SIMPSON, William Dunlap, governor of South Carolina, was born in Laurens district, S.C., Oct 27, 1823; son of John W. and Elizabeth (Saterwhite) Simpson, and grandson of Col. John and Mary (Wells) Simpson, who immigrated from Belfast, Ireland. He attended the academy at Laurens, S.C., and was graduated from South Carolina college, in 1843. He attended the Harvard Law school for one term; was admitted to the bar in 1846, and practised in Laurens. He was married in March, 1847, to Jane E., daughter of H. C. Young, of Laurens, S.C., and had eight children, five being sons. He was several times a representative in the state legislature and state senator, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army as aide-de-camp to Gen. M. L. Bonham. He became major of the 14th South Carolina regiment, and its lieutenant-colonel, and was a representative in the 1st and 2d Confederate congresses, 1862-65. He was elected a representative in the 41st U.S. congress, in 1868, but was refused admittance by the Republican house on the ground of being disqualified under the 14th constitutional amendment. He was lieutenantgovernor of South Carolina, 1876-79; governor, as successor to Wade Hampton (q.v.), 1879-80, and was chief-justice of the state supreme court, 1880-90. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the South Carolina college. He died in Columbia, S.C., Dec. 27, 1890.

SIMS, Charles N., educator, was born in Union county, Ind., May 18, 1835; son of John and Irene (Allen) Sims; grandson of William and Mary Sims; and of Joseph and Mary Allen, and a descendant of William Sims of Virginia, a Revolutionary soldier. On Aug. 12, 1858, he was married to Eliza A. Foster, of Warren county, Ind. He was graduated at the Indiana Asbury university, A.B., 1859, A.M., 1861, and at Ohio Wesleyan university, A.M., 1860. He was principal of the Thorntown academy, 1857-59, president of Valparaiso college, Ind., 1860-62; pastor of Methodist churches at Richmond, Ind., 186263; Wabash, Ind., 1864; Evansville, Ind., 1865-66, Meridan Street church, Indianapolis, Ind., 186769 and 1893-98; Baltimore, Md., 1870-72; Newark, N.J., 1873-75; Brooklyn, N.Y., 1876-80. In 1875 he declined the presidency of the Illinois Wesleyan university, Bloomington; was elected chancellor of Syracuse university, 1881, and became also pastor of the First Church at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1898. He was delegate to the Centennial Conference of Methodism in 1884, to the General Conference, 1884 and 1888, and was commissioner to the Onondaga Indians, 1884-85. Indiana Asbury university conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in

1870, and that of LL.D. in 1883. He is the author of the Temperance Problem (1872); Life of T. M. Eddy, D.D. (1877), and Itinerary Time Limit (1879).

SIMS, Clifford Stanley, jurist, was born in Dauphin county, Pa., Feb. 17, 1839; son of John Clarke and Emiline Marion (Clark) Sims; grandson of John and Mary (Neale) Sims; descendant of Maj. John Ross, and of Surgeon Alexander Ross of the Continental army. He attended the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal church in Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1860 was admitted to the bar. He was acting paymaster in the U.S. navy, 1862-64, and in 1864 was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Arkansas union volunteers, but was taken prisoner before he assumed command. He was married in August, 1865, to Mary Josephine, daughter of Charles Steadman and Mary Caroline (Bowman) Abercrombie of Memphis, Tenn. He was a member of the Arkansas constitutional convention, 1867-68; was a representative in the legislature, 1868-69; judge-advocate general of the state in 1868, and U.S. consul at Ottawa, 1869-78. He was connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad in financial and legal matters, 1878-94, and lived at Mount Holly, N.J. He was a judge of the New Jersey court of errors and appeals, 1894-96, and a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the state of New Jersey, being its president for many years until March 3, 1896. He is the author of: Origin and Signification of Scottish Surnames (1862); The Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey (1866); and Noye's Maxims of the Laws of England (1870). He died in Trenton, N.J., on his way to court, March 3, 1896.

