He was commissioner of armistice with Mexico in October, 1847; commanded the 2d division of the U.S. army; was military governor of Vera Cruz in May, 1848, and later commanded the departments of California and Texas. He was brevetted major-general of U.S.A. for Monterey in 1849, and brigadier-general for Contreras and Churubusco, Dec. 30, 1856, and served in garrison at Kansas. He died in Fort Leavenworth, Kan., May 17, 1858.

SMITH, Preston, soldier, was born in Giles county, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1823. He attended Jackson college, Columbia, Tenn., and practised law in Columbia, Waynesboro, Tenn., and in Memphis, Tenn. He was appointed colonel of the 154th regiment of Tennessee militia and in 1861 joined the Confederate States army, receiving the commission of brigadier-general, Oct. 27, 1862. He succeeded Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson in command of the 1st brigade, 2d division, 1st army corps, Army of the Mississippi, at Shiloh, where he was wounded April 6, 1862 ; and commanded a brigade under Gen. P. R. Cleburne in the invasion of Kentucky, taking part in the combat at Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30, 1862. He commanded a brigade of Cheatham's division at Chickamauga, where he was mortally wounded during a night attack. He died on the battlefield of Chickamauga, Ga., Sept. 20, 1863.

SMITH, Richard, delegate, was born in Burlington, N.J., March 22, 1735; brother of John Smith (1722-1771), the provincial councillor of New Jersey and of Samuel Smith (1721-1776), the historian. He carried on an extensive correspondence with Dr. Tobias George Smollett previous to the Revolution; was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1774-76; resigning in 1776, owing to enfeebled health and not being in full sympathy with the Patriot cause. His correspondence with Smollett was published in the Atlantic Monthly one hundred years later. He was taking an extended journey through the south for the benefit of his health, at the time of his death, which occurred at Natchez, Miss., in 1803.

SMITH, Robert, first bishop of South Carolina, and 6th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Norfolk county, Eng., June 25, 1732. He was graduated at Gonville and Caius college, Cambridge University, Eng., A.B., 1753, and became a fellow of the university. He was admitted to the diaconate, March 7, 1756, and advanced to the priesthood, Dec. 21, 1756; immigrated to America in 1757; was assistant at St. Philip's church, Charleston, S.C., 1757-59; and rector, 1759-80. He gave his sympathies to the patriot cause, entered the Continental army as a private, and on the capture of Charleston in 1780, was banished to Philadelphia. He was rector of St. Paul's parish, Queen Anne county, Md., until

1783, when he returned to Charleston and established an academy which was chartered in 1785 as the College of Charleston, and rechartered in 1791. He was principal of the college, 1791-97, and in 1794 he graduated the first six bachelors of art, the class of graduates being Nathaniel Bowan, third bishop of South Carolina (q.v.); John L. Gervais, valedictorian; John Callahan; William Heyward; Isaac McPherson and Samuel Thomas. He was elected first bishop of the newly created diocese of South Carolina in 1795, and was consecrated at Christ church, Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1795, by Bishops White, Provoost, Madison and Claggett. He was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. The honorary degree of D.D., was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1786. He died in Charleston, S.C., Oct. 28, 1801.

SMITH, Robert, cabinet officer, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in November, 1757; son of John Smith, who emigrated from Strabane, Ireland, and settled in Baltimore, Md., about 1759, where he engaged as a merchant; became prominent in pre-Revolutionary matters; was chairman of a committee of merchants, to prohibit the importation of foreign goods in 1769; was a member of the committee of correspondence in 1774, and of the committee to procure arms and munition from abroad; was elected a delegate to the state constitutional convention of Aug. 5, 1776; and was state senator, 1781-91. Robert Smith was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1781, A.M., 1784, and volunteered in the Continental army, serving at the battle of Brandywine. He practised law in Baltimore; was presidential elector in 1789; state senator in 1793; a delegate to the state legislature, 1796-1800, and a member of the city council of Baltimore, 1798-1801. He was secretary of the navy, in President Jefferson's cabinet, 1801-05; U.S. attorney-general in 1805, and secretary of state in President Madison's cabinet, 1809-11. He declined the appointment of chancellor of Maryland, and chief judge of Baltimore in 1806, as he did the embassy to Russia tendered him by President Madison in 1811. He was president of the Maryland branch of the American Bible society in 1813; of the Maryland Agricultural society in 1818, and provost of the University of Maryland, 1813-15. He is the author of: Address to the People of the United States (1811). He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 26, 1842.

