Letitia Lee, daughter of Richard and Sarah (Poythress) Lee of Virginia; was lecturer at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and editor of the Medical and Physiological Journal, New York city, 1809-14; and president of the College of William and Mary, 1814-26, being the first lay

WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE.

man to hold that position. During his administration the subject of removing the college to Richmond, the state capital, was favored and boldly urged by President Smith. He was president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1831-34, and thereafter devoted himself to the practice of medicine. He is the author of: Introductory Discourse before the New York Medical College (1837); Functions of the Nervous System (1840); Mutations of the Earth (1846); Monograph upon the Moral Sense (1847); Moral and Physical Science (1853). He died in New York city, Feb. 9, 1865.

SMITH, John Bernhardt, entomologist, was born in New York city, Nov. 21, 1858; son of German parents, who immigrated to the United States. He attended public schools; was employed in retail stores, 1871-75; subsequently studied law in New York city; was admitted to the bar in 1879, and began practice, but gradually abandoned the legal profession for entomological interests. He became a member of the Brooklyn Entomological society in 1879; was associate editor of its Bulletin, 1882-84; editor, 1884-85, and also editor of its successor, Entomologia Americana, 1885-90. He was appointed special agent of the entomological division of the U.S. department of agriculture, 1883, and assistant curator of the department of insects in the U.S. National museum, 1885. He was married, in 1886, to Marie, daughter of Otto Von Meske of Albany. He was called to the chair of entomology in Rutgers college, New Brunswick, N.J., in 1889, and in the same year was appointed entomologist to the New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station; visited the museums of London, Paris and Berlin in 1891, and served as state entomologist of New Jersey in 1898. The honorary degree of Sc.D. was conferred upon him by Rutgers in 1891. He was made a fellow of the

American Association for the Advancement of Science and served as president of its Entomological club, 1888, and was also an active, honorary or corresponding member of various other scientific societies. He is the author of: Economic Entomology for the Farmer and Fruit-grower (1896), and of numerous papers on insect structure.

SMITH, John Blair, educator, was born in Pequea, Pa., June 12, 1756; son of the Rev. Robert and Elizabeth (Blair) Smith, and brother of Samuel Stanhope Smith (q.v.). He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1773, A.M., 1776; studied theology at HampdenSidney college and led a company of students in the defence of Williamsburg. He was tutor at Hampden-Sidney, 1777-79, and succeeded his brother, Samuel Stanhope Smith, as president of the institution in 1779. He was licensed in April, 1778, and ordained Oct. 26, 1779. He was married, in 1780, to Elizabeth, daughter of Col. John Nash of Templeton, Prince Edward county, Va. He carried the college successfully through the period of the Revolutionary war; established the theological school, and in 1788 conducted an extensive revival throughout southern and western Virginia. He resigned the presidency of Hampden-Sidney in 1779 and became pastor of the Pine Street Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, Pa. In 1795 he was elected the first president of Union college, Schenectady, N. Y., and served till 1799, when he resumed his former charge in Philadelphia. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Hampden-Sidney college in 1795. Of his many sermons, The Enlargement of Christ's Kingdom was published in 1797. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 22. 1799.

SMITH, John Butler, governor of New Hampshire, was born at Saxton's River, Vt., April 12, 1838; son of Ammi and Lydia (Butler) Smith; grandson of David and Eleanor (Geddings) Smith, and of Doctor Elijah and Lydia (Fifield) Butler, and a descendant of Lieut. Thomas Smith, who came from the North of Ireland, and was of Scotch ancestry. In 1847 his parents returned to Hillsborough, N.H., where they had formerly resided, and he was educated in the public schools of Hillsborough and at Francestown academy. Quite early in life he entered upon the manufacture of woolen knit underwear and hosiery on his own account, first at Washington and next at Weare, N.H., but in 1866 built a mill at Hillsboro' Bridge, which developed into generous proportions and became the Contoocook Mills company, Mr. Smith being its president and chief owner. He resided in Manchester, 1863-80, and in the latter year removed to Hillsborough, where, in 1891, he erected a fine residence. He was married, Nov. 1, 1883, to Emma E. Lavender,

daughter of Stephen and Sarah (Millis) Lavender of Boston, Mass., and had three sons. He was Republican presidential elector in 1884; a member of the New Hampshire executive council, 1887-89; chairman of the Republican state committee, 1890, and was governor of New Hampshire, 1893-95.

