RADFORD, William, naval officer, was born in Fincastle, Va., March 1, 1808; son of Harriet Kennerly Radford and stepson of Gen. William Clark (q.v.). He was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, March 1, 1825; served on the Brandywine, when that frigate carried the Marquis de Lafayette to France; was attached to the Mediterranean squadron, 1827-28, and to the sloop Erie of the West India squadron, 1830-31. He was promoted passed midshipman, June 4, 1831; served on the John Adams of the Mediterranean squadron in 1835; was promoted lieutenant, Feb. 9, 1837, and served on the Warren of the Pacific squadron, 1845-47. He was stationed on the western coast of Mexico, 1847-48; commanded the party that cut out a Mexican war vessel at Mazatlan in 1847, and was attached to the store ship Lexington, 1852-53. He was promoted commander, Sept. 14, 1855; commanded the Dacotah of the East India squadron, 1860-61; was promoted captain, July 16, 1862, and commodore, April 24, 1863. He commanded the Cumberland in 1861, and was on court-martial duty at Old Point Comfort, when that ship was attacked by the ram Merrimac. He made every effort to reach his ship before the fighting was over, but did not arrive at Newport News until the Cumberland was sinking. He was executive officer at the Brooklyn navy yard, 1862-64; commanded the New Ironsides, and the iron-clad division of Admiral Porter's squadron at Fort Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865. His ability and services in these two attacks were recognized and praised by Admiral Porter in his report to the secretary of the navy. He commanded the navy yard at Washington, D.C., 1866-68; was promoted rear-admiral, July 25, 1868; commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1869-70, and was retired, March 1, 1870. He was on special duty in Washington, D.C., 1871-72, and died in that city, Jan. 8, 1890.

U.S. SLOOP CUMBERLAND.

RAFINESQUE, Constantine Samuel, botanist, was born in Galatz, a suburb of Constantinople, Turkey, Oct. 22, 1783; son of a French merchant from Marseilles. His mother was born in Greece, but was of German parentage, her family name being Schmaltz. In 1784 his parents visited the ports of Asia and Africa, en route to Marseilles, where Constantine spent his boyhood, becoming devoted to the science of botany and filled with a desire to travel. He began an herbarium at

the age of eleven; the following year published "Notes on the Apennines," as seen from the back of a mule on a journey from Leghorn to Genoa, and through his own efforts acquired an extensive knowledge of classical and modern languages. Upon the outbreak of the French Revolution, with his brother Anthony, he came to Philadelphia, Pa., 1802, where he first served as a merchant's clerk, devoting his leisure to botany, and subsequently traveled on foot through Pennsylvania and Virginia, making a collection of botanical specimens. In 1805 he set sail for Sicily, where he established himself as a merchant, and where he discovered the medicinal squill, shipping 200 pounds before the Sicilians. discovered that he was not using it for dye. In 1815 his son, Charles Linnæus, died and in the same year his wife, Josephine Vaccaro, left him, taking with her their only daughter, Emily, who became a singer in Sicilian opera at the theatre in Palermo. He then returned to the United States, and on the voyage lost his entire collection of valuable specimens, books and manuscripts in the shipwreck on the coast of Long Island. He traveled throughout the western part of the country, and in 1818 became professor of natural history and modern languages in Transylvania university, Lexington, Ky., receiving from there the honorary degree of A.M. After an extensive lecture tour he eventually settled in Philadelphia again, and there became so absorbed in the discovery of new genera and species, that the scientific value of his work suffered from an undue proportion of their description. He also devised the present arrangement of coupon-bonds, which he called the "divitial invention; " projected many other varied schemes which never materialized, such as steam-ploughs, aquatic railroads, artificial leather; and founded and edited: The Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, 1832-33; "Annals," and other serials. He was awarded a gold medal by the French Geological society, on which was imprinted his only known portrait. His writings include: Précis de découvertes et travaux somiologigues entre 1800 et 1814 (1814); Analyse de la nature (1815); Antikon Botanikon (1815-40); Ancient History, or Annals of Kentucky (1824); Medical Flora, etc., of the United States (1828-30); Alsographia Americana (1838); Genius and Spirit of the Hebrew Bible (1838), etc. "The Complete Writings of C. S. Rafinesque on Recent and Fossil Conchology" were edited by William G. Binney and George W. Tryon, Jr., in 1864, and a review of his botanical writings by Asa Gray, was published in Silliman's Journal in 1841. He left an autobiography. His will, discovered more than half a century after his death, left his property, which consisted of in

ventions and specimens, equally to his sister, his daughter and the establishment of an orphan school for girls, but the terms were never carried out, as he died in absolute poverty, and his possessions were sold to cancel debts. His body was buried stealthily by a few of his friends in Ronaldson's cemetery, Philadelphia, but his grave was not marked. The date of his death is Sept. 18, 1842.