SMITH, Robert Burns, governor of Montana, was born in Hickman county, Ky., Dec. 29, 1854; son of Dewitt C. and Eliza (Hughes) Smith; grandson of Eli and Nancy (Gregory) Smith and of Lewis and Ann Hughes. He attended the academy at Milburn, Ky., until 1876, and in 1877 was admitted to the bar. He was married in

April, 1878, to Kate, daughter of Edward and Mary (Hess) Crossland of Graves county, Ky. He removed to Dillon, Mont., in 1882, and was a member of the constitutional convention in 1883. He was U.S. attorney for Montana, 1885-1889;

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St. Nicholas, of which two ventures Holland and Smith held a majority of the stock. Mr. Smith assumed the business management, and on the death of Dr. Holland, Mr. Smith became sole proprietor of these magazines. He established the publishing house known as the Century company, and changed the name of Scribner's Monthly to The Century. The Century Company published many well known books, as the "Century War Book" and "Life of Abraham Lincoln," and in 1882 Mr. Smith planned to publish an American revision of the "Imperial Dictionary" and as a result the Century Dictionary was commenced in 1889, and completed in 1894. Mr. Smith was prominent in the councils of the Presbyterian church, and became a liberal contributor to its support. He was president of the Congregational club of New York, and was a member of the board of directors of the American Tract society. He died in New York city, April 19, 1892.

city attorney for Helena, Mont., 1890-91, and the unsuccessful Populist candidate for representative at large from Montana in the 54th congress in 1894. He was elected governor as a Populist by the Democratic and Populist vote in 1896, receiving 36,688 votes, to 14, 993 for Alexander C. Botkin nominated by the two wings of the Republican ticket, for the term expiring Jan. 1, 1901.

SMITH, Roland Cotton, clergyman, was born in New York city, March 24, 1860; son of John Cotton and Harriette (Appleton) Smith; grandson of Richard Mather and Mary (Woods) Smith and of James and Sarah (Fuller) Appleton, and a descendant of John Cotton and Samuel Appleton. He was graduated at Amherst, AB., 1882, A.M., 1885 and at the Episcopal Theological school, Cambridge, Mass., B.D., 1885; was admitted to the diaconate in 1885; advanced to the priesthood in 1886; was married, Oct. 13, 1886, to Margaret Sigourney, daughter of William and Margaret (Sigourney) Otis of Boston, Mass.; was rector of St. Peter's, Beverly, Mass., 1885-88; assistant minister at Trinity church, Boston, 1888-93; rector of St. John's, Northampton, 18931902, and in 1902 was elected rector of St. John's, Washington, D.C., as successor to Alexander Mackay-Smith, elected bishop coadjutor of Pennsylvania.

SMITH, Samuel, soldier, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., July 27, 1752; son of John and brother of Robert Smith (q.v.). He engaged in the mercantile business with his father, and sailed as supercargo of one of his father's ships in 1771, and traveled in Europe. In 1776 he was appointed a captain in Col. William Smallwood's Maryland regiment. He was detailed on special duty at Annapolis, to seize Governer Eden (q.v.), suspected of treason; took part in the battles of Long Island, Harlem, and White Plains and in the retreat through New Jersey ; was promoted major, Dec. 10, 1776; lieutenantcolonel in 1777, and served in the 4th Maryland regiment, in the attack on Staten Island and the battle of Brandywine, and commanded Fort Mifflin during the passage of the British fleet up the Delaware river, where he withstood a continuous bombardment from Sept. 26 to Nov. 11, 1777, and was severely wounded. He was voted a sword by congress; was present at Valley Forge; and took part in the battle of Monmouth. He resigned his commission, 1779, and was colonel of militia in Baltimore, 1779-83. He was a port warden of Baltimore, 1783-90; a delegate to the state legislature, 1790-92; a representative from Maryland in the 3d-7th congresses, 1793-1803; U.S. senator, 1803-15; acting secretary of the U.S. navy in Jefferson's cabinet in 1805, when his brother Robert was transferred from the department of war to the attorney-general's office, and he declined the portfolio of war. He com

