presentative in the general court in 1777. He was married to a daughter of Edward Wigglesworth; was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is the author of Greek and Latin poems in the " Pietas et Gratulatio" (1761); Hebrew Grammar (1763); Funeral Oration in Latin on Edward Holyoke (1769); Funeral Oration in English on Prof. John Winthrop (1779); Latin version of the first book of Edward Young's "Night Thoughts" (1780); Carmina sacra quæ Latine Graaceque condidit America (1789) ); Scripture Account of the Shechinah (1794); and The Scripture History Relating to the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah (1796). He died in Boston, Mass., July 23, 1804.

SEWARD, Frederick William, statesman, was born in Auburn, N.Y., July 8, 1830; son of William Henry and Frances Adeline (Miller) Seward. He was graduated from Union college in 1849, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was married, Nov. 9, 1854, to Anna Margaret, daughter of William A. and Margaret (Isabella) Wharton of Albany, N.Y. He was editor and part owner of the Albany Evening Journal, 1851-61, and was assistant secretary of state, 1861-69. On April 14, 1865, he was severely wounded in the face and head while defending his invalid father from the assassin Payne, one of the conspirators against the life of President Lincoln and the members of his cabinet. He was a member of a special mission sent to the West Indies under Admiral Porter in 1867, and was engaged in the negotiations for the purchase of Alaska the same year. He was a member of the state assembly in 1875; was assistant secretary of state under William M. Evarts, 1877-81; was the unsuccessful candidate for secretary of state; negotiated treaty with Samoa for Pago-Pago harbor, 1878; and was state commissioner from New York at the Yorktown Centennial celebration in 1881. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1878. He was elected president of Union College Alumni association of New York, 1900; president of the Sagaponack Realty company, 1901, and president of the Society of the Cayugas in 1902. He is the author of: Life and Letters of William H. Seward (1891); A West Indian Cruise (1894), and American Diplomacy and other lectures.

SEWARD, George Frederick, diplomatist, was born in Florida, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1840; son of George W. and Tempe Wicke (Leddel) Seward and nephew of William Henry Seward (q.v.). He attended Seward institute and Union college, N.Y., and was appointed U.S. consul at Shanghai, China, in 1861, serving as consul-general, 1863–76. He was married in 1870, to Kate, daughter of Isaac and Mary (Wilson) Sherman of Maryville, Cal. He went to Siam in 1868 on international

business; was appointed U.S. minister to Corea in 1869, but did not serve, and during a riot in 1873 in Shanghai he landed the crews of two U.S. menof-war to aid in its suppression. He was appointed U.S. minister to China in 1876, but was recalled in 1880 owing to his refusal to negotiate a treaty for the restriction of Chinese immigration. He was president of the North China branch of the Royal Asiatic society, 1865-66; a member of several political and social societies; engaged in the brokerage business in New York city in 1880; was elected vice-president of the Fidelity and Casualty Co. of New York in 1887, and president in 1893, and vice-president of the Willson Aluminum Co. He is the author of: Chinese Immigration in its Social and Economical Aspects (1881).

SEWARD, Sara Cornelia, physician, was born in Florida, N.Y., June 8, 1833; daughter of George W. and Tempe Wicke (Leddel) Seward. She was graduated from the Woman's Medical college in Philadelphia, Pa., 1860. She was in China with her brother, George F. Seward, U.S. minister, 1861-65. In December, 1871, she went to Allahabad, India, under the auspices of the Zenana Missions, to practise among the women, whom male physicians were prohibited from attending. Besides her practice in private families there, she conducted two large dispensaries. She died in Allahabad, India, June 12, 1891.

SEWARD, Theodore Frelinghausen, musician, was born in Florida, N.Y., Jan. 25, 1835; son of Israel and Mary (Johnson) Seward and cousin of William H. Seward (q.v.). In 1853 he began the study of music under Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings, and was organist of a church in New London, Conn., 1857-59, and of one in Rochester, N.Y., 1859-62. He was married, June 12, 1860, to Mary Holden, daughter of William and Sarah (Ashbey) Coggeshall of New London, Conn., and moved to New York city in 1863, where he taught music. While on a visit to England in 1869, he was attracted by the tonic sol-fa system which he attempted to introduce in America, but without success. He preserved more than 100 of the religious melodies of the Southern slaves in "Jubilee Songs," and in 187576, he managed the company of Fisk Jubilee singers in their European concerts, by which they raised several hundred thousand dollars for the Fisk university. He studied at the Tonic Sol-fa college while in London, and upon his return in 1877 established the system in America. He founded the American Tonic Sol-fa association; the Brotherhood of Christian Unity (1891); the Don't Worry Clubs (1897); the World's Neighborchain in 1898, and the Golden Rule Brotherhood (1901). He edited several musical periodicals and is the author of: The Sunny-side Glee-Book (1866);