RAINES, John, representative, was born in Canandaigua, N.Y., May 6, 1840; son of John and Mary (Remington) Raines; grandson of John and Mary (Sadler) Raines, and of Thaddeus and Betsy (Root) Remington, and a descendant of William Raines of Ryton, Yorkshire, England. He attended the public schools and taught for three years, and was graduated from the Albany Law school in 1861. He established himself in practice in Geneva, N.Y., and in 1861 raised a company for the 85th New York volunteers; was made captain of the company, and served until July, 1863. He was married, Sept. 18, 1862, to Catherine A., daughter of Anson and Fanny (Havens) Wheeler of Geneva, N.Y. He was a Republican member of the state assembly, 188182 and 1885; state senator, 1886-89; representative from the twenty-ninth district of New York in the 51st and 52d congresses, 1889-93, and a state senator, 1894-1903. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage by the New York legislature of a law which he drew regulating the sale of liquors, and imposing a high license, which during its operation paid into the state treasury nearly $4,000,000 annually and to localities about $8,000,000 annually; the law becoming known by his name.

RAINEY, Joseph H., representative, was born in Georgetown, S.C., June 21, 1832; son of slave parents, who subsequently obtained freedom by their industry. Although legally debarred from attending school, he was well educated, and removed to Charleston, S.C., where he followed the occupation of a barber until 1862, when, forced to work on the Confederate fortifications, he escaped to the West Indies, and remained there until the close of the war. He returned to Georgetown; was elected a delegate to the state constitutional convention, 1868, and was a state senator in 1870, resigning to take his seat in the 41st congress, June 21, having been elected a Republican representative in place of Benjamin T. Whittemore, who was elected but not allowed to take his seat. Mr. Rainey was re-elected to the 42d-45th congresses, serving, 1870-79, his seat in the 44th congress being contested by Samuel Lee. He died in Georgetown, D.C., Aug. 1, 1887. RAINS, Gabriel James, soldier, was born in Craven county, N.C., in June, 1803; son of Gabriel M. and Hester (Ambrose) Rains. He

was a brother of George Washington Rains (q.v.) and of John Rains (1804-1834), who graduated from University of North Carolina, A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826; was a member of the general assembly, and a lawyer in Alabama. Gabriel was graduated at the U.S. military academy, West Point, in 1827; was promoted 2d lieutenant, 7th infantry; served in the West on garrison, commissary, frontier, and recruiting duty, 1827-39; was promoted 1st lieutenant, Jan. 28, 1834, and captain, Dec. 25, 1837, and engaged in the Seminole war, 1839-42, being severely wounded in the skirmish near Fort King, April 28, 1840, and brevetted major for gallantry in that action. He served in garrison in Louisiana and Florida, 1842-45; in the military occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and was engaged in the defense of Fort Brown, May 3-9, 1846, and in the battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846. He was engaged in recruiting for General Scott's campaign, 1846-48; served in garrison at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 1848 and 1851; in the Seminole war, 1849-50, and in garrison duty, 1850-52. He was promoted major and transferred to the 4th infantry, March 9, 1851; served on frontier duty on the Pacific coast, 1853-60, and took part in the expedition against the Yakama Indians in 1855. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and transferred to the 5th infantry, June 5, 1860; was on a leave of absence, 1860-61, and resigned from the U.S. army, July 31, 1861, and joined the Confederate States army, receiving the commission of brigadier-general, Sept. 23, 1861. He commanded a brigade in D. H. Hill's division at Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, and was severely wounded at the battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, 1862, where he received special commendation from his division commander for his rapid and successful flank movement that turned the tide of the battle in favor of the Confederates. He was placed in charge of the bureau of conscription of Richmond, Va., in December, 1862. He invented a peculiar friction primer to explode subterranean shells, which was used effectively in the retreat from Williamsburg; also organized the system of torpedo protection for southern harbors; was made chief of the torpedo service, June 17, 1864, and demonstrated that weak maritime nations could be protected against the most powerful. He was married to Mary Jane, daughter of Maj. William (U.S.A.) and Eliza Conway (Sevier) McClellan, and granddaughter of Governor John and Catherine (Sherrill) Sevier. Their daughter, Mrs. W. W. Smythe, gave data for this sketch in 1903. After the war General Rains resided first in Augusta, Ga., and subsequently in Aiken, S.C., where he died, Aug. 6, 1881, from wounds received in Florida in 1840, and considered fatal at the time.