SMITH, Roswell, publisher, was born in Lebanon, Conn., March 30, 1829; son of Asher L. Smith, who, with his brother, Roswell C. Smith, conducted a school in Providence, R.I., and published improved text books which were generally used in schools. The son, Roswell, left his father's farm in 1843, and was clerk in the publishing house of Paine and Burgess, 1843-46. He was matriculated at Brown university in 1846, pursued English and scientific courses, and was graduated as of the class of 1852, by special vote. He studied law with Thomas C. Perkins in Hartford, Conn., removed to Lafayette, Ind., in 1850, and in 1852 was married to Anna G., the only daughter of Henry Leavitt Ellsworth (q.v.). Miss Leavitt had dictated the first message sent over the perfected Morse telegraph, "What hath God wrought," suggested by her mother. In 1869, he visited England and there met Josiah G. Holland (q.v.), and on his return, Charles Scribner & Co. were induced by Holland and Smith to found, in 1870, Scribner's Monthly and in 1873 the

manded the state militia in the defense of Baltimore during the war of 1812; was a representative in the 14th-17th congresses, elected in 1815 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Nicholas R. Moore, taking his seat, Feb. 4, 1816, and serving by successive elections, 1816-22. He resigned in 1822, having been elected U.S. sena

tor in place of William Pinkney, deceased, and took his seat, Dec. 17, 1822; completed the term, March 3, 1827, and was re-elected for a full term expiring March 3, 1833. He was major-general in the state militia and commanded the troops called out to defend the city of Baltimore against the mob in possession of the city in 1835. He was mayor of Baltimore, 1835-38, and died suddenly in that city, April 22, 1839.

SMITH, Samuel Axley, representative, was born in Monroe county, Tenn., June 26, 1822; son of John N. and (Smith) Smith. His father died when he was very young and his early life was spent on a farm, with but limited opportunities for attending school. In 1843 he began to give his education serious attention and at the end of three months became a teacher, alternately teaching and attending school, 184344. He studied law for ten months; was admitted to the bar in 1845; began practice in Charleston, Tenn., and was state's attorney for the third judicial district, 1845-48. He was married in 1846, to Martha E., daughter of John L. and Mary H. McCarty of Calhoun, Tenn. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention at Baltimore, Md., in 1848; was candidate for presidential elector on the Cass and Butler ticket in 1848, and on the Pierce and King ticket in 1852. He was a Democratic representative from Tennessee in the 33d, 34th and 35th congresses, 1853-59, and author of the resolution that made Nathaniel P. Banks speaker in 1855, on the 133d ballot. He was appointed by President Buchanan, commissioner of the general land office, Jan. 12, 1860, which position he resigned, Feb. 12, 1860. He joined the Confederate States army in 1861, and died at Ladd Springs, Polk county, Tenn., in January, 1864.

SMITH, Samuel Emerson, governor of Maine, was born in Hollis, N.H., March 12, 1788; son of Manasseh and Hannah (Emerson) Smith. He was graduated at Harvard in 1808, and received an honorary A.B. degree from Bowdoin in the same year. He settled in Wiscasset, Maine, in 1812, and was a representative in the Massachusetts general court, 1819-20, and in the Maine legislature, 1820-21, the first year of Maine's statehood. He became chief justice of the circuit court of common pleas in 1821, and when, in 1822, that court was abolished, he was made associate justice of the new court of common pleas, 1822-30. He was elected governor of Maine in 1830, serving, 1831-34; was again justice of the court of common pleas, serving, 1835-37, and was a member of the commission to revise the statutes of Maine in 1837. He was married on Sept. 12, 1832, to Louisa Sophia, daughter of Henry Weld and Esther (Gould) Fuller of Augusta. He died at Wiscasset, March 4, 1860.