The Temple Choir (1867); The Pestalozzian Music Teacher, with Lowell Mason (1871); Coronation (1872); The School of Life (1894); Heaven Every Day (1896); Don't Worry, or the Scientific Law of Happiness (1897); Spiritual Knowing, or Bible Sunshine (1900); How to get Acquainted with God (1902). He died in Orange, N.J., at the home of his daughter, Aug. 30, 1902.

SEWARD, William Henry, statesman, was born in Florida, Orange county, N.Y., May 16, 1801; son of Dr. Samuel Swezy and Mary (Jennings) Seward; grandson of Col. John and Mary (Swezy) Seward, and of Isaac and Margaret Jen

nings, and a descendant of ancestors from Wales, of whom Obadiah Seward was the first to come to America about 1650. He was prepared for college at Farmer's Hall academy, Goshen, N. Y., and matriculated at Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., in the class of 1820, but left in his junior year without the consent of his father, who had reproved him for his extravagance in college. He taught school in Georgia six months, 1819-20, when his father obliged him to return, and he was graduated with his class notwithstanding his year's absence. He read law with John Anthon in New York city, and with John Duer and Ogden Hoffman in Goshen, and after his admission to the bar in 1822, became the law partner of Elijah Miller at Auburn, N. Y. He was married, Oct. 20, 1824, to Frances Adeline, daughter of Elijah Miller. He was a National Republican in politics; made the friendship of Thurlow Weed at Rochester, N. Y., in 1824; delivered a Fourth of July address at Auburn in 1825, which marked his place in the community as an orator, and he was appointed on the committee to welcome Lafayette to that city in 1825. He spoke in behalf of the suffering Greeks in February, 1827, and through his efforts a large sum of money was collected in western New York for their aid. He was elected presiding officer over the convention of young men of the state held in Utica, Aug. 12, 1827, where he advocated the claims of John Quincy Adams for re-nomination, and he declined the Anti-Masonic nomination as candidate for representative in the 21st congress in 1828; was elected state senator in 1830, and that year became, with Thurlow Weed and Millard Fillmore, a leader of the Anti-Masonic party which rapidly displaced

the National Republican party as opponents to the Democrats in New York, and at the national convention at Baltimore in September, 1831, nominated William Wirt of Maryland for President, and Amos Ellmaker of Pennsylvania for Vice-President, but in the election of 1832 these candidates received only the electoral vote of Vermont. In the senate Mr. Seward led in opposing the national administration and at the close of both sessions, drew up an address of the minority of the legislature to the people. At the opening of the second session of the state senate, January, 1832, he defended the United States bank in a speech which at once placed him among the powerful opponents to the policy of President Jackson. He followed this speech in 1834 with a denunciation of the removal of the government deposits from the bank, which extended his national reputation. He was the Whig candidate for governor of New York in September, 1834, and in the election in November was defeated by William L. Marcy. In 1835 he made a carriage trip with his wife through Pennsylvania and Virginia to the Natural Bridge, Monticello and Fredericksburg, and back through Maryland and New Jersey to his home. In 1836 he took no prominent part in the political campaign, being absent from Auburn, having gone to Chautauqua county on legal business connected with a controversy between the Holland Land company and its tenants. He was elected, as a Whig, governor of New York in 1838; was inaugurated, Jan. 1, 1839; re-elected in 1840, and closed his gubernatorial service, Jan. 1, 1843. He carried out his convictions on the subject of slavery by refusing the rendition of slaves found in the state, without a trial by jury to determine their rights, and he obtained from the legislature the passage of an act in which the state agreed to pay for counsel to defend the slaves; this action brought him in controversy with the governors of both Virginia and Georgia. He also quieted the anti-rent troubles in the state; obtained assistance for the amelioration of the condition of the insane, and better discipline in the prisons of the state; secured public school laws by which equal privileges were given to the various religious denominations in the matter of selecting teachers of the young, and proposed extended plans for enlarging the canal and railroad facilities in the state. Although his legal practice was large, he gave his services freely for the defence of the poor. He was elected U.S. senator in 1849, and became President Taylor's most trusted counsellor in the senate. He opposed all compromise with slavery and parted with President Fillmore and many of his Whig friends on the subject. He was active in procuring the nomination of Gen. Winfield Scott as Fillmore's