SMITH, John Cotton, governor of Connecticut, was born in Sharon, Conn., Feb. 12, 1765; son of the Rev. Cotton Mather and Temperance (Gale) Worthington Smith, and a descendant of the Rev. Henry Smith, who emigrated to America in 1636, and settled in Wethersfield, Conn. His father (1731-1806) was a Congregational clergyman in Sharon for fifty years, and chaplain in the patriot army, 1775-76. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1783. A.M., 1786; practised law in Sharon, 1786-1816, and was married to Margaret Evertsen. He was a representative in the state legislature, serving as clerk in 1799, and speaker in 1800; was a Federalist representative in the 7th-10th congresses, 1801-09; chairman of the committee on claims, 1802-06; was returned to the state legislature, 1808-09; was judge of the supreme court of Connecticut in 1810; lieutenant-governor of the state, 1810-13,

SIGILLUM REIPUBLIC

and governor, 1813-18. He was president of the Connecticut Bible society; of the American Bible society, 1831-45; of the A.B.C.F.M., 1826-41; a corresponding member of the Northern Antiquarian Society of Copenhagen; and a member of the Connecticut Historical society. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1814. He died in Sharon, Feb. 12, 1765.

SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born at Berne, Switzerland, Aug. 3, 1816; son of John Banler Smith, one of Napoleon's officers. His father immigrated to America shortly after the birth of the son, who, after attending school in Philadelphia, Pa., learned the jeweler's trade. He engaged in business in St. Louis, where he was married in 1837, and where his son, Col. A. T. Smith, U.S.A., was born. Later he moved to Galena, Ill., and in 1861 was appointed on Governor Yates's staff, recruiting troops from April to July. He was commissioned colonel, 45th Illinois volunteers, and was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, serving in the 2d brigade (W. H. L. Wallace), 1st division (J. A. McClernand); and at Shiloh, April 6 and 7, and the siege of Corinth, May 1 and 30, 1862. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862, and participated in the Vicksburg campaign, commanding the 1st brigade, 3d division, 17th corps. In the action at Port Gibson, May 1, General Smith supported Peter J. Osterhaus (q.v.) when

he had been repulsed. He was engaged at Raynor, May 12, at Jackson, May 14, at Champion Hill, May 16, and in the siege of Vicksburg, May 19-July 4, 1863. In the battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 23-25, 1863, General Smith commanded the 2d division, 17th army corps, the only division of that corps in Sherman's army. Smith's division was the second to cross the Tennessee river, formed in column to the rear and right of Morgan L. Smith's division and took possession of the heights that lay in a line with Missionary Ridge. At sunrise the following day, Smith led two brigades up the west side of the ridge to support Gen. John M. Corse. In doing this he was obliged to march over open ground in the face of a heavy fire, but succeeded in reaching the parapet, where he lay until the enemy threatened his right flank. He retreated to a wood, formed a new line of battle, and drove the enemy into his works, and after Sheridan and Wood had made their charge, General Smith succeeded in capturing the Confederate works. He was given command of the 3d division, 15th corps, under General Logan, and was stationed at Cartersville, Ga., for a short time, but joined Sherman before Atlanta, and took part in the march to the sea and through the Carolinas. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, Jan. 12, 1865, for faithful and efficient services, and for gallantry in action, and was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, April 30, 1866. He was commissioned colonel, U.S.A., July 28, 1866, and was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general, U.S.A., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege of Vicksburg and in the action at Savannah, Ga. He was retired because of age, May 19, 1881, and died in Chicago, Ill., Jan. 29, 1897.

SMITH, John Gregory, governor of Vermont, was born in St. Albans, Vt., July 22, 1818; son of John (q.v.) and Maria (Curtis) Smith. He was graduated from the University of Vermont, A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841, and subsequently attended the Yale Law school. He was married in 1842, to Ann Eliza, daughter of Lawrence L. Brainerd of St. Albans, United States senator. He was admitted to the Franklin county bar and became associated with his father in the practice of law and in railroad management, becoming counsel for the Vermont Central and the Vermont and Canadian railroads in 1849, and upon the death of his father, in 1858, succeeding to the position of trustee under the lease of the latter road. In 1865, both railroads having deteriorated, he advanced the system of issuing trust bonds, which emissions continued until 1872, and when the financial panic struck the country, he successfully carried the roads through a long and complicated litigation, resulting in a compromise by which

the Consolidated

Railroad of Vermont was formed, of which road he became president in 1873. He was one of the originators of the Northern Pacific railroad, and its president, 186672. He was a Republican member of the state senate, 1858-59; a member of the Vermont house of representatives, 1860-62, serving as speaker the last two years, and was governor of Vermont,

