FRANCE. ENGLAND. The Duke of Orleans was executed. A woman, called the Goddess of Reason, was enthroned in Notre Dame; Christianity proscribed; but Marat was assassinated by a girl named Charlotte Corday, and Danton and his party overthrown by Robespierre. In 1794, the nation became horrified at the blood In 1794, the French threatened an invasion of England. The Militia was enrolled for detence, and that was constantly shed ; Robespierre was arrested Lord Howe gained a naval victory off Ushant. and executed, and the Reign of Terror ceased; 18,603 people had perished on the guillotine. The Jacobin Club was suppressed. In 1795, the government passed into the hands of In 1795, an attempt was made in Quiberon Bay In 1795, the Prince of Wales was married to a Directory, and when the mob attempted to rise it to assist the Vendéens, but in vain. Caroline of Brunswick. The Cape of Good Hope was repressed by the soldiery, under a Corsican officer, The power of France was crippled wherever an and Ceylon were taken from the Dutch as allies of Napoleon Bonaparte. Holland was united to France, English foet could reach. France. In 1796, the French resolved to attack the Austrian In 1796, Spain entered into an alliance with dominions in Italy. Bonaparte led the army across France, the Alps, and gained splendid victories over Austria at Lodi, Rivoli, the Brenta, and Arcola ; and though Moreau gained some successes in Austria itself, peace was only purchased by the emperor acknowledging the French Republic, giving up Flanders to France, and Lombardy to self-government under French protection. In 1797, Venice was seized by France and given In 1797, the fleets of Spain and Holland, in In 1797, a dangerous mutiny in the fleet at the to Austria, Rome laid under contribution, and a alliance with the French, were defeated, the one at Nore was suppressed by Admiral Jervis, now Lord treaty, signed at Campo Formio, when the French St. Vincent by Jervis, the other at Camperdown by St. Vincent. obtained the Roman isles hitherto belonging to Howe. Venice. In 1798, Bonaparte induced the French Directory In 1798, Horatio Nelson utterly destroyed the In 1798, encouraged by France, the Irish rebelled, to give him an army to make his way to India by way French fleet' in the Bay of Aboukir, at the mouth of and, for three months before the final quelling, there of Egypt and Cabul. On his way he took Malta from the Nile, and cut Napoleon off from supplies from was horrible bloodshed on each side. In India, the Knights of St. John. He routed the Egyptian home. The French troops were blockaded in Malta, Seringapatam was taken by General Harris and forces at the battle of the Pyramids and took possession and Corfu taken by the English, who were supreme Tippoo Sahib slain. of Cairo. The Sultan Selim II. fitted out two armies at soa. against Bonaparte, who, in 1799, marched to meet Admiral Sir Sidney Smith directed the Turkish the first in Syria, and there took Jaffa, where he made defence of St. Jean d'Acre, repulsed Xapoleon there, a terrible slaughter. Rome and Savoy were both and forced him to retreat into Egypt, afterwards inastered by the French, and the Pope was dragged carrying a Turkish army to Egypt. Nelson transported into France, and there died. Naples was seized and the king and queen of Naples to Sicily, where overrun by the French. they were protected by the English ficet. In 1799, Austria and Russia united against France, In 1799, Ireland was united to England and Scot. and the Russians recovered Lombardy, while the land, and ceased to have an independent parliament. Austrians drove the French back on the Rhine. . Napoleon hurried home, leaving Kleber in command of his army in Egypt. He dismissed the Directory by the strong hand, and caused himself to be nomi FRANCE. nated First Consul, with two inferiors quite power ENGLAND. less. In 1800. Napoleon again crossed the Alps to re- In 1800, England, alone continuing at war with France, established what was called the Continental cover Italy, and beat the Austrians at Montebello and System, i.e. a blockade of all French ports, and likewise the searching of all neutral ships, so as to preMarengo, forcing them to retreat. Moreau defeated vent them from carrying arms, goods, or provisions to France. This enraged Russia, Sweden, an? the Austrans at Hohenlinden, on the Iser. Russia Denmark, who all declared war against England. and Austria were forced to make peace. In 1801 Bonaparte began to restore religion and In 1801, Sir Ralph Abercrombie gained a great In 1801, Pitt had attempted to take restrictions off orier in France, and held a brilliant court at the victory at Alexandria, which, though he was killed, the Roman