successor in 1852, and was re-elected to the senate in 1855. In 1856, when Weed advised him against aspiring to the Presidency, he vigorously supported John C. Frémont. In 1857 he made a journey to Labrador on a fishing schooner and traveled in Europe, Egypt and Palestine in 1859. In 1860 he was the natural candidate of the Republican organization for the Presidential nomination, but the opposition of Horace Greeley cost him the place. At the Republican national convention at Chicago, May 16, his was the first name presented to the convention, and on the first ballot he received 173 votes against 102 for Abraham Lincoln; on Mr. Lincoln's election, Mr. Seward became secretary of state in his cabinet, and assumed a conservative position in reference to the questions that confronted the new administration. While he declined official intercourse with Hunter, Forsythe and Crawford, commissioners from the rebellious states, March 12, 1861, he favored the withdrawal of troops from Fort Sumter as a means of pacification, insisting, however, in fortifying and maintaining every fort and post that from its position presented a military advantage, in order to impress upon the foreign powers the stability of the United States government and its ability to put down a rebellion within its borders. He deprecated foreign intervention as an unfriendly act and proposed the establishing of conventions to determine the rights of neutrals. When congress determined to close the ports of the seceded states he instructed the U.S. minister at London as to the right of the government to take such a course. His surrender of Mason and Slidell to the British government after their unauthorised arrest and detention by a U.S. naval officer, brought upon him the condemnation of the radical wing of the Republican party, but his explanation of his act as consistent with the American doctrine of right of search quieted the opposition. He opposed all efforts of mediation to be conducted by European governments, and by the treaty with Great Britain for the extinction of the African slave trade, he gained the popular favor of the English people. His continuous and persistent efforts through able ministers and consuls, strengthened by commissions of leading citizens competent to present the claims of the government and its ability to put down rebellion, prevented foreign interference, and when France undertook to gain a foothold on the American continent contrary to the spirit of the Monroe doctrine, by establishing Mexico as an empire, Mr. Seward quietly avoided any irritating interference until the civil war had closed, when he forcibly presented the question at issue to the French government and the Mexican empire collapsed. In the summer of 1862, when the war had assumed a condition of

uncertainty as to the issue, Secretary Seward held a conference with the governors of the northern states and obtained their co-operation in an extraordinary effort to change the condition; this conference resulted in the call by the Presi dent for 300,000 additional men. His course in insisting on the rights of the United States to recompensation from the British government for the destruction wrought upon the high seas by the Alabama sent out from a British port, led to the Geneva award of $15,500,000 as damages. On April 13, 1865, while an invalid from the effect of being thrown from his carriage, he was murderously assaulted by one of the conspirators against President and cabinet, and his son, Frederick W. (q.v.), was desperately wounded in defending him. Secretary Seward's recovery was slow and his suffering intense. His wife died in Washington, June 21, 1865, aged 59 years. He was retained by President Johnson as the head of his cabinet, and by sustaining the reconstruction policy of the President, he carried out the avowed intention of President Lincoln, but displeased the radical wing of the Republican party and was subjected to much unfriendly criticism. He concluded with Russia an arrangement for the purchase of Alaska, which was accomplished by treaty, March 30, 1867, and an area of 580,000 square miles of Russian territory on the American continent passed by purchase for the sum of $7,200,000 to the United States. In 1884 Alaska was organized as a district with executive officers appointed by the President, but without legislative institutions. Secretary Seward also negotiated for the purchase of the Danish West India Islands and the Bay of Samana, and made a treaty with the republic of Colombia, S.A., to secure to the United States control of the Isthmus of Panama, but an unfriendly senate prevented the purchases and consummation of the treaty. He supported the President in the efforts of the opposition to impeach and remove him from office in 1868, and favored the election of General Grant to the Presidency the same year. Upon the inauguration of President Grant, March 4, 1869, Mr. Seward turned over the portfolio of state held by him for eight years to Elihu B. Washburn and returned to Auburn, N.Y., where he prepared for an extended journey across the continent and along the Pacific coast. He visited California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and the newly acquired territory of Alaska, returning home through Mexico, where he was a guest of the government and people. The next year he made his remarkable tour of the world, and was received with the highest honors by the governments of Asia, northern Africa and Europe, his record as a statesman making him welcome at foreign courts and giving him rare opportu

