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(Whitney) Sawyer and of Cyrus and Martha (Childs) Perkins, and a descendant of Thomas and Mary (Prescott) Sawyer, who were among the first settlers of Lancaster, Mass., 1647. In 1850 his parents moved to Dover, N.H., where he attended the public schools and Franklin academy. He was married, Feb. 8, 1860, to Susan Ellen, daughter of Dr. James W. and Elizabeth (Hodgdon) Cowan of Dover. He was superintendent of the Sawyer Woolen mills, 1865-81, and president of that company, 1881-98. He was representative in the New Hampshire legislature, 1869-70 and 1876-77; a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1884, and governor of New Hampshire, 1887-89. He was commissioner from New Hampshire to the Paris exposition, 1889, and officially connected with railways, banks and other institutions, retiring from business in 1898. He was a trustee of Dartmouth college, 1887-89, and received from there the honorary degree of A.M. in 1887, and that of M.S. from the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

nock campaign, 1862-63; chief quartermaster of the right grand division in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862; chief quartermaster of cavalry corps, Army of the Potomac, Jan. 24June 13, 1863; assistant chief quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac, June 21-Aug. 6, 1863; chief quartermaster of the cavalry bureau at Washington, D. C., 1863-64; chief-quartermaster of the forces on the Rio Grande river, Feb.-April, 1864, having charge of the transports and supplies for the relief of General Banks' army on its return from Red River. He was in charge of the steam transportation in the department of the Gulf, May 19-June 6, 1864; and was chief quartermaster of the military division of West Mississippi, 1864-65. He was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the rebellion; was brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the quartermaster's department during the rebellion. He was promoted colonel of staff, U.S.V., May 25. 1865, was chief quartermaster of the military division of the Southwest, June 3-July 17, 1865; was appointed chief-quartermaster of the military division of the Gulf in 1865 and of the department of the Gulf in 1866. He was promoted major, Jan. 18, 1867; lieutenant-colonel and deputy quartermaster-general, Jan. 24, 1881; colonel and assistant quartermastergeneral, Sept. 12, 1894; brigadier general and quartermaster-general, Aug. 19, 1896, and was retired at his own request, Feb. 16, 1897. He was married, March 30, 1869, to Alice Chester, daughter of Edmund S. and Sarah (Clark) Munroe of Englewood, N.J.

SAWYER, Caroline Mehitabel (Fisher), author, was born in Newton, Mass., Dec. 10, 1812; daughter of Jesse and Anna (Kenrick) Fisher; granddaughter of John Kenrick, and a descendant of the Rev. Thomas Foxcroft of Boston -her maternal great-grand-mother, Mehitable (Foxcroft) Miriam, wife of Rev. John Miriam of Newton, being his daughter. She was educated at home by her uncle, Enoch Kenrick, and was married, Sept. 21, 1831, to Dr. Thomas Jefferson Sawyer (q.v.). They had seven children. She edited the Ladies' Repository, 1861-64, and is the author of The Juvenile Library (4 vols., 1845); The Poetry of Hebrew Tradition (1847); edited the "Poems" of Mrs. Julia H. Scott, with a memoir (1854); translated Van Horn's "Friedel" from the German (1856); and conducted The Rose of Sharon, an annual publication (1850-58). She died at College Hill, Mass., May 19, 1894.

SAWYER, Charles Henry, governor of New Hampshire, was born in Watertown, N.Y., March 30, 1840; son of Jonathan and Martha (Perkins) Sawyer; grandson of Phinehas and Hannah