Catholics, but George III. refused, regardTuileries. destroyed the French hold upon Egypt. ing it as against his coronation oath. Pitt resigned, and Addington was at the head of the ministry. Sir Hyde Parker and Nelson fought a battle at Copenhagen, and totally defeated the Danish fleet. In 1802, a general peace was signed between England and France at Amiens. In 1803, an ineffectual attempt was made to re- In 1803, on a dispute respecting Malta, the war In 1803, Sir Arthur Wellesley gained a brilliant duce the island of Hayli to French obedience. again broke out. Napoleon seized and detained all victory over the wild mountain Indian tribe of Mah. English travellers, and prepared a fleet at Boulogne, rattas at Assaye. The whole English nation prepared in which he intended to invade and conquer England. to resist the expected invasion. He likewise occupied Hanover. In 1804, Napoleon, apparently to deter the royal In 1804, Pitt returned to the head of affairs. family from corresponding in France, seized the Duke Spain, being in alliance with France, declared war d'Enghien, heir of the Condés, at Baden, and had against England, but Russia allied herself to us. him shot at Vincennes. The stanch republican Pichegru was thrown into prison and there perished, and Moreau exiled to Germany. Having cleared away all opposition, he then assumed the title of Emperor of the French, and forced the Pope to anoint him ; but crowned himself, making his brother Joseph king of Naples and Louis king of Holland. In 1805, Napoleon added Italy to the French In 1805, the French and Spanish fleets united to empire, whereupon Austria took up arms, but suf- make a superior force to enable the French to land in fered a great defeat from him at Ulm, and afterwards, England, but were defeated and destroyed at Trafalgar in union with the Russians, at Austerlitz. The by Nelson, who was killed in the moment of victory. Russians retreated, and the Austrians had to make peace. The Prussians, rising against the aggressions of Napoleon, were utterly crushed at Jena. In 1806, Sir J. Stuart gained a great victory over In 1806, Pitt died, and the management of affairs the French at Maida, in Calabria was taken by Fox, who, however, did not live through In 1807, a terrible, undecided battle took place the year. Lord Grenville carried on the government; between the Russians and French at Eylau, but the and the abolition of the slave trade was carried in victory was decided for the French at Friedland, and 1807) by Wilberforce under him. Grenville repeace was made at Tilsit between France, Austria, I signed on the Catholic question. The Duke of Portkussia, and Prussia. Napoleon now, with the con. and came into power. To prevent the Danish fleet sent of Spain, seized Portugal ; and soon after, on a from being seized by the French, Copenhagen was quarrel between the royal family of Spain, wherein he bombarded and the ships captured. was called to arbitrate, he kept them all in captivity FRANCE, ENGLAND. in France, and set his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain, sending his brother-in-law, Murat, to Naples. The Spaniards refused obedience, and asked aid from In 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley brought troops to the aid of Portugal, and defeated the French at England. Vimiera. A convention was signed at Cintra, causing the French to leave Portugal. In 1809, the Austrians again took up arms, but In 1809, Sir John Moore entered Spain ; but the failure of the Spaniards caused him to retreat, and he vere defeated by Napoleon at Eckmuhl. . A doubtful gained a victory at Corunna to protect his embarkation ; he was killed in the battle. Wellesley, however, battle followed at Aspern, and at Wagram the French returned to Portugal, and defeated the French at Talavera. gained such a victory that Vienna and all Austria were In 1809, the Duke of Portland died, and Spencer at his mercy; and Napoleon, divorcing his childless Perceval became prime minister. In 1810, having no other war on hand, he concentrated his forces, under Massena, on the Peninsula, In 1810, the mind of George III., now a very old In 1811, the Prince of Wales was appointed harsh rule, resigned Holland, which was united to Regent, and continued the same policy in spite of his France. former bitter opposition. In 1812, Napoleon collected his forces for a great In 1818, Wellington took Ciudad Rodrigo and In 1812, Perceval was assassinated by a madman, invasion of Russia. Italians and Germans were forced Badajoz, and gained the battle of Salamanca, and ad- and the prime minister became Lord Liverpool. The into his service, and the Grand Army was the largest vanced to Burgos ; but thence had