SMITH, Samuel Francis, hymnologist, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 21, 1808. He attended the Boston Latin school; was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1829, A.M., 1832, and from the Andover Theological seminary in 1832; was ordained to the Baptist ministry at Waterville, Maine, Feb. 12, 1834, and was pastor of the church at Waterville, acting professor of modern languages at Colby university, university, 1834-41, and pastor of the First Baptist church at Newton Centre, Mass., 1842-54. He was married to Mary (1813-1903), daughter of Jonathan K. and Ann (White) Smith and granddaughter of Hezekiah Smith of the Continental army. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Colby university in 1853, and he was a trustee of that institution, 1840-60. Upon the death of his widow in 1903, in accordance with the terms of his will, Colby college received a legacy of $25,000. He edited the Baptist Missionary Magazine, 1832-33, and the Christian Review, 1842-48, besides publications of the American Baptist Missionary union, 1854-59; and he is author of the national hymn, America (1832); The Morning Light is Breaking (1832); Lyric Gems (1843); The Psalmist (1843), and Rock of Ages (1866, new edition, 1877), and also published: Life of the Rev. Joseph Grafton (1848); Missionary Sketches (1879); History of Newton, Mass. (1880), and Rambles in Mission Fields (1884). He died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 16, 1895.

daugh- S. Fr Smith.

SMITH, Samuel Stanhope, educator, was born in Pequea, Pa., March 16, 1750; son of Robert and Elizabeth (Blair) Smith. His father was brought from Londonderry, Ireland, to America by his parents in 1730; settled in Chester, Pa.; became a Presbyterian clergyman and conducted a classical and theological school at Pequea, Pa., 1751-93, at which Samuel was prepared for college. Samuel was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1769, A.M., 1772; was assistant at his father's school, 1769-70, and tutor at the College of New Jersey, 1770-73. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1774 and was a missionary in western Virginia, 1774-75. He was pastor of Cumberland and Briery churches, Prince Edward county, Va.; first president of Prince Edward academy, now Hampden-Sidney college, 1775-79; professor of moral philosophy at the College of

New Jersey, 1779-83; professor of moral philosophy and theology, 1783-1812, and was vicepresident of the college, 1789-95, and president, 1795-1812, when he resigned. He was secretary of the board of trustees, 1781-95; was a member of the governing committee of the Presbyterian church and an honorary member of the American Philosophical society of Philadelphia, before which he delivered the anniversary address in 1785. He was married about 1775, to Ann, daughter of Dr. John Witherspoon (q.v.). The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1783, and that of LL.D. by Harvard in 1810. He was associate in preparing the "Form of Presbyterial Government" still in use. He is the author of Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure of the Human Species (1787), being an enlarged edition of his Philosophical Society Address (2d ed., 1810); Sermons (1799); Lectures on the Evidences of Christian Religion (1809); Lectures on Moral and Political Philosophy (2 vols., 1812); Comprehensive Views of Natural and Revealed Religion (1815, 2d ed., 1816), and many published sermons and addresses. He died in Princeton, N.J., Aug. 21, 1819.

SMITH, Samuel William, representative, was born in the township of Independence, Oakland county, Mich., Aug. 23, 1852; son of Nicholas B. and Mary (Phillips) Smith. He attended school at Clarkston and Detroit; was admitted to the bar of Oakland county in 1873, and was graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan, 1878. He was married in December, 1880, to Alida Deland of Pontiac; made his home in Pontiac, and was prosecuting attorney for Oakland county, 1880-84. He was state senator, 1884, and a Republican representative from the sixth Michigan district in the 55th-58th congresses, 1897-1905, serving on the committees on invalid pensions and the District of Columbia.