SAWYER, Frederick Adolphus, senator, was born in Bolton, Mass., Dec. 12, 1822; son of Joseph and Abigail (Bender) Sawyer, and grandson of Peter Bender, a native of Germany. He earned his college tuition and expenses by teaching school, and was graduated at Harvard in 1844. He taught in Gardiner, Maine, 1844-47; Wiscasset, Maine, 1847-51; Lowell, Mass., 1852; Nashua, N.H., 1852; Wakefield, Mass., 1853-55, and Boston, Mass., 1855-59. He was married in 1854 to Delia E., daughter of Ira and Mary (White) Gay of Nashua. He was principal of the state normal school at Charleston, S.C., 1859-63; was active in promoting reconstruction measures, and was collector of internal revenue for the 2d district of South Carolina, 1865-68. He was elected a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1867, but was unable to be present, and was elected one of the first U.S. senators from South Carolina under the reconstruction laws of the state, serving from July 22, 1868, to March 3, 1873. From March, 1873, to June, 1874, he was assistant secretary of the U.S. treasury, and with other officials was charged with procuring the payment of a fraudulent cotton claim, of which he was acquitted on a second trial; was connected with the coast survey, 1874-80; was a special agent of the war department, 1880-87, and conducted a preparatory school in Ithaca, N.Y., for several years. He died in Sewanee, Tenn., July 31, 1891.

SAWYER, Horace Bucklin, naval officer, was born in Burlington, Vt., Feb. 22, 1797; son of

Col. James Sawyer, and grandson of Colonel Ephraim Sawyer, who removed from Lancaster, Mass., to Grand Isle county, Vt., in 1786. He was appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy, June 4, 1812, and served on Lake Champlain under Lieut. Sidney Smith in 1812, where he was taken prisoner and held as a hostage at Halifax, N.S. He served on the Constitution under Commodore Stewart in 1815, and fought in the battle resulting in the capture of the Cyane and Levant. He shipped before the mast on a merchant ship for India, 1816-17: was promoted lieutenant in the U.S. navy, April 1, 1818; served on board the Dolphin on a cruise to South America, 1818-21; on the Spark in the West Indies, and on the Warren in the Mediterranean. During the Canadian rebellion he commanded the northern frontier of Vermont. He was promoted commander in December, 1839; captain, April 12, 1853, and was retired, Sept. 13, 1855, and in 1856 was presented with a sword by the legislature of Vermont, for his services in the war of 1812-15. He removed to Plattsburgh, N. Y. He was married, first, to Miss Shaler of Middletown, Conn., and secondly, to Miss Wadsworth of Burlington, Vt. He died in Washington, D.C., Feb. 14, 1860.

SAWYER, Leicester Ambrose, educator, was born in Pinckney, N.Y., July 28, 1807; son of Jotham and Lucy (Harper) Sawyer; grandson of Thomas and Susannah (Wilder) Sawyer; greatgrandson of Elisha and Mary (Hart) Sawyer, and a descendant of Thomas Sawyer, who came from Kent, England, in 1636, and married Mary Prescott. He was graduated from Hamilton college, N.Y., in 1828; attended Princeton Theological seminary, 1828-29, and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry at Watertown, N.Y., Feb. 23, 1832. He supplied pulpits at Adams, Smithville and North Adams, N. Y., 1831-32; was pastor at Martinsburg, N.Y., 1832-35; New Haven, Conn., 1835-40, and Columbus, Ohio, 1840-47, being president of Central college, Ohio, 1842-47. He was pastor at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 1850-54; of the Congregational church at Westmoreland, 1854-59, and of the Unitarian church at South Hingham, Mass., 1859-60. In 1860 he settled in Whitesboro, N.Y., where he engaged in literary work, and was connected with the Utica Morning Herald. He made a translation of the New Testament (1858), and is the author of: Elements of Biblical Interpretation (1836); Mental Philosophy (1839); Moral Philosophy (1845); Critical Exposition of Baptism (1845); Organic Christianity (1854); Reconstruction of Biblical Theories (1862); and The American Bible (1860-1888). He died in Whitesboro, N.Y., Dec. 29, 1898.