SIMS, James Marion, physician, was born in Lancaster district, S.C., Jan. 25, 1813. He was graduated from South Carolina college in 1832, and from the Jefferson Medical college, Pa., in 1835. He established himself in practice in Montgomery, Ala., in 1836; was married, Dec. 21, 1836, to Eliza Theresa, daughter of Dr. Bartlett Jones of Lancaster, S.C., and in 1848 founded a private hospital in Montgomery. He removed to New York in 1853; founded the Woman's Hospital association, studied hospital construction in Europe, and on his return secured the adoption of the pavilion system. He was in Paris, on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, and commanded as surgeon-in-chief, a hospital corps composed of Englishmen and Americans. He was a member of the American Medical association, corresponding fellow of the Imperial Academy of Medicine at Brussels, president of the American Medical association, and a member of various other prominent medical societies at home and abroad. He received the order of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French

government, the Order of Leopold from the King of the Belgians, and decorations from the governments of Spain, Portugal and Italy. The citizens of New York city erected a bronze statue to his memory in Bryant Park. He died in New York city, Nov. 13, 1883.

SIMS, Thetus Willrette, representative, was born in Wayne county, Tenn., April 25, 1852; son of George and Jane Sims. He was brought up on a farm, educated at Savannah college, Tenn., and was graduated from Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn., LL.B., 1876. He was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Linden, Tenn. He married, Dec. 26, 1877, Nannie H. Kittrel, of Maury county, Tenn. He was superintendent of public instruction for Perry county, Tenn., 1882-84; was presidential elector on the Cleveland and Stevenson ticket, 1892, and Democratic representative from the eighth district of Tennessee in the 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1897-1905. He served on the committees on war claims and the District of Columbia.

SIMS, Winfield Scott, inventor, was born in New York city, April 6, 1844. He was graduated from the high school in Newark, N.J., 1861, and served in the 37th New Jersey regiment, 1861-65. He afterward became interested in apparatus of an electric nature, and invented many devices in electro-magnets. He was constructor of an electric motor, in 1872, weight 45 pounds, battery 20 half-gallon Bunsen cells, capable of propelling at the rate of one mile in fifteen minutes a sixteenfoot boat holding six persons. His submarine torpedo boat propelled by an electric dynamo, its power generated on shore or on ship-board, was the first application of electricity for the propulsion and explosion of torpedoes. Ten of these boats were purchased for the U.S. government service, their speed rated at ten to eleven and a half miles an hour. He subsequently devised a boat with a 250-pound charge of dynamite, having a speed of eighteen miles an hour, and in vented the Sims dynamite gun, used against the Spanish by the Cubans. Five of these guns, rigged on a swift tug, throw at least sixty projectiles at a torpedo boat while travelling a mile, the projec. tiles being sufficiently powerful to destroy the boat with a single shot. Previous to the war with Spain, 1898, Mr. Sims refused to sell his guns to the Spanish government.

SINCLAIR, William, soldier, was born in Ohio, Feb. 8, 1835. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy in 1857, and was assigned to the 3rd artillery, being commissioned 2nd lieutenant, July 31, 1858. He performed garrison and frontier duty, 1858-61, taking part in suppressing John Brown's raid in Virginia in 1859; was promoted 1st lieutenant, April 30, 1861; and