RAINS, George Washington, soldier, was born in Craven county, N.C., in 1817; son of Gabriel M. and Hester (Ambrose) Rains. His parents removed to Alabama, and he was appointed to the U.S. Military academy from that state in 1838, and in 1842 was graduated third in a class of 56, and promoted 2d lieutenant in the corps of engineers. He served as assistant engineer in the construction of Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, Mass., 1842-43; in garrison at Fort Monroe, Va., 1843-44, and was transferred to the 4th artillery, July 7, 1843. He was assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy and geology in the U.S. Military academy, 1844-46; had charge of the quartermaster's depot at Point Isabel, Texas, in 1846; was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1847; took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, the storming of Chapultepec, and the assault and capture of the City of Mexico. He was brevetted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for Contreras and Churubusco, and major, Sept. 13, 1847, for Chapultepec. He served as aide-de-camp to General Scott and to Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, 1847-48, and while at West Point where Pillow was being court-martialed, he arranged the model of the Valencia silver mine. He was in garrison in New Orleans and on recruiting service, 1848-49; in the Seminole war, Florida, 1849-50; in garrison at Forts Lafayette and Columbus, N.Y. harbor, Fort Mackinac, Mich., and Fort Independence, Mass., 1850-54, and on recruiting service at Fort Columbus, 1854-56. He was promoted captain, Feb. 14, 1856, resigned from the service, Oct. 31, 1856, and became part owner and president of the Washington iron works and the Highland iron works at Newburg, N.Y. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of artillery in the Confederate army in 1861, and assigned to the equipment of powder mills at Augusta, Ga., and had charge of these works, producing most of the powder used by the Confederate army, until the war ended. He was professor of chemistry and pharmacy in the medical department of the University of Georgia, 186784, dean of the faculty, 1884, and professor emeritus, 1884-94, and resumed business in Newburg, N.Y., in 1894. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Georgia in 1880, and that of M.D. elsewhere. He obtained three patents for improvements in portable steam engines, and is the author of: Steam Portable Engines, a treatise (1860); Rudimentary Course of Analytical and Applied Chemistry (1872); Chemical Qualitative Analysis (1879); History of the Confederate Powder Works (1882); and numerous essays. He died at Newburg, N. Y., March 21, 1898.

RAINS, James Edward, soldier, was born in Wilson county, Tenn., April 10, 1833; son of the

Rev. John and Lucinda (Cartwright) Rains. He was graduated from Yale in 1854; was admitted to the bar, and practised in Nashville. He edited the Daily Republican Banner in 1857; was city attorney in 1858, and attorney-general for his judicial district in 1860. He was married about 1860, to Ida, only daughter of H. T. Yeatman. Mrs. Rains was residing in Nashville in 1903. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army as lieutenantcolonel of the 11th Tennessee regiment; was promoted colonel, and commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division, department of East Tennessee. He was ordered by Gen. J. D. Stevenson, division commander, to cover the evacuation of Cumberland Gap, June 14, 1862, and after effecting the purpose, withdraw his two regiments and marched toward Morristown. He was commissioned brigadier-general, Nov. 4, 1862; commanded his brigade in McCown's division, Hardee's corps, Bragg's Army of the Tennessee, in the battle of Stone's river, and while leading a charge against McCook's Federal corps, he was shot through the heart, dying instantly, Dec. 31, 1862.