SMITH, Seba, journalist, was born in Brickfield, Maine, Sept. 14, 1792. He was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1818, and settled in Portland, Maine, where he wrote Yankee dialect stories under the pen name, "Major Jack Downing." About 1824 he was married to Elizabeth Oakes Prince (q.v.). He edited the Eastern Argus, the Family Recorder and the Daily Courier in Portland, 1822-42, and in the latter year removed to Patchogue, L.I., N.Y. He continued editorial work on New York periodicals, spending his winters in New York city. His published writings include: Letters of Major Jack Downing (1833); Powhatan (1841); New Elements of Geometry, a travesty (1850); Way Down East, or Portraitures of Yankee Life (1855), and various poems, including The Mother's Sacrifice and The Snowstorm. He died at Patchogue, L.I., N.Y., July 29, 1868.

SMITH, Sophia, educationist, was born in Hatfield, Mass., Aug. 27, 1796; daughter of Joseph and Lois (White) Smith; granddaughter of Lieut. Samuel and Mary (Morton) Smith, and of Lieut. Elihu White; niece of Oliver Smith, philanthropist, and first cousin once removed of Benjamin Smith Lyman, geologist. Her early education was extremely meagre. She attended school in Hartford, Conn., in 1810 for three months, and in 1814 was for a short time a pupil in the Hopkins academy, Hadley, Mass. She was an extensive reader, and in 1861 inherited a large fortune (about $450,000) from her brother, Austin Smith. In later years she conceived the idea of building a college for women, defined the object and general plan of the institution, appointed the trustees, and selected Northampton, Mass., as its site. The college, which bears her name and

SMITH COLLEGE.

which was the first institution for the higher education of women in New England, was opened in September, 1875, with L. Clark Seelye (q.v.) as president. Miss Smith bequeathed for the founding of the college $365,000 and also $75,000 for the endowment of Smith academy at Hatfield, Mass., where she died, June 12, 1870.

SMITH, Thomas, delegate, was born near Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1745; son of Thomas and Margaret (Campbell) Smith. His father was half brother of the Rev. Dr. William Smith (q.v). He came to America probably with his uncle William in 1759. He first appears in public life as deputy surveyor of a frontier district; removed to Bedford county, Pa.; was prothonotary clerk; clerk of the sessions and recorder, and in 1775 joined the Patriot army as colonel of militia. He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1776; a representative in the state legislature, 1776-80, and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1780-82. He was judge of the county courts of four counties, 1791-94; and judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, 1794-1809. He died in Philadelphia, June 16, 1809 (1811?).

SMITH, Thomas Church Haskell, soldier, was born in Fairhaven, Mass., March 24, 1819; son of Thomas Briggs and Mercy Bassett (Swift) Smith, and grandson of Jonathan and Love (Bassett)

Swift.

He attended the academies at Middleboro and Bridgewater; was graduated from Harvard in 1841, practised law in Ohio, was president of the New Orleans and Ohio Telegraph company, and established the Morse telegraph system in the west and south. He was married, Oct. 11, 1847, to Lucy, daughter of Dudley Woodbridge of Marietta, Ohio, a partner of Harman Blennerhassett at the time of Burr's conspiracy; was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for congress in 1856, and on Sept. 5, 1861, he joined the Federal army as lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Ohio cavalry. He served in the west until after the Confederate retreat from Corinth in July, 1862, when he joined Gen. John Pope as aide. He was promoted brigadier-general U.S.V., Nov. 29, 1862; commanded the district of Wisconsin during the draft riots of 1863; was inspectorgeneral of the department of the Missouri in 1864; withdrew the government troops, and restored the state to civil control. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866, and in April, 1879, joined the regular army as major and assistant-paymaster. He was retired, March 24, 1883, and removed to California. He died in Nordhoff, Cal., April 8, 1897.