in March, 1862, joined the Army of the Potomac. He was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious services at the siege of Yorktown in April and May, 1862; was commissioned colonel U.S.V., June 27, and was given command of the 6th Pennsylvania reserves, 3rd brigade (Truman Seymour), 3rd division (George A. McCall), 5th corps under Gen. F. J. Porter. During the Seven Days' battle he was at White House, Va. He fought at the second Bull Run, the 3rd division (John F. Reynolds) being temporarily attached to McDonald's corps and was engaged at South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862, and Antietam, Sept. 17, in the 1st brigade (Seymour), 3rd division (Meade), 1st corps under Gen. Joseph Hooker. At Fredericksburg Sinclair commanded Seymour's brigade; was severely wounded, and was on sick-leave, Dec. 13, 1862, to March 15, 1863. He commanded a brigade in the defences of Washington, D.C., for two months, and on June 6, 1863, resigned his volunteer commission to command a battery in the Vicksburg campaign. He joined his battery, July 4, 1863, the day that Pemberton surrendered; participated in the capture of Jackson, Miss., July 16, 1863, and was acting assistant inspector-general, 13th corps, July 27 to Oct. 12, 1863. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel U.S. V., Oct. 12, 1863; was assistant inspector-general of the 13th corps, participating in the Red River expedition; and on July 22, 1864, was attached to the inspectorgeneral's bureau at Washington. He resigned his volunteer commission, July 3, 1865, and on Sept. 30, was made quartermaster at the U.S. Military academy. He was promoted captain, 3d artillery, Dec. 11, 1865, major, 2d artillery, April 6, 1885, lieutenant-colonel, 5th artillery, June 6, 1896, and colonel, 7th artillery, March 8, 1898. He was retired, with rank of brigadier-general, Feb. 8, 1899.

SINGER, Isaac Merritt, inventor, was born in Oswego, N. Y., Oct. 27, 1811. He was a machinist and with a few improvements of his own devising, set up a sewing-machine factory in Boston. At that time the American patents for the point-eyed needle and travelling shuttle were held by Howe, who compelled Singer to withdraw. The latter removed to New York city, interested a lawyer and capitalist, named Clarke, and opened the factory of the Singer Sewing Machine Company in Centre street. Singer was again enjoined by Howe but arranged a compromise under which he continued manufacturing by paying Howe a royalty for every needle and shuttle used. Subsequently he invented the self-adjusting feeder. The importance of this improvement was immediately recognized and Howe, in order to sell his machines, was forced to pay Singer an immense royalty for the use of the patent feeder. The Singer company met with great success. The

business was changed to a stock company, and a few shares were given to the head of each department, Singer and Clarke holding an equal number of the majority of all the shares. Disagreements followed and the control of the business was absorbed by Clarke and Mackenzie, the latter a former manager. Upon their demand that Mr. Singer invent a new family sewing-machine within a specified time, he severed his connection with the company and removed to Paris, where he lived for several years. He was married in 1865, in New York, to Isabella Eugenia Summerville, whom he had met in Paris. Of their children, Isabella Blanche married, in 1888, the Duc Decazes, and Winneretta married, first, Prince Louis Wilfred de Icey-Montbeliard and secondly, Prince Edmond Melchior de Polignac, descendant of the Prime minister of Charles X. Isaac Singer's estate, estimated at $30,000,000, was left to his widow and children. He died at his home in Torquay, England, July 23, 1875.

SINGLETON, Esther, author, born in Baltimore, Md., of Southern and English ancestry. In 1887 she removed to New York city. In that year she became connected with the editorial staff of Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography. Subsequently she wrote articles on music for Scribner's Cyclopædia of Music and Musicians" and for the "International Cyclopædia." After 1891 she wrote many articles and literary and musical criticisms for the leading newspapers and reviews. She is the author of: Turrets, Towers and Temples (1898); A Guide to the Opera (1899); Great Pictures (1899); The Wonders of Nature (1900); Paris (1900), Romantic Castles and Palaces (1901); Love in Literature and Art (1901); The Furniture of Our Forefathers (2 vols., 1900-1901); Famous Paintings (1902); London (1902); Social New York under the Georges, 1714-1776 (1902), and French and English Furniture (1903). She also translated from the French, Albert Lavignac's "Music Dramas of Richard Wagner" (1898), and "Musical Education" (1903). SINGLETON, Otho R., representative, was born in Jessamine county, Ky., Oct. 14, 1814. He was graduated at St. Joseph college, Bardstown, Ky., and at the Lexington Law school, and began practice in Canton, Miss., in 1838. He was a member of the lower house of the state legislature for two years, and of the state senate for six years, and was a Democratic presidential elector, voting for Pierce and King in 1853. He was a Democratic representative in the 33d, 35th and 36th congresses, 1853-55, and 1857-61. He resigned his seat in congress, Jan. 12, 1861, with the Mississippi delegation, but his resignation was not accepted, and his seat was declared vacant, March 14, 1861. He was a representative from Mississippi in the 1st and 2d Confederate