SAWYER, Lemuel, representative, was born in Camden county, N.C., in 1777; son of Lemuel Sawyer. He prepared for college at Flatbush

academy, Long Island, N.Y., matriculated at the University of North Carolina, class of 1799; studied mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, and on returning to North Carolina served in the house of commons, 1800-01. He was admitted to the bar in 1804; was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1805, and a representative from North Carolina in the 10th, 11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 19th and 20th congresses, serving 1807-13, 1817-23 and 1825-29. He resided for several years in Elizabeth City, N.C., and was a department clerk in Washington, D.C., 1850-52. He is the author of: Life of John Randolph (1844); Autobiography (1844); and he wrote several dramas, which were not successful as they were considered at the time immoral. He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 9, 1852.

SAWYER, Lorenzo, jurist, was born in Leroy, N.Y., May 23, 1820. He removed to Pennsylvania and later to Ohio, and attended Western Reserve university. He practised law in Illinois and Wisconsin, and in 1850 went to California where he engaged in mining. He was elected city attorney of San Francisco in 1854; was judge of the district court of California, 1862-63 ; justice of the supreme court, 1863-68, and chief-justice, 1868--69. He was U.S. circuit judge for the 9th circuit that embraced the whole of the Pacific States, 1869-91. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Hamilton college in 1877, and was president of the board of trustees of Leland Stanford Junior university, 1887-91. He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 9, 1891.

SAWYER, Philetus, senator, was born in Whiting, Rutland county, Vt., Sept. 22, 1816. His father, a farmer and blacksmith, removed in 1817 to Crown Point, N.Y., where Philetus attended the district schools. He obtained employment in a sawmill, which he subsequently operated, and was married in 1841, to Melvina M. Hadley, who died in 1888. He removed with his family to Fond du Lac county, Wis., in 1847; engaged in farming, and then entered the lumber business at Algoma and at Fond du Lac, accumulating an estate valued at $3,000,000. He was repeatedly elected to the city council; was a representative in the state legislature, 1857-63; mayor of Oshkosh, 1863-64, and a Republican representative from the fifth district of Wiscon

Philetus Sawyer

sin in the 39th-43d congresses, 1865-75. He was elected U.S. senator, Jan. 26, 1881; was reelected, Jan. 26, 1887, and was defeated for reelection in 1893 by John R. Mitchell, Democrat. He served in the senate as chairman of the committee on post offices and post roads. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1864, 1876 and 1880. He contributed to many religious and benevolent institutions; gave $12,000 toward a building for the Young Men's Christian association of Oshkosh, and bequeathed $10,000 to the Ladies Benevolent society of that place. He died in Oshkosh, Wis., March 29, 1900. SAWYER, Sylvanus, inventor, was born in Templeton, Mass., April 15, 1822. While a boy

at work on his father's farm he invented a practical reed organ. In 1839 he engaged in the gunsmith business with his brother-in-law in Augusta, Maine, and invented a steam-engine, a screw propeller and a foot-power car. In 1843 he removed to Boston and invented a machine for making chair-cane from rattan; and in 1851 he established a manufactory at East Templeton. He was a director and manager of the American Rattan Co., formed in December, 1851. In 1853 he invented improvements in rifled cannon projectiles, arranging the percussion-cap so as to cause the explosion of the shell on impact. He made experiments with this invention in 1857-58, and it was approved by the U.S. ordnance bureau. During the civil war his guns were placed at Newport News and at Fort-Wood, and at the latter place they created havoc with the iron-clad batteries at Sewell's Point, a distance of three and one half miles. After the war, he furnished the first batteries of cast-steel rifled guns made in America. His other inventions include: patent dividers and calipers in 1867; a steam generator in 1868; a sole sewing machine, 1876, and a centering watchmaker's lathe in 1882. He died in Templeton, Mass., Oct. 25, 1895.