1863-65. He frequently declined nomination for the United States senate; was a delegate-at-large to the Republican national convention at Chicago, June 3, 1884, and repeatedly president of the Republican state conventions. During the administration of Gov. Erastus Fairbanks (q.v.), in 1861, he acted as his confidential counsel and was associated with him in prosecuting the war and in organizing troops. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Vermont in 1871. He was president of the Welden National bank, the People's Trust company and the Franklin County Creamery association. He gave $7,000 to the Congregational church of St. Albans for remodeling its edifice, and in 1888 presented the village with a bronze fountain to be placed in the public park. In his will he bequeathed $10,000 to St. Albans for a public library, $5,000 for a soldiers' monument and $3,000 to the Congregational church. He died at St. Albans, Vt., Nov. 6, 1891.

SMITH, John Lawrence, chemist, was born in Charleston, S.C., Dec. 17, 1818; son of Benjamin Smith. He attended Charleston college and the University of Virginia, 1836-38; was assistant engineer on the construction of the railroad between Charleston and Cincinnati ; and was graduated from the Medical College of South Carolina in 1840. He studied in Paris, 1840-41, and made a special study of chemistry in Germany and Paris. In 1844 he began practice at Charleston, and was appointed state assayer of the gold received from Georgia and the Carolinas. He made careful investigations of the marble beds of Charleston and vicinity, and of the conditions affecting the growth of cotton. In 1846, on the invitation of the Sultan, he went to Turkey to teach cotton culture in Asia Minor, but the scheme proving impracticable, he was appointed mining engineer by the Turkish government and explored the mineral resources of Turkey, discovering large chrome ore and coal deposits, and the emery deposits in Asia Minor. He returned to the United States in October, 1850, and completed his inverted microscope, which he had begun in Paris. He was professor in the University of New Orleans; professor of chemistry, University of Virginia, 1852-54; removed to Louisville,

Ky., in 1854, and was married to Sarah Julia, daughter of James Guthrie (q.v.). He was professor of chemistry in the medical department of the University of Louisville, 1854-66; was superintendent and president of the Louisville gas works, and was associated with Dr. Edward R. Squibb in the manufacture of rare pharmaceutical preparations. He was chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France; received the order of Nichan Iftabar and that of Medjideh from the Turkish government and that of St. Stanislas from the Russian government. He was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1874, and of the American Chemical society in 1877; an original member of the National Academy of Sciences; and was elected corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1879. He was a U.S. commissioner to the World's Fair in Paris in 1867, and at Vienna in 1873; and one of the judges of chemical arts at the Philadelphia Centennial exhibition of 1876. His remarkable collection of meteorites was purchased by Harvard university for $8,000, which money was transferred by Mrs. Smith to the National Academy of Sciences to found the Lawrence Smith medal, awarded biennially to the person making the most original investigations of meteors. Professor Smith is the author of numerous reports and scientific papers. He died in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 12, 1883.

SMITH, John Walter, governor of Maryland, was born at Snow Hill, Md., Feb. 5, 1845; son of John Walter and Charlotte (Whittington) Smith; grandson of Samuel R. and Charlotte Smith, and of Judge William Whittington. He was educated under private tutors and at Washington academy, Md. He was married, June 2, 1869, to Mary Frances, daughter of David Richardson, of Snow Hill, Md. He was a member of the state senate, 1890-98, being president in 1894; chairman of the state Democratic committee in 1895; was elected to the 55th congress in 1898, and in 1899 was elected governor of Maryland for the term expiring Jan. 8, 1904.

SMITH, Jonathan Bayard, delegate, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 21, 1742; son of Samuel (a prominent merchant) and Mary (Harrison) Smith; grandson of Capt. Thomas and Mary (Corwin) Smith of Boston, and of Joseph and Mary (Vanlevening) Harrison of Philadelphia, and a descendant of Capt. Thomas Smith, Sr., merchant of Boston (1645-1689), whose second wife was Hannah Eliot, daughter of John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians, and whose father, Thomas Smith, died before 1664, and was supposed to be of Dutch ancestry. Jonathan B.Smith, was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1760, A.M., 1763, and engaged in mercan

