4. Adverbs of number; first, secondly, etc.

5. Adverbs of place; as, here, there, hence, everywhere, yonder, etc.

6. Adverbs of manner; as, well, ill, better, worse, rapidly, sideways, etc.

7. Adverbs of degree; as, so, little, enough, partly, wholly, almost, etc.

8. Miscellaneous adverbs; as, indeed, nevertheless, however, etc.

Prepositions Without Their Objects Become Adverbs.In a number of instances, where the preposition drops its object, it is then considered as an adverb. In the sentence, He rowed down the stream, down is a preposition with stream as its object. In the sentence, He rowed up awhile and then rowed down, down is an adverb, having lost its object.

Distinguishing Between Adjectives and Adverbs. - Several adjectives and adverbs have the same form; as, fast, well, little, much, more, etc.

ADJECTIVES

That is a fast little boat.

He will get little sympathy.

ADVERBS

That boat goes fast.
Some men sleep little.

Of course, the test in distinguishing between adjectives and adverbs is, as to what each modifies. If it modifies a noun or pronoun, the word in question is an adjective. But if it modifies a verb, adjective, participle, or adverb, it is an adverb.

In sentences like He is considered poor in spelling, poor does not modify is considered. This is a copulative verb, and poor is the predicate, as some grammarians say, or it is the predicate complement. Thus poor is an adjective, modifying he, the subject. Although he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor. Here, was and became are copulative verbs, and rich and poor are adjectives modifying he, the sentence.

subject of the

Comparison of Adverbs. -Adverbs are compared in much the same manner as adjectives. Some adverbs, however, are not compared. Many adverbs are compared regularly; as, fast, faster, fastest; rapidly, more rapidly, most rapidly. The following are irregular :

Adverbs Formed From Adjectives. Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -ly. From the adjectives happy, kind, gracious, forcible, dismal, etc., are formed the adverbs happily, kindly, graciously, forcibly, dismally, etc. All such adverbs are compared regularly.

Nouns Used Adverbially. - Nouns denoting time, distance, measure, or value, are used adverbially, and may be parsed as adverbs; as, He is six feet high. When are you coming home? He ran seven miles. That house cost six thousand dollars. He will be home Tuesday.

Introductory Adverbs. Some adverbs are used as introductory words; as, there, indeed, now, etc. There was a man named John. Indeed, there seems to be some doubt about that. Now Barabbas was a robber. Such words are sometimes called expletives.

Compound Adverbs. Some adverbs, such as hand-inhand, in-and-out, round-about, arm in arm, nowadays, man by man, dollar for dollar, piece by piece, word for word, sentence by sentence, etc., are parsed as compound adverbs. Some writers call such expressions phrasal adverbs.

Idiomatic Uses of Adverbs. - English has certain expressions which have all the authority of established usage, but which are hard to explain by the ordinary rules of grammar. These expressions are termed idioms, and their use is called idiomatic English. In the sentence, He is stone deaf, stone modifies deaf, an adjective, and it is therefore an adverb. Yet stone is or should be a noun. All you can do is to say that stone is an adverb, used idiomatically. Again, in the sentence, She does not care a copper for anybody's opinion, copper is an adverb, although it is generally considered a noun. Its use is idiomatic.

Yes and No. Yes and no, when standing alone as the answer to a question, are to be parsed as adverbs. Do you intend to go? Yes.

A Broad Survey. - Standing at the top of a mountain, there is a fine opportunity for a broad survey. You can see here

what you could not see from some lower level. This traveler is probably taking time to consider what is the best course to take.

Vocational Guidance. The purpose of this guidance is to give you a fuller and a broader view of the years that lie ahead of you. There is danger of a student's drifting into some calling for which he is poorly fitted, and of his being kept out of something for which he is or might be prepared. The high school is the place for you to decide on what to do in later life, and to prepare for that work.

Let a committee named in class take up the vocations that are or may be open to the members of the class, and discuss them.

VII. PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, INTER

JECTIONS

Prepositions. Prepositions are words used with a noun. or pronoun to make a phrase limiting some other word. The noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. They are said to show the relation of their object and the word to which that object is joined. Do you remember the story of Hood's Bridge of Sighs? Here, sighs is the object of the preposition of; and of is said to show the relation between sighs and bridge.

The phrase of sighs is an adjective element, modifying bridge. You will note that the use of the preposition binds the sentence closer together. It is not, however, a connective in the sense that conjunctions, relative pronouns, and conjunctive adverbs are connectives.

In the sentence, He comes from England, the prepositional phrase from England is used adverbially, modifying the verb

comes.

Adverbial and Adjective Prepositional Phrases. — By a study of the following sentences, you will be able to note

the difference between prepositional phrases used adverbially and those used as adjectives

ADVERBIAL

Fish are used for food.
He is moving to the country.
He escaped by running.

They went in a hurry from

house to house.

ADJECTIVE

He is a man of iron.

Avoid the excessive use of adjectives.

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was elected president.

The Right Preposition. It is important to use the right preposition with certain adjectives and verbs. A list is given on page 292.

Preposition and Object. The preposition is said to govern its object. Thus it puts its object in the objective case. The noun thus governed is said to be in the objective case, as the object of the preposition.

Preposition Preceding or Following Its Object.— Usually the preposition precedes its object; as, He went to town. Here the preposition to precedes its object town. But in poetry, and in interrogative sentences, or sentences using interrogative pronouns, the preposition frequently follows its object. The following sentences will illustrate this use.

O stream descending to the sea, thy mossy banks between! Where do you hail from? What are you throwing at? Whom are you speaking to? What are you talking about?

Preposition in Composition with Verbs. - Prepositions are frequently used in composition with verbs; as, They carried off all the prizes. I will laugh at their calamity. Here, to carry off, and laugh at, are verbs compounded with prepositions. Prizes is the object of carried off, a transitive verb; and calamity is the object of will laugh at, a transitive verb. The verb and preposition are sometimes written together, as undergo, overtake.