SAWYER, Thomas Jefferson, educator, was born in Reading, Vt., Jan. 9, 1804; son of Benjamin and Sally (York) Sawyer; grandson of Joseph and Hannah (Hutchens) Sawyer; and a descendant of John Sawyer of Lincolnshire, England, whose son Thomas came to New England in 1639, was probably a resident of Rowley, Mass., in 1643, and was afterwards one of the first settlers of Lancaster, Mass. Thomas J. Sawyer was graduated at Middlebury college, A.B., 1829, A.M., 1833; studied theology, and was pastor of a Universalist church in New York city, 183045 and 1852-61. He was married, Sept. 21, 1831, to Caroline Mehitable Fisher (q.v.), of Newton, Mass. He was principal of Clinton Liberal institute, 1845-52, and lived on a farm in Clinton, N.Y., 1861-63. He was greatly interested in

training men for the Universalist ministry, and in 1847, with the Rev. Hosea Ballou, 2d, and the Rev. Thomas Whittemore, began the movement which resulted in the founding of Tufts college, chartered in 1852. He was also instrumental in establishing the theological school of St. Lawrence university, Canton, N.Y., in 1856, and between the years 1861 and 1863 declined the presidency of St. Lawrence university, of Lombard university and of Tufts college. He edited the Christian Ambassador in New York city, 1863-66, and lived on a farm in New Jersey, 1866-69. In 1869 he accepted the Packard chair of systematic theology at Tufts, which position he held until 1892, when he was made professor emeritus. He was also the first dean of the faculty, 1882-92. He was secretary and librarian of the Universalist Historical society, 1834–99, and was a valiant champion of the Universalist faith, in magazine articles and in debate. He received from Harvard the honorary degree of S.T.D. in 1850 and from Tufts that of LL.D. in 1896. He is the author of Letters to Rev. Stephen Remington in Review of his "Lectures on Universalism" (1839); Review of Rev. E. F. Hatfield's "Universalism as it Is" (1843); Endless Punishment (1845); Memoirs of Rev. Stephen R. Smith (1852); Discussions with Rev. Isaac Westcott on the Doctrine of Endless Misery (1853); The Doctrine of Universal Salvation (1854); Who is our God, the Son of the Father ? (1859), and Endless Punishment in the Very Words of Its Advocates (1880). He died in Somerville, Mass., July 24, 1899.

SAXE, John Godfrey, poet, was born in Highgate, Vt., June 2, 1816. He was brought up on a farm; attended St. Albans (Vt.) grammar school and Wesleyan university, 1835-36, and was graduated from Middlebury college, A. B.. 1839, A.M., 1842. He studied law at Lockport, N.Y., and St. Albans, Vt.; was admitted to the bar in St. Albans in September, 1843, and practised in Franklin county, 1843-50, being also superintendent of the county schools, 1843-45. He became the proprietor of the Burlington, Vermont, Sentinel in 1850, which he edited until 1856; was state's attorney for Chittenden county, 1850-51; attorneygeneral of Vermont, 1856–59; deputy-collector of customs, and the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for governor of the state in 1859 and in 1860. He removed to New York in 1860, and engaged in literary work and lecturing until 1872, when he removed to Albany and became editor of the Evening Journal. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Middlebury college in 1860. He is the author of many poems which he contributed to the Knickerbocker Magazine; Harper's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly. They include: Rhyme of the Rail; The Briefless

Barrister; The Proud Miss McBride; Jerry the Miller; I'm Growing Old; The Old Church Bell, and Treasures in Heaven. Among his published works are: Progress, A Satirical Poem (1846); Humorous and Satirical Poems (1850); The Money King and other Poems (1859); Complete Poems (1861); The Flying Dutchman (1862); Clever Stories of Many Nations, Rendered in Rhyme (1865); The Times, The Telegraph, and other Poems (1865); The Masquerade and other Poems (1866); Fables and Legends of Many Countries (1872), and Leisure-Day Rhymes (1875). He died at the home of his son, Charles G. Saxe, in Albany, N.Y., March 31, 1887.