tile business. He was married in 1765 to Susanna, daughter of Col. Peter Bayard of Philadelphia, granddaughter of Samuel Bayard of Bohemia manor, Md., and a descendant of Samuel of Amsterdam. She was the author of: "A Winter in Washington " (2 vols., 1827), and "What is Gentility?" (1830). Mr. Smith was secretary of the Philadelphia committee of safety, 1775-77; a delegate to the Continental congress, 1777-78; prothonotary of the court of common pleas, 1777-78, and on Dec. 1, 1776, presided at the meeting of the "Real Whigs," held at Philadelphia, that decided on the drafting of men for the Continental army. He was commissioned lieutenantcolonel of a battalion of associators in 1777, and commanded the battalion; was justice of the court of common pleas, 1778-81; an auditor of the accounts of the Philadelphia troops in 1781; prothonotary of the county of Philadelphia, 1784-88; was an alderman of Philadelphia, 1792-94, and was elected auditor-general of the state in 1794. He was a secretary of the conference to consider the subject of a new Constitution for Pennsylvania, and was a member of the committee to draft an address to the people, which resulted in a convention and a new Constitution. He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1779-1807; of the University of the State of Pennsylvania, 1779-91, and of the University of Pennsylvania, 1791-1812. He died in Philadelphia, June 16, 1812.

SMITH, Joseph, naval officer, was born in Boston, Mass., March 30, 1790. He was warranted midshipman, U.S.N., July 16, 1809; was commissioned lieutenant, July 24, 1813, and served as 1st lieutenant of the brig Eagle, taking part in the battle of Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814, where he was severely wounded, and for his services receiving the thanks of congress and a silver medal. He was attached to the frigate Constellation, of the Mediterranean squadron, 1819-22; was promoted commander, March 3, 1827, and captain, Feb. 9, 1837, and commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1843-45, having for his flagship the frigate Cumberland. He was chief of the bureau of

Congress, at Hampton Roads, Va., March 8, 1862, was killed while that vessel was being driven from her anchorage by the Merrimac, and upon the capture of the Congress the Confederate commander sent Lieutenant Smith's sword to Admiral Smith, in Washington, under a flag of truce. Admiral Smith died in Washington, Jan. 17, 1877.

SMITH, Joseph, Jr., founder of Mormonism, was born in Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805; son of Joseph and Lucy (Mack) Smith; grandson of Asael and Mary (Duty) Smith, and of Solomon and Lydia (Gates) Mack, and a descendant of Robert and Mary Smith, who emigrated from England, and whose son Samuel was born in Topsfield, Mass., Jan. 26, 1666, and married Rebecca Curtis. His parents removed from Tunbridge, Vt., to Royalton and subsequently to Sharon, where he received a most limited education and worked at times on a farm. The only noteworthy fact in his boyhood is his inherited susceptibility to visions, which he was accustomed to narrate to his family. This habit strengthened his own credulity in the supernatural and prepared the way for the reception of his chief revelation of an angel who disclosed the burial-place of plates of gold, containing "the fulness of the everlasting Gospel" and a history of the former inhabitants of America. This vision was followed by others in which he claimed to receive divine instruction relating to the possession of the mysterious Record. He was married, Jan. 18, 1827, to Emma, daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth Hale of Harmony, Pa. On Sept. 22, 1827, having discovered the gold plates in a hill near Manchester, N. Y., these were delivered into his keeping. He removed to his wife's home in Pennsylvania, where he commenced, with the aid of two silver bows, the Urim and Thummim so-called, the translation of the Book of Mormon; the latter word, according to his subsequent interpretation, being derived from the Egyptian Mon, signifying good, and the contraction of the English more, meaning literally more good. By dictation to his wife, to one Oliver Cowdery, a schoolmaster, and to Christian Whitmer, a farmer, the translation of the Record was accomplished, the work being first copyrighted, June 11, 1829, and printed early in 1830. The tenets of the creed consisted in belief in the Trinity, in the punishment for personal but not for Adam's transgression, in salvation through the atonement of Christ, by baptism, in the Lord's supper, the calling of preachers by inspiration, in prophecy, revelation, healing, etc., in the Bible and Book of Mormon, the restoration of the ten lost tribes, and the literal restoration of the body. It recognized two orders of priesthood, "Aaronic and Melchezideck," governed by a prophet or president, and the organization of the primitive