States congresses, serving from Feb. 22, 1862, to the close of the government, meantime holding a position on General Lee's staff as aide-de-camp. He was again elected a representative from the fourth district of the reconstructed state of Mississippi to the U.S. congress, serving in the 44th, 45th, 46th and 47th congress, 1875-83, and from the fifth district (having removed from Canton to Forest), in the 48th and 49th congresses, 1883-87. He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 11, 1889.

SITGREAVES, Charles, representative, was born in Easton, Pa., April 22, 1803; son of William Sitgreaves 3d (born in Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1772) and Ursula (Bullman) his wife; grandson of William Sitgreaves 2d (born Dec. 12, 1729) and Susanna (Deshon) his wife; greatgrandson of William Sitgreaves 1st (born in England, Feb. 17, 1704). He received a liberal education; was admitted to the bar at Easton, Aug. 17, 1824, and began practice in Phillipsburg, N.J. He was married to Jane Louisa Depew (18031887). He was major commandant in the state militia, 1828–38; member of the state assembly, 1831-33, and of the council, 1834-35, being president of the latter, 1835. He was a trustee of Lafayette college, Pa., 1843-53, and received the honorary degree A.M. from the College of New Jersey in 1852. He was a member of the upper house of the state legislature, 1852-54; a trustee of the State Normal school, 1855-64; the first mayor of Phillipsburg, 1861, and a member of the 39th and 40th congresses, 1865-69. He was president of the Belvidere-Delaware railroad company, 1850-70, and the first president of the Phillipsburg bank, 1866-78. He died at Phillipsburg, N.J., March 16, 1878.

SITGREAVES, John, delegate, was born in New Berne, N.C., about 1740. He studied law and began its practice in his native town. He was appointed an officer in the regiment of minutemen of Dobbs county, under Col. Richard Caswell, who defeated the loyalists, under General McDonald, at Moore's Creek, Feb. 27, 1776, known as the "Lexington of the South" and for which Colonel Caswell gained promotion to the rank of major-general. He was also Governor Caswell's aide-de-camp at the battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780. He was a delegate from North Carolina to the Continental congress. 1784-85, being in attendance at Trenton, N.J., from Nov. 1 to Dec. 24, 1784, when the government was transferred to New York city. He was a member of the house of commons, 1786-89, and U.S. district judge for North Carolina, 1789-1802. He died at Halifax, N.C., March 4, 1802.

SITGREAVES, Samuel, representative, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 16, 1764; son of William (born 1729) and Susanna (Deshon) Sit

greaves. He had a thorough education in Philadelphia and studied law under James Wilson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia, Sept. 3, 1783; was married Nov. 27, 1783, to Franconia Allibone of Philadelphia, and began the practice of his profession in Easton, 1786. He was a member of the state constitutional convention, 178990, and a representative in the 4th and 5th congresses, 1795-99, and U.S. commissioner to England under the Jay treaty, 1797-99. He was married a second time in Philadelphia, June 6, 1796, to Maria Angelina, daughter of Daniel Kemper, of New York city. He founded the Easton Library (now "Carnegie Library "), the Easton Bible Society, Trinity Protestant Episcopal church, was the first town clerk of Easton and its most eminent citizen. He defended Senator William Blount, accused of instigating the Creeks and Cherokees to aid the British in conquering Spanish territory in Florida, 1797, and John Fries, of Pennsylvania, prosecuted for treason, 1799. He returned to the practice of his profession at Easton in 1800. He was president of the Easton bank, 1815-27, and a trustee of Lafayette college, Pa., 1826-27. He died at Easton, Pa., April 4, 1827.