SAXTON, Joseph, inventor, was born in Huntingdon, Pa., March 22, 1799; son of James and Hannah (Ashbaugh) Saxton. He worked in his father's nail factory, learned the trade of watchmaking, made a printing press on which he printed a small newspaper, removed to Philadelphia in 1817, where he carried on the business of watch-making, and invented a machine for facilitating the making of the wheels for the works. With Isaiah Lukens he constructed an ingenious clock which gave the movements of the planets, and he also made the town clock placed in the belfry of Independence Hall, Philadelphia. About 1828 he went to London, where he became associated with the Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science, for which he constructed several mechanical toys. He there met Telford, Brunel, Whitwell, Hawkins and Faraday, through whose influence he was admitted to the meetings of the Royal institution. In June, 1833, he demonstrated before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the workings of his magneto-electric machine, capable of decomposing water and of producing brilliant electrical sparks and steady light by bringing charcoal points near together. He also invented a pulley for measuring the velocity of vessels; an air-gun with metallic cartridge; an apparatus for obtaining an electrical spark from the magnetism of the earth; another for measuring the velocity of electricity, and several useful articles. He also perfected the medal-ruling machine, invented by Gobercht of the U.S. mint, and was awarded the Scott legacy medal of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, in 1834, for his reflecting pyrometer. He declined the office of director of the printing machinery of the Bank of England, and on his return to the United States in 1837, he became curator of the standard weighing apparatus of the U.S. mint in Philadelphia, and superintended the construction of standard balances, weights and measures for the branch mints and assay offices of the government. He also invented an automatic machine for measuring the height of the tides;

one for determining the temperature of the deep sea; an immersed hydrometer; and applied his reflecting pyrometer to the construction of measuring rods. He was awarded a gold medal at the Crystal Palace fair, London, in 1851, for a nearly precise balance. He was a member of the Franklin Institute, and of the American Philosophical society, 1837–73, and a charter member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1863, which society preserved his memoirs, written by Joseph Henry, 1877. He was married in 1850 to Mary H. Abercrombie of Philadelphia, Pa. He died in Washington, D.C., Oct. 26, 1873. SAXTON, Rufus, soldier, was born at Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 19, 1824; son of Jonathan Ashley and Miranda (Wright) Saxton; grandson of Rufus and Tirzah (Ashley) Saxton and of Ashel and Mercy (White) Wright, and a greatgrandson of David and Rebecca (Barnard) Saxton and of the Rev. Jonathan Ashley and Capt. Salmon White of the Continental army of the Revolution. He entered the U.S. Military academy in 1845 and in 1849 was brevetted 2d lieutenant, 3d artillery. He served in the Seminole war and on Sept. 12, 1850, was commissioned 2d lieutenant, 4th artillery. He did frontier duty until 1853, when he was detailed to explore and survey a route for the Northern Pacific railroad, through the unknown Northwest, from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 2, 1855, served on the coast survey, 1855-59, and was assistant instructor of artillery tactics, U.S. Military academy, 1859-60. In February, 1861, he went to the St. Louis arsenal, took part in its defense, was promoted captain, May 13, 1861, appointed quartermaster on General Lyon's staff, and under him commanded the regulars at the capture of Camp Jackson. Before the battle of Wilson's Creek, he was transferred to McClellan's staff in Virginia, and after McClellan took the Army of the Potomac, Captain Saxton was made chief-quartermaster of Thomas W. Sherman's expeditionary corps, which captured Port Royal, S.C., Captain Saxton remained at Port Royal as chief quartermaster of the department of the South, and on April 15, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and given command of Harper's Ferry, being there at the time Jackson made his attack upon it, to gain time to remove his captured property from Winchester to Staunton. General Saxton received a medal of honor for his distinguished gallantry and good conduct in the defense of Harper's Ferry, May 26-30, 1862. When General Sigel took command of the forces at Harper's Ferry, General Saxton was transferred to Washington and in July, 1862, was appointed military governor of the department of the South. He enlisted several regiments of colored troops,