nities to study the governments, politically and commercially, and the social and ethnological characteristics of the peoples. After reaching his home at Auburn, Oct. 9, 1871, he gave his time to preparing a narrative of his travels and a history of his life and times. He received the honorary degree LL.D. from Yale in 1854, from Union in 1856, and from the University of North Carolina in 1867. The citizens of New York city erected a bronze statue by Randolph Rogers in Madison square, and in 1888 the citizens of Auburn erected another by Walter G. Robinson in the public square of that city. His more notable speeches include: Prospects of the United States, Syracuse, N.Y., July 4, 1831; Eulogy on Lafayette, Auburn, N. Y., July 16, 1834; Elements of Empire in America, Union college, N. Y., 1843; Freedom of the Press, in libel suit Cooper vs. Greeley, 1845; Eulogy on Daniel O'Connell, New York city, 1847; Fugitive Slaves, defence of John Van Zandt, 1847; Eulogy on John Quincy Adams, Albany, N. Y., 1848; The Higher Law, U.S. senate, March 11, 1850; The Compromise Bill, U.S. senate, July 2, 1850; The Homestead Law, U.S. senate, February, 1851; Freedom in Europe, U.S. senate, March, 1852; The Destiny of America, Columbus, Ohio, 1853; The True Basis of American Independence, New York city, 1853; The Physical, Moral and Intellectual Development of the American People, Yale College, 1854; The Irrepressible Conflict, Rochester, N.Y., 1858; State of the Union, U.S. senate, Jan. 12, 1861. George E. Baker prepared an edition of "Seward's Works with his Earlier Speeches and Addresses, and a Memoir" (3 vols., 1853; Vol. IV., 1862; Vol. V., 1863; Vol. VL, with later speeches and diplomatic correspondence, 1888). His diplomatic correspondence was published in full by order of congress. Charles Francis Adams published "Address on the Life, Character and Services of Seward" (1873), and Frederic Bancroft, "Life of William H. Seward" (2 vols., 1900). Mr. Seward is the author of: Notes on New York; Introduction to "Natural History of New York" (184254); Defence of William Freeman (1846); Oration on Death of John Quincy Adams (1848); Life and Public Services of John Quincy Adams (1849); Speeches on Admission of California (1850); Seward's Travels Around the World, edited by Olive Risley Seward (1873); and Autobiography, which first extended to 1834 (1871). This was brought down to 1846 in a memoir by Frederick W. Seward, with selections from his letters (1877), and two volumes were added (1890). He died in Auburn, N.Y., Oct. 10, 1872.

SEWARD, William Henry, soldier, was born in Auburn, N.Y., June 18, 1839; son of William Henry and Frances A. (Miller) Seward (q.v.). He was educated in his native city and became a

banker in 1861, in which business he was still engaged in 1903. He was married, June 27, 1862, to Janet M., daughter of Margaret and Robert Watson of Auburn, N.Y. He entered the U.S. army as lieutenant-colonel, 138th N.Y. volunteers; was promoted colonel, 9th N.Y. heavy artillery; was sent on a special diplomatic mission to Louisiana in 1863; took part in the battles of Petersburg, Cold Harbor and Opequan, and was wounded at the battle of Monocacy. He was commissioned brigadier-general, Sept. 13, 1864; and commanded a brigade at Martinsburg, Va., until June 1, 1865, when he resigned his commission and returned to Auburn. He was elected president of the city hospital, Auburn, N. Y., a member of the Loyal Legion, president of the state electoral college, 1886; president of the Cayuga county historical society, and vice-president of Wells college.

SEWELL, William Joyce, senator, was born in Castlebar, Ireland, Dec. 6, 1835. His parents both died when he was a child and he came to the United States in 1851, where he found employment in a shipping office and made several voyages in the merchant marine service. He went to Chicago where he engaged in business, and about 1860 returned to Camden, N.J., and joined the 5th New Jersey volunteers as captain in 1861. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel July, and colonel in October, 1862, commanded his regiment in the Army of the Potomac at Fred

in

erickburg in Revere's brigade, Sickles's division, Stoneman's corps, and at Chancellorville in Mott's brigade, Berry's division, Sickles's corps, succeeding to the command of the brigade when Mott was wounded. Colonel Sewell was wounded at Gettysburg, while in command of his regiment in Burling's brigade, Humphrey's division, Sickles's corps. He was with his regiment in McAllister's brigade, Mott's division, Hancock's corps, in Grant's campaign against Richmond, and in September, 1864, was made colonel of the 38th New Jersey volunteers, and was honorably discharged with his regiment in the summer of 1865. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for Chancellorsville in 1863, and major-general for services dur ing the civil war, March 13, 1865. He returned to Camden, and was appointed an officer in the Pennsylvania railroad company in the New Jersey

branch of that road.