RAINSFORD, William Stephen, clergyman, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 30, 1850; son of the Rev. Marcus and Louisa (Dickson) Rainsford. Ill health caused his early withdrawal from school, and led to travel abroad for some time. He became interested

in one of the first efforts made in England to apply a thorough study to the conditions of life in East London. The result of such study was a visit to Canada, in company with Herbert Watney, his brother-in-law, which visit had for its object the settling of eight hundred emigrants from the East of London in the Do

minion. He then traveled extensively all over the United States, among other journeys undertaking one from St. Paul, Minn., to Victoria, Vancouver's Island. This trip lasted many months and was not without danger. His party consisted of Herbert Watney and himself and their two men. The country was wild and absolutely unsettled, and the United States' relations with the Indians very much disturbed. He returned to England in 1869, and was graduated from St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1873; was ordained deacon and priest in consecutive years, and held during this time the curacy of St. Giles's parish in Norwich. In 1876-78 he de

voted himself entirely to evangelistic work in the United States and Canada, conducting services in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, New Orleans, Louisville, Sandusky, Boston and New York. He took charge of Holy Trinity church, New York city, for three months during the absence of Dr. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., and while there had full charge of the meetings in Dr. Tyng's gospel tent, corner of 34th Street and Broadway. In 1878 he returned to England, and married Emily Alma, daughter of Frederick Green of 38 Princess Gardens, London. From England he was called to be assistant rector of the Cathedral of St. James, Toronto, Canada, where he remained until 1882, in which year he succeeded Dr. Williams as rector of St. George's church, New York, taking up his residence, Jan. 1, 1883. All seats in the church were declared free, the church was opened for private devotion at all hours of the day, daily services were held and frequent services on Sunday, and a large choir, chiefly volunteers, was placed in the chancel, alterations in the church being made to admit of this change. The staff of the church became one of the most efficient in the country, consisting of four clergy, five deaconesses and two secretaries. The Sunday school grew to a membership of 2000. In 1903 the communicants of St. George's numbered over 8,000, the number of societies and classes thirty-nine, the money raised during twenty years of rectorship $2,254,543. The membership of the church was unique; living in tenements houses, 5400; in boarding houses, 1001; in flats, apartments, hotels, 938; in private houses, 589; out of town, 127; unclassified, 235; total: 8290. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred by Trinity in 1887. He was baccalaureate preacher at Harvard, Columbia and Chicago. He is the author of: Sermons Preached at St. George's (1887); A Good Friday Meditation (1901) The Reasonableness of Faith (1902) and many sermons.

RALPH, Julian, author and journalist, was born in New York city, May 27, 1853; son of Dr. Joseph Edward and Selina (Mahoney) Ralph. He was graduated from the public schools, apprenticed in the printing office of the Standard at Red Bank, N.J., in 1868; at once began writing short stories and humorous articles, and in 1870 became local editor of the paper. He founded the Leader at Red Bank, 1871, became acting editor of the Webster, Mass., Times in 1872, returned to New York to become a reporter on the World under William Henry Hurlbert in 1872, reported for the Daily Graphic, 1872-75, and was continuously on the staff of the New York Sun, 1875-95. He was married, May 15, 1876, to Isabella, daughter of Thomas H. and Frances C. Mount of Chapel Hill, N.J. He started Chatter,

ing the British forces, he and Rudyard Kipling, Percival Landon and H. E. Gwynne established The Friend, the first daily newspaper ever published for the information and entertainment of an army. It was established at Bloemfontein, in the then Orange Free State. In 1889 he was elected a member of the Royal Geographical society, and in 1900 he received the honorary degree A.M. from Middlebury college, Vermont. He returned to America in 1902, and in December was appointed Eastern representative of the Louisiana Purchase exposition of 1904. He is the author of: Cuba (1882); Long Island of To-day and The Sun's German Barber (1884); On Canada's Frontier (1892); Our Great West and Chicago and the World's Fair (1893); Along the Bowstring (1894); Dixie (1895); People We Pass (1895); Alone in China (1896); An Angel in a Web (1896); A Prince of Georgia (1897); Towards Pretoria (1900); At Pretoria, called in America, An American With Lord Roberts (1901); War's Brighter Side (1901); The Millionairess (1902). He died in New York city, Jan. 20, 1903.

RALPH, Lester, painter and illustrator, was born in New York city, July 19, 1876; son of Julian and Isabella (Mount) Ralph. He attended the Brooklyn High school and Adelphi academy; studied in the Art Students' League, and then spent three years as a student in Paris and Rome, 1896-99. He illustrated scenes in the Turko-Greek war for Harper's Magazine, and in the BritishBoer war for the London Black and White. made a number of paintings of South African war scenes after his return to London, where he established his residence until 1902, when he returned to America and took up illustrating for the leading magazines.