church, composed of twelve apostles, the " seventies," bishops, high-priests, deacons, elders and teachers. On May 15, 1829, Smith baptized Oliver Cowdery into the new faith, and was in turn baptized by Cowdery. Members of his own family also became believers, and among his early converts were Brigham and Joseph Young. A church was organized at Fayette, Seneca county, N.Y., April 6, 1830. Smith preached and practised as a faith healer in many places throughout New York state, settling finally in Waterloo. In the following June, Peter Whitmer, Oliver Cowdery and two others founded the city of Zion, Mo., organizing on their way a church at Kirkland, whither Smith removed with his followers at Waterloo, and where was built the first temple, called The Church of Jesus Christ, of Latter Day Saints." Difficulties arose, however, and to escape from his followers, who charged him with fraud and the attempted murder of Grandison Newell, Smith fled to Far West, Mo. In 1838 civil war broke out between the Mormons and Missourians, the former defying the officers of the law. Upon the calling out of the militia, Smith, with several of his associates, was taken prisoner, and the remainder, driven from their homes, took refuge in Hancock county, Ill.; subsequently obtained a liberal charter from Gov. Thomas Carlin, and founded the city of Nauvoo, Dec. 16, 1840, of which Smith (who had effected his escape in April, 1839) was elected mayor. He was also chosen sole trustee of the Mormon church with unlimited powers; formed a military organization of 1500 men, making himself lieutenantgeneral, and established a new temple. On July 12, 1843, Smith is said to have received his Revelation on the Eternity of the Marriage Covenant, including Plurality of Wives, which he committed to writing, although much controversy exists as to the degree of his implication in the introduction and tolerance of polygamy. However, a newspaper, denouncing the practice of "spiritual wives" as immoral, was established in Nauvoo by Dr. Robert D. Foster and William Law in 1844. After the circulation of one number, the building was torn down by the followers of Smith; and Foster and Law fled to Carthage, where they obtained a warrant for his arrest. Upon the violent ejection from the city of the official charged with serving the warrant, the militia compelled the Mormons to relinquish their arms, and arrested Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum. A guard was placed over the building where they were imprisoned at Carthage, Ill., but on the evening of June 27, 1844, a mob of over 100 men attacked the jail, and Joseph and Hyrum Smith were assassinated. Joseph Smith published: The Book of Mormon (1830); Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church

SMITH, Joseph Lee Kirby, soldier, was born in New York city in 1836; son of Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith (q.v.). He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy, and brevetted 2d lieutenant of topographical engineers, July 1, 1857, and served as assistant topographical engineer on the Mississippi delta survey at Washington, D.C., 1857-58; was promoted 2d lieutenant, Dec. 9, 1857, and was engaged on the Utah expedition of 1858-59, and on the northern lakes survey, 1859-61. He was promoted 1st lieutenant of topographical engineers, Aug. 3, 1861, and served on the staff of Generals Patterson and Banks, July-August, 1861. He was brevetted captain, Aug. 25, 1861, for gallant services in the Shenandoah Valley; was appointed colonel of 43d Ohio volunteers, Sept. 28, 1861; commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division of the Union army, under Gen. John Pope, at the capture of New Madrid, Mo., March 14, 1862; was brevetted major, April 7, 1862, for gallant services at Island No. 10, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, May 28, 1862, for gallant services at the siege of Corinth, where he repulsed a sortie. He commanded his regiment in the operations of northern Mississippi under Rosecrans, September-October, 1862, taking part in the battles of Iuka and Corinth, being mortally wounded at the latter, Oct. 3-4, 1862, while "charging front forward" with his regiment, to repulse a desperate attack on Battery Robinett. He was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., Oct. 4, 1862, for gallant services at the battle of Corinth, Miss., and died of wounds received at that battle, Oct. 12, 1862.

SMITH, Judson, educator and missionary secretary, was born in Middlefield, Hampshire county, Mass., June 28, 1837; son of Samuel and Lucina (Metcalf) Smith; grandson of Matthew and Asenath (Annable) Smith, and of John and Lucina (Root) Metcalf, and a descendant of Matthew Smith, of Charlestown, Mass., about 1637. He was graduated at Amherst college, Mass., A.B., 1859; Oberlin Theological seminary, Ohio, B.D., 1863; was tutor in Oberlin college, in Latin and Greek, in 1862-64, and instructor in mathematics and physics in Williston academy, Easthampton, Mass., 1864-66. He was married. Aug. 1, 1865, to Jerusha Augusta, daughter of Seth Andrews and Caroline Augusta (Billings) Bushnell, of Hartford, Ohio. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1866, but as