SIVITER, Anna Pierpont, author, was born in Fairmont, Va., April 14, 1859; daughter of Gov. Francis Harrison (q.v.) and Julia (Robertson) Pierpont, and granddaughter of Samuel and Dorcas (Platt) Robertson. She was married, June 24, 1886, to William Henry Siviter, editor of the Chronicle Telegraph, Pittsburg, Pa. For two years she edited all the Sunday-school publications of the Methodist Protestant church, and is the author of: Nehe, a tale of the Times of Artaxerxes (1801), and of various contributions to prominent publications. She was residing in Pittsburg, Pa., in 1903.

SKERRETT, Joseph Salathiel, naval officer, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, Jan. 18, 1833. He joined the U.S. navy as midshipman, Oct. 12, 1848; served on the razee Independence on the Mediterranean; was advanced to passed midshipman, June 15, 1854; master, Sept. 15, 1855, and lieutenant, Sept. 16, 1855. He was ordered to the sloop Saratoga off the African coast, engaged in suppressing the slave trade; took part in the capture of the slaver Nightingale and in 1862 returned to the United States and was promoted lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862. He commanded the U.S. gunboat Aroostook, of the Western Gulf squadron, and on June 27, 1864, he attacked and demolished the Confederate fortifications at the mouth of the Brazos river, Texas. He was promoted commander, Jan. 9, 1867, and commanded the apprentice-ship Portsmouth, 1867-68. He was on duty at the naval academy,

1868-72; commanded the Macedonian and Saratoga, 1868-72; the Portsmouth, on a surveying voyage in the Pacific, 1872-75; and in 1873 was in the harbor of Honolulu when the revolution was threatened, and succeeded in quelling the disturbance and placing King Kalakana on the throne. He was promoted captain, June 5, 1878; commanded the flagship Richmond of the Asiatic station, 1881-84; succeeded to the command of the Asiatic station in 1883; was in charge of the naval asylum, Philadelphia; was promoted commodore, Aug. 4, 1889; was commandant at the navy yard, Portsmouth, N.H., 1889-90; commander of the Pacific station, 1892-93; and of the Asiatic station, 1893-94. He was promoted rear-admiral, April 16, 1894, and was retired, July 9, 1894. He died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 31, 1896.

SKINNER, Aaron Nichols, astronomer, was born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 10, 1845; son of Benjamin Hill and Mercy (Burgess) Skinner; grandson of Benjamin Hill and Mary (Nichols) Skinner and of Ebenezer and Mercy (Hale) Burgess, and a descendant in the seventh generation from Thomas Skinner, who came from Chichester England, to Malden, Mass., as early as 1653; and in the eighth generation from Thomas Burgess who came from England to Salem, Mass., about 1630. He removed with his parents to Beloit, Wis., in 1862; attended the district schools, and Beloit college, Wis., 1865-67, taking a special course in astronomy at the University of Chicago, 1867-70, and acting at the same time as assistant in the Dearborn observatory. He was married, Feb. 9, 1874, to Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of Josiah and Sally (Walker) Gibbs, of Framingham, Mass. He was associated with the U.S. Naval observatory, Washington, D.C., as assis

Pole; discovered four variable stars, and was chief of the U.S. Naval observatory expedition to the Island of Sumatra to observe the total solar eclipse of May 17, 1901. He was made a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1891 of which he was elected a fellow, 1893, and also a member of the Astronomical and Astrophysical society of America and of the Astronomische Gesellschaft.

SKINNER, Charles Montgomery, author, was born in Victor, N.Y., March 15, 1852; son of Charles A. and Cornelia (Bartholomew) Skinner; grandson of Warren and Nancy (Farnworth) Skinner and of Oliver and Mary (Everett) Bartholomew, and a descendant of the Skinner and Bartholomew families that settled in New England about 1630. He removed to Cambridge, Mass., 1853, and to Hartford, Conn., 1866, attending the common schools of both places. He was married in 1876 to Ada, daughter of James and Harriet Blanchard, of Washington, D.C. In 1884 he became associated with the editorial staff of the Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, N.Y. He lectured on musical and geographical topics, and syndicated series of articles on labor conditions; the U.S. army; prison methods; and American communities. He is the author of: Myths and Legends of Our Own Land (1896); Nature in a City Yard (1897); With Feet to the Earth (1897); Villon, the Vagabond (1898), a drama played by his brother, Otis Skinner; Myths and Legends Beyond Our Borders (1898); Do-nothing Days (1899); Myths and Legends of Our New Possessions (1899), and Flowers in the Pave (1900).