He

RALSTON, James Grier, educator, was born in Chester county, Pa., Dec. 28, 1815; son of Samuel and Nancy Hays (Grier) Ralston; grandson of John and Christiana (King) Ralston, and a descendant of John and Mary (McCummack) Ralston, who came from Ballymena parish, county Antrim, Ireland, to "Craigs," or the Irish settlement in Northampton county, Pa., about 1732. He was graduated at Washington college, Pa., 1838; attended Princeton Theological seminary, 1839-40; was principal of Oxford Female seminary, Chester County, Pa., 1841-45; was ordained by the presbytery of New Castle, Dec. 17, 1845; founded, and was principal of Oakland Female institute, Norristown, Pa., 1845-74 and 187780. He was a student of natural history and chemistry and the discoverer of a fluoride of aluminum and calcium, the mineral being named Ralstonite after the discoverer. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Lafayette college in 1865, having served as trustee of that institution, 1860-65; and the degree of D.D. from Washington and Jefferson college in 1868. He died in Norristown, Pa., Nov. 10, 1880.

RAMBAUT, Mary Lucinda Bonney, educator, was born at Hamilton, N.Y., June 8, 1816; daughter of Benjamin and Lucinda (Wilder) Bonney, and granddaughter of Benjamin Bonney and of Abel Wilder, both of Chesterfield, Mass., and both soldiers in the Revolution. She acquired her education at Hamilton academy, and at Troy Female seminary, graduating from the latter in 1834, and taught at Jersey City, N.J., New York city, De Ruyter, N.Y., and at the Troy Female seminary, successively, 1834-42. She was a teacher at Beaufort and Roberville, S.C., 1842-48, and in 1850, with the assistance of Harriette Dillaye, opened the Chestnut Street Female seminary, Philadelphia, Pa., which soon became an important institution.

It was re

moved in 1883 to Ogontz, near Philadelphia, the estate formerly occupied by Jay Cooke (q.v.), where it continued to increase in attendance and influence. In 1879, with Mrs. Amelia S. Quinton (q.v.), she was instrumental in forming the Women's National Indian association which led the popular movement for Indian citizenship, es.

tablished fifty missions among the Indians, made loans, and provided many with homes and educational advantages. In March, 1881, Miss Bonney was elected president and in 1879 a first petition, endorsed by 50,000 signatures, was sent to the President and both houses of congress to guard the Indians in the enjoyment of all the rights guaranteed to them by the faith of the nation." A second petition with 100,000 signatures affixed was sent in 1880 and a third in 1881. In 1880 she resigned as senior principal of the Ogontz school and in the same year was made a delegate to the World's Missionary convention at London. While in London, she was married to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Rambaut (q.v.). After her husband's death she made her home with her brother in Hamilton, N.Y., where she died, July 24, 1900.

RAMBAUT, Thomas, educator, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 25, 1819. His parents were Huguenots, and he attended the Huguenot academy at Portarlington, Ireland, and was graduated from Trinity college, Dublin, Ireland, in 1839. He came to the United States in 1840, and settled in Savannah, Ga., where he intended to enter upon the study of law, but decided to study for the ministry. He was principal of Beach Island academy, D.C., 1842-43; was ordained to the Baptist ministry, 1843, and was pastor of churches at Robertsville, S.C., 1843-44, and at Savannah, Ga., 1848-56. He was professor of ancient languages at Cherokee Baptist college, Cassville, Ga., 1856-63, and president of Cherokee Baptist college, 1857-63. He was professor of history and Roman literature in Georgia Military institute, Marietta, Ga., 1863-64, and agent of the Baptist Home Missionary society, preaching in nearly every southern state, 1864-67. He was president of William Jewell college, Liberty, Mo., 1867-74, meantime filling the chair of philosophy and theology, 1868-73; and traveled abroad, 187374, visiting the principal European universities, under the authority of the trustees of the college. He was pastor of Baptist churches at Brooklyn, N.Y., Newark, N.J., Albany, N.Y., and Franklin Pa., 1874-84, and returned to Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1887. He was the general delegate of the Baptist church in the United States to the World's Mis sionary convention held at London, England, in 1888. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Mercer university, Macon, Ga., in 1857 and that of LL.D. by Madison university, New York, in 1860. He removed to Hamilton, N.Y., in 1888, and died there, Oct. 15, 1890.

RAMSAY, David, delegate, was born in Dunmore, Lancaster county, Pa., April 2, 1749; son of James and Jane (Montgomery) Ramsay. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1765, A.M., 1768; was a tutor in Maryland, 1765-67, and was graduated M.B. from