SMITH, Thomas Kilby, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 23, 1820; son of George and Eliza Bicker (Walter) Smith; grandson of Dr. Godfried Christian Schmidt (born in Wolfenbuttel, Brunswick, March 20, 1730; emigrated from Germany about 1752. and settled in Newburyport, Mass.); and of William and Sarah (Bicker) Walter. He removed with his parents to Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1828; was graduated from Cincinnati college in 1837; studied law with Salmon P. Chase, and practised in Cincinnati, 1845-53. He was married, May 2, 1848, to Elizabeth Budd, daughter of Dr. William Budd and Arabella (Piatt) McCullough, of Warren county, N.J. He was special agent in the post-office department, Washington, D.C., 1853-55; U.S. marshal for the southern district of Ohio, 185556; and deputy clerk of Hamilton county, 185661. In September, 1861, he joined the Federal army as lieutenant-colonel, 54th Ohio infantry, and on Oct. 31, 1861, entered the service as colonel of the regiment, and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 11, 1863. He commanded the regiment from muster in to Jan. 5, 1863; commanded the 2d brigade, 2d division, 15th army corps, to May, 1863; on court of inquiry and on staff duty with General Grant to September, 1863; commanded 2d brigade, 1st division, 17th army corps, from Sept. 27, 1863, to Oct. 24, 1863; 1st brigade, 4th division, 17th army corps, to March 8, 1864, and a division on the Red River expedition to June 3, 1864; on sick leave of absence to January, 1865; commanded

3d division, detachment Army of the Tennessee, to Jan. 13, 1865, at Washington, D.C., was witness before congressional committee on the conduct of the war to Feb. 18, 1865; commanded the district of Southern Alabama, from March 17 to May 28, 1865, and the district and post of Mobile, Ala., to Aug. 22, 1865, and was honorably mustered out of service, Jan. 15, 1866. He participated in the battles and campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee from Shiloh until after the fall of Vicksburg; accompanied Sherman on the Meridian expedition, and saw his last active field service on the Red River where he protected Admiral Porter's fleet in its retreat after the battle of Sabine Cross Roads. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. He was appointed U.S. consul at Panama in 1866; and was a resident of Torresdale, Pa., until 1887, when he joined the business department of the New York Star. His Life and Letters edited by his son, Walter George Smith, was published, 1898. He died in New York city, Dec. 14, 1887.

SMITH, Thomas Mather, clergyman, was born in Stamford, Conn., March 7, 1797; son of the Rev. Daniel Smith, and grandson of the Rev. Cotton Mather (q.v.). He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1816, A.M., 1819, and from the Andover Theological seminary in 1820; was ordained to the Congregational ministry, July 31, 1822; was pastor of the Third church, Portland, Maine, 1822; at Fall River, Mass., 1826-31; of the Presbyterian church at Catskill, N.Y., 183139, and of the North Congregational church, New Bedford, Mass., 1839-42. He was agent of the American Sunday School union, joined the Protestant Episcopal church, and was admitted to the diaconate, Nov. 2, 1844, and advanced to the priesthood, Nov. 12, 1845. He was professor in Bexley Hall, the theological seminary, Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, 1845–63, and president of Kenyon college, 1850-54. The honorary degree of S.T.D., was conferred on him by Bowdoin in 1850. He died in Portland, Maine, Sept. 6, 1864.

SMITH, Truman, senator, was born in Woodbury, Conn., Nov. 27, 1791; son of Phineas and Deborah Ann (Judson) Smith and nephew of Nathaniel Smith (q.v.). He was graduated at Yale in 1815, and was admitted to the bar in 1818. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1831, 1832 and 1834; a Whig representative from Connecticut in the 26th, 27th, 29th and 30th congresses, 1839-43 and 1845-49; a presidential elector on the Clay and Frelinghuysen ticket in 1844, and U.S. senator, 1849-54; resigned April 11, 1854, and Francis Gillett completed his term. He strenuously opposed the spoils system and the Kansas-Nebraska bill. President Lincoln appointed him judge of the slave-trade court in New York