SKINNER, Charles Rufus, educationist, was born at Union Square, Oswego county, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1844; son of Avery and Charlotte Prior (Stebbins) Skinner. His father, a native of New Hampshire, settled in Watertown, N.Y., in 1816, and in Oswego county in 1826. The son attended Clinton Liberal institute and was graduated from the Mexico academy, N.Y., 1866, meanwhile teaching in the schools which he attended. He was assistant postmaster at Watertown, 1866–67; in charge of the New York house of the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, 1867-70; part owner, business manager and city editor of the Watertown Daily Times, 1870-74. He was married, Oct. 16, 1873, to Elizabeth Baldwin of Watertown, N. Y. He was a member of the board of education of Watertown, 1875-84, of the New York assembly, 1876-80, and a representative in the 47th and 48th congresses, 1881-85, where he was instrumental in securing the reduction of letter postage from three to two cents, and was the author of the bill providing for the special delivery system. He was deputy state superintendent of public instruction, 188692; supervisor of teachers' institutes and training

classes, 1892–96, and state superintendent of public instruction from April 7, 1895. He was elected president of the National Educational association in 1896; was a life member of the New York State Press association, a trustee of St. Lawrence university, and of the Albany Home School for the Deaf. He received the degrees: A.M from Hamilton, 1889, LL.D. from Colgate, 1895, and Litt.D. from Tufts, 1901. He is the author of Commercial Advantages of Watertown, N. Y. (1876); New York Question Book (1890); Arbor Day Manual (1891); Manual of Patriotism for the Schools of New York (1900).

SKINNER, Henrietta Channing Dana, author, was born in Cambridge, Mass., youngest daughter of Richard Henry, Jr. (q.v.) and Sarah (Watson) Dana. She attended private schools in Boston and Paris; was a special student at Radcliffe college, Cambridge, for two years, 1886–87; and began to contribute articles to Scribner's and other magazines as early as 1878. She was married, June 25, 1892, to Henry Whipple Skinner of Detroit, Mich., where she subsequently made her home. She is the author of: Espiritu Santo, a novel (1899); Heart and Soul, a novel: (1901), and contributions to the Atlantic Monthly, the Catholic World, and Harper's Magazine.

SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, author, was born in Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807. He joined the ministry of the Universalist society in 1826, and was pastor at Baltimore, 1831-36; Haverhill, 1836–37; Boston, 1836-46, and New York city, 1846-49. He returned to Boston in 1849, and in 1857 removed to Elgin, Ill. He was president of Lombard university, Galesburg, Ill., 1857-59; and pastor at Joliet, Ill., 1859-61. Lombard conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D., 1858. He edited the Southeast Pioneer, 1831-36; the Gospel Sun, 1836-37, and the Universalist Miscellany, 1844-49; and is the author of: Universalism Illustrated and Defended (1839); Miller's Theory Exploded (1840); Letters on Revivals (1842); Prayer Book for Family Worship (1843); Letters on Moral Duties of Parents (1844); Lessons from the Death of the Young (1844); Reply to Hatfield (1847); Death of Daniel Webster (1852). He died in Napierville, Ill., Sept. 18, 1861.

SKINNER, Richard, governor of Vermont, was born in Litchfield, Conn., May 30, 1778; son of Gen. Timothy Skinner. He attended the Litchfield law school, practised law in Manchester, Vt., 1799; was state's attorney for Bennington county, 1800-12 ; a representative in the 13th congress, 1813-15; in the state legislature, 1816-18; speaker of the house, 1818; assistant judge of the supreme court, 1815-16, and declined the chief-justiceship in 1817. He was governor of the state, 1820-24, and chief justice of the state supreme court, 1825-29. He was president of the north