again to retreat to search of vessels in pursuance of the continental ever collected. A sharp but doubtful battle was Torres Vedras, where he remained during the winter. system irritated the United States, and war was fought at Borodino, on the Moskova, and the French declared. advanced to Moscow. The city was deserted, and a fire breaking out so utterly destroyed it as to deprive the French of all winter quarters. They had to retreat in bitter weather, closely pursued, and suffering In 1813, Wellington, advancing, won the battle In 1813, the Americans attacked Canada, but some of the greatest miseries ever known in the history of Vittoria, took St. Sebastian, gained several victories were repulsed. Naval battles took place to their of war ere they reached shelter on the Prussian upon the Pyrenees, and drove the French out of advantage. frontier. However, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden all Spain. united with Russia against France, to avenge their long sufferings. Terrible, doubtful battles were fought at Lutzen and Bautzen, but at Leipsic Napoleon was entirely defeated. In 1814, all Germany rose against Napoleon, the In 1814, Wellington, crossing the Pyrenee., gained Prussians, Austrians, and Russians all entered France; two great victories at Orthez and Toulouse. but Napoleon still gained battles against each army singly at Montmirail, Champ Aubert, and Montereau, but the numbers overbore him, and after a last stand at Montmartre, all resistance was given up, and the allies entered Paris, while Napoleon repaired to Fontainebleau. Napoleon abdicated, and was sent into exile in the island of Liba. A general peace was male, and the allied sovereigns visited England. Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne of France, In 1814, an attack was made upon Washingt: with a modified constitution, but emanating from king Baltimore, and New Orleans, but without u instead of people. and America was included in the pacification. 實 FRANCE. ENGLAND. In 1815, the representatives of the different powers met at the Congress of Vienna to re-arrange the boundaries of the European states ; but in the midst, Napoleon escaped from Elba, put Louis XVIII. to flight, and reinstated himself. All the allies took up arms and were advancing on him. He hoped to fight them in detail, but was totally defeated by Wellington at Waterloo, and pursued by the Prussians. The allied forces again occupied Paris. Napoleon tried to fiy ; but was forced to surrender to an English vessel, and was kept for the rest of his life a prisoner under English guard at St Helena. Louis XVIII. was again restored. He had no In 1815, Caroline, Princess of Wales, after long children, but his brother, the Count d'Artois, had quarrels with her husband, went abroad, and lived a two sons, the Duke d’Angoulême, and the Duke de disgraceful life. Berri. Marshal Ney was executed for his treason in joining Napoleon. In 1816, Louis XVIII., a clever, selfish man, with In 1816, the high price of corn, which had the indolence of age, played his part so as to give as mounted up in the time of the war, led to riots. The little offence as possible to the seething elements of Algerine pirates were crushed by Admiral Pellew (Lord discord in his kingdom, chiefly caring not to be sent Exmouth). into exile again. In 1817, Princess Charlotte, heiress to the throne, died. In 1820, the Duke de Berri was murdered at the In 1820, George III. died; the Prince Regent opera. He left a posthumous son, Henri, duke of succeeded as GEORGE IV. There was a plot to Bordeaux (since called Count of Chambord). assassinate the ministers, but it was discovered, and the chief mover, Thistlewood, and others were executed. The Queen came home, but was refused a share in the coronation on account of her misconduct. A bill was brought forward for her divorce, but was abandoned, though she was not allowed to share in the In 1821, Napoleon died in St. Helena. coronation, and soon after (in 1821) died. In 1822, a rising in Spain against the feeble In 1882, Lord Londonderry (Castlereagh) comFerdinand VII. caused the French to send the Duke mitted suicide, and Canning returned to the ministry. d'Angoulême with an army to the assistance of royalty, defented the revolutionists, and took Cadiz, restoring the king to his power. In 1884, Louis XVIII. died, leaving the crown to * In 1824, a war took place in Burmah, in which his brother, CHARLES X., a much more narrow Rangoon was taken. minded and despotic character. He continaed to bring measures forward which offended the longing of the people for liberty. In 1887, he desperately offended the people by In 1827, France, England, Austria, and Russia, In 1897, Lord Liverpool