including Col. T.W. Higginson's regiment, the first colored regiment ever regularly enlisted in the U.S. service. General Saxton was made commander of the Beaufort district, February, 1863, and under protest superintended the colonization of the freedmen on deserted estates. He was married March 11, 1863, to Matilda Gordon, daughter of Lewis and Rosanna Thompson of Philadelphia. In January, 1865, he was relieved of his other duties and made assistant commissioner of the refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands for the states of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, Jan. 12, 1865; and brevetted major, lieutenantcolonel and colonel, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, and brigadier-general, U.S.A., April 9, 1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866, and returned to the quartermaster's department U.S.A. He was promoted major July 29, 1866, and was chief quartermaster on the frontier, 1866-67, of the 3d military district and department of the South, 1867-69; of the department of the Columbia, 1869-73, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel and department quartermastergeneral June 6, 1872. He served in the department of the Lakes, 1873-75, department of Missouri, 1875-79, military division of the Pacific, 1879-83; was promoted colonel and assistant quartermaster-general, March 10, 1882, and was in command of Jeffersonville department of the quartermaster's department, 1883-88. He was retired by age limit, Oct. 19, 1888.

SAY, Benjamin, representative, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1756; son of Thomas Say (1709-1796), and grandson of William Say, an early Quaker settler in Philadelphia. His father was a prominent merchant of Philadelphia; treasurer of the society for the instruction of blacks; a founder of the Pennsylvania hospital, and of the house of employment. Benjamin attended the Quaker schools, studied medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, and became a well-known physician. He sympathized with the colonies during the Revolution, and was a member of the fighting Quakers. He was a representative in the 10th and 11th congresses, 1808-11, succeeding Joseph Clay, resigned. He was a founder of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and its treasurer, 1791-1809; founder of the Pennsylvania Prison society, and president of the Philadelphia Humane society. He is the author of: Spasmodic Affections of the Eye (1792), and A Short Compilation of the Extraordinary Life and Writings of Thomas Say Copied from his Manuscripts (1796). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 23, 1813.

SAY, Thomas, naturalist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1787; son of Dr. Benjamin Say (q.v.). He engaged unsuccessfully in the drug

business, and devoted himself entirely to the study of natural history. He founded the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia in 1812; took part in the scientific exploration of the islands and coasts of Georgia, and in 1819 joined Maj. Stephen Long in his famous expedition to the Rocky Mountains, as chief geologist. In 1820 he went on another expedition under Long to explore the sources of the Mississippi river, making the whole botanical collection. He joined the socialistic community of Robert Owen at New Harmony, Ind., in 1825, and after the failure of the community remained there as keeper and agent. He contributed largely to the Transactions of the American Philosophical society, and the American Journal of Science; and is the author of: American Entomology (3 vols., 1824-28); American Conchology, which he left unfinished, but which was completed and edited by William G. Binney in 1858. He died in New Harmony, Ind., Oct. 10, 1834.

SAYERS, Joseph Draper, governor of Texas, was born at Grenada, Miss., Sept. 23, 1841; son of Dr. David and Mary Thomas (Peete) Sayers, and a descendant of John Sayers, a major in the Continental army in the Carolina campaign. He removed with his father to Bastrop, Texas, in 1851, and attended Bastrop Military institute; and in 1861 joined the Confederate army, serving 1861-65, and reaching the rank of major. He was

THE ST

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admitted to the bar in 1866; was a Democratic senator in the Texas legislature in 1873; chairman of the Democratic state executive committee, 1875-78, and lieutenant-governor of Texas, 1879-80. He was married in 1879 to Orline, daughter of Williams and Maria Walton of Bastrop, Tex. He was a Democratic representative from the ninth and tenth districts of Texas respectively, in the 49th-55th congresses, serving from 1885 to 1898, when he resigned his seat to become Democratic candidate for governor, and he was elected, and re-elected in 1900, serving, 1899-1903.

SAYLES, John, jurist, was born in Vernon, N.Y., March 9, 1825; a descendant of John Sayles, who emigrated from England in the ship Lion, with Roger Williams, in 1631, and settled on Providence Plantations, R.I., in 1645, where he married Mary, daughter of Roger Williams. John Sayles the younger attended the public schools of Oneida county; graduated at Hamilton college, LL.B. in 1845, and removed to Georgia, teaching school there and in Texas. He was admitted to the Texas bar in 1846; practised at Brenham; was a representative in the Texas legislature, 1853-55; and was appointed special