He was a member of the personal staff of Governor Parker, 1873; state senator, 1873-81; president of the senate, 1876, 1879 and 1880; commanded the 2d brigade, National Guard, State of New Jersey; and was national commissioner of New Jersey for the World's Columbian exposition, 1893. In 1881 he defeated George M. Robeson for U.S. senator and served for the term expiring, March 3, 1887, and was reelected in 1895, and on Jan. 23, 1901, his third term to expire, March 3, 1907. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 18761900, inclusive, and was appointed major-general of volunteers by President McKinley in 1898, for service in the war with Spain, but upon the unanimous petition of the Republican members of the U.S. senate, President McKinley requested him not to take the field. His sons, Lieutenant Robert and Captain William Joyce, were officers in the volunteer army. Senator Sewell was appointed chairman of the committee on engrossed bills and a member of the appropriations, military affairs, territories, interoceanic canal and immigration committees. He died at Camden, N.J., Dec. 27, 1901.

SEYBERT, Adam, chemist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 16, 1773. He completed the medical course at the University of Pennsylvania in 1793, then studied in Paris, at the École des Mines, and at the Universities of London, Edinburgh and Göttingen. After his return to Philadelphia, he engaged in business as chemist and mineralogist. He was a Democratic representative from Philadelphia in the 11th, 12th, 13th and 15th congress, 1809-15 and 1815-19. He made several bequests to charitable institutions in Philadelphia. He contributed the following noteworthy articles to the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, of which organization he was elected a member in 1797: "Experiments and Observations on Land and Sea Air" and "On the Atmosphere of Marshes " (1797); and prepared Statistic Annals of the United States (17891818). He died in Paris, France, May 2, 1825.

SEYMOUR, Augustus Sherrill, jurist, was born in Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1836. He was graduated from Hamilton college, LL.B., 1857, and pratised law in New York city, 1859-65, and in New Berne, N.C., 1865-68. In the latter year he was appointed judge of the municipal court of New Berne. He served in the senate and house of representatives of North Carolina, and was a delegate to the constitutional convention of the state in 1871. He was judge of the North Carolina superior court, 1874-82, and of the U.S. district court of eastern North Carolina, 1882-97. He compiled a Digest of the Laws of North Carolina (1878). He died in New York city, Feb. 19, 1897.

SEYMOUR, George Franklin, first bishop of Springfield and 121st in succession in the American episcopate, was born in New York city, Jan. 5, 1829; son of Isaac Newton and Elvira (Belknap) Seymour; grandson of Jesse (M.D.) and Mary (Watson) Seymour and of Chancey and Margaret (Karskadden) Belknap, and a descendant of Seymour, who with his brother emigrated from Wiltshire, England, to Hartford, Conn., and ultimately settled in New Hartford, Conn., about 1640. His father was treasurer of the Delaware and Hudson Canal company, 1825-69, and enjoyed

an annuity of $2000 and office desk room from the company after 1869 up to the time of his death in 1873. George Franklin Seymour attended a madam's school, Greenwich village academy, the grammar school of Columbia college and was graduated at Columbia, A.B., 1850 (receiving the general testimonial as head of his class and delivering the Greek Salutatory), A.M., 1853, and from the General Theological seminary, New York, 1854. He was admitted to the diaconate in December, 1854, and advanced to the priesthood in September, 1855; was rector of Holy Innocents', Annandale, N.Y., 1854-61, and during his rectorship, housed the one hundred communicants, whom he had gathered together, in a beautiful stone church. When fault was found for his extravagance in erecting the church, he caused to be emblazoned in illuminated letters on its western wall: "The palace is not for man but for the Lord God." 1 Chron. xxix. i. He also founded St. Stephen's college as a training school for the ministry, and was its first rector, 1854-61, and graduated its first class of three in 1861. He resigned in 1861 to become rector of St. Mary's, Mahattanville, N.Y., and at the instance of Bishop Horatio Potter was transferred in 1862 to Christ church, Hudson, N.Y., and in 1863 to St. John's, Brooklyn, N.Y. He assumed the chair of ecclesiastical history in the General Theological seminary, New York city, in October, 1865, and filled both positions until Epiphany, 1867, when he resigned the rectorship of St. John's, having conciliated quarreling factions into a peaceful congregation of over five hundred communicants and paid off the entire floating debt of the church. He held his chair, 1865-79, and served as the second dean of the seminary, 1875