resigned, and Canning a:tempting to abridge the liberties of the press, dis- united to assist the Greeks in their long war of inde became prime minister, but died in the course of the solving the Chamber of Deputies which objected, and pendence against the Turks. A great naval victory year. Al this time the Whigs were striving for the creating 65 peerages. over the Egyptian and Turkish fleets was gained at removal of disabilities from the Roman Catholics—the Navarino, and Greece was emancipated. Tories opposing. In 1829, the Prince de Polignac, an old emigrant, In 1889, the Duke of Wellington became prime became prime minister. His royalist opinions made minister, and Peel Home Secretary, as a Tory governhim and the king doubly unpopular. Their principle ment; but the pressure had become so strong, that was, that as Louis XVI. had perished by yielding, they induced George IV. to sanction Roman Catholic they would never yield a jot. Emancipation, and thenceforth the principle was virtually given up that England should only be governed by members of the Church of England, REFORM IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 51 FRANCE. ENGLAND. •In 1830, Algiers was conquered and made a French In 1830, George IV. died, and his brother, province. The Polignac Ministry, thinking the liberty WILLIAM IV. liberally inclined, succeeded, and of the press dangerous, suppressed it violently, by Flanders, which had been made into a kingdom, accepted the resignation of Wellington and Peel. royal authority alone. The whole population of Paris together with Holland, for the House of Orange, Earl Grey and a Whig Ministry came in. rose in a fury, Charles X. and his family fled, and the revolted. France and England protected it, and it crown of a nation with a constitutional charter was became the kingdom of the Belgians, under Leopold offered to the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Louis of Saxe Coburg. Philippe I., King of the French. Polignac was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. In 1831, the hereditary peerage was abolished. In 1831, the Reform Bill, extending the borough The Duchess of Berry made an attempt on the part of franchise to persons renting 101. houses, and regulating her son in La Vendée ; and on the other hand the more the system, was brought in by ministers. Parliament violent republicans in Paris rose against the govern rejected it and was dissolved. It was carried by the ment on the day of the barricades, but both alike were next House of Cominons, but rejected by the Lords. put down. The country was in a riotous state, ricks were burnt, and there was dangerous agitation. In 1832, on the threat of creating Liberal Peers to out-vote the rest, the Lords passed the Reform Bill. In 1883, slavery was abolished in all the English colonies. In 1834, Lord Grey retired, and after a short ministry of Lord Melbourne, Peel and Wellington came into office. In 1837, William IV. died, and Victoria, his niece, came to the throne. Hanover passed to the male heir, her uncle, Ernest Augustus. In 1838, an insurrection in Canada was quelled by Sir John Colborne. In 1840, Louis Napoleon, son of the ex-king of In 1840, the Queen married Prince Albert of Saxe Holland and nephew to Napoleon I., made a descent Coburg. Upper and Lower Canada were united. on France, but was imprisoned at Boulogne. M. There was a short war with China to compel the Guizot became minister of foreign affairs authorities to permit trade in opium. In 1841, the great Napoleon's remains were In 1841, the English troops who had occupied brought home from St. Helena and buried at the Cabul were attacked by the natives, and most dis. Hôtel des Invalides with great enthusiasm. astrously destroyed in the Khyber pass. The Whigs resigned. Sir R. Peel was at the head of the cabinet. In 1842, Louis Philippe's eldest son, the Duke of In 1842, China was brought to a treaty; Generals Orleans, was killed by a fall from his carriage. Nott and Pollock avenged the losses in Cabul. Upper and Lower Canada were united. In 1843, a war was carried on in Algeria with In 1843, the Queen and Prince Albert visited In 1843, Sir Charles Napier gained a brilliant the natives. The Prince de Joinville, Louis Philippe's Louis Philippe, and the next year the visit was re- course of victories in Scinde. son, bombarded Tangier. Abdul Kader, a gallant turned by the King of the French. In 1845, the potato crop universally failed ; and Arab chief, waged a long war against them. Sir Robert Peel saw that the duty on foreign corn (the Corn Laws) could no longer be maintained. A great war; the Sikhs were defeated at Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and Aliwal. |