicago. In 1844 he was removed to Logansport, in 1846 went to Madison, and in 1847 was appointed vicargeneral and superior of the ecclesiastical seminary at Vincennes. He became administrator of