X. The Interjection. - State its class, that is, whether it is a real interjection, or some word used as such.

EXERCISES BASED ON PICTURES

Blarney Castle. Not far from Cork, Ireland, stands Blarney Castle, visited annually by thousands of tourists. In the north-east corner of the tower there is a stone which is said to possess a wonderful power. Anyone, so runs the legend, may obtain the gift of a persuasive tongue who will climb up to the stone and kiss it. Irish folk are in the habit of saying of one who can interest and persuade others easily, "Sure, he must have kissed the blarney stone."

And when they think some one is trying to flatter them, they laugh and say, "Go on, you can't work your blarney on me!" Describe a visit to Blarney Castle. Or tell some story of one who has the gift of blarneying.

EXERCISES FOR PARSING

Parse all the words in the following sentences. Be as brief as possible, but aim to give all the important facts concerning each word. In case of an ellipsis, supply the omitted word or words.

1. How very beautiful those gems are! they look like fragments of heaven. George Eliot.

2. The future is always a fairy land to the young.

G. A. Sala.

3. The heart of a wise man should resemble a mirror, which reflects every object without being sullied by any. - Confucius. 4. The square described on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equivalent to the sum of the squares described on the other two sides. -Euclid, 47th Proposition, Book i. 5. The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armor of light. Romans xiii. 12. 6. And Ahab said to Elijah, Hast thou found me, O mine enemy? -1 Kings xxi. 20.

7.

8. But the young girl at the garret window stood there with gleaming eyes, with the rosy hue of health on her cheeks, and folded her thin hands over the pea blossom and thanked heaven for it. Hans Christian Andersen. 9. If it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most offending soul alive.

-Shakespeare. 10. The truest wisdom, in general, is a resolute determination. -Napoleon.

X. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES

Analysis. Analysis in grammar is the process of separating a sentence into parts, according to their use.

1 To help the pupil develop the "sentence sense" and to grasp the thought of difficult sentences, much of the time given to the study of grammar should be spent in the analysis of sentences just within the limit of his mental ability, such analysis consisting of rapid drill in syntax of words, phrases, and clauses.

- From the English Syllabus, Board of Regents, New York.

Elements.

The elements with which analysis deals are words, phrases, and clauses.

A word is an element of the first class. In the sentence, Why are you so late? all the elements are of the first class, being single words.

A phrase, consisting either (1) of a preposition and its object; or (2) of an infinitive, is an element of the second class. In the sentence, I have decided to remain until Saturday, there are two phrases, to remain, which is an infinitive phrase; and until Saturday, a prepositional phrase. Both are elements of the second class.

A clause, which is an element containing a subject and predicate of its own, is an element of the third class. In the sentence,

Breathes there the man with soul so dead,

Who never to himself hath said,

This is my own, my native land!

the second line is a clause, modifying man, and the third line is a clause, modifying the transitive verb hath said, as its direct object. These two clauses, who never to himself hath said, and this is my own, my native land, are both elements of the third class.

Simple, Complex, or Compound Elements. Elements of all three classes may be either simple, complex, or compound.

A simple element of any class is one that is not modified by any other element. In the sentence, I think I shall buy me a panama hat, the word panama is a simple element, because not modified by any other word. But the word hat is not simple, because it is modified by a and panama.

A complex element is one which is modified by some other word, phrase, or clause. Did you notice that little bird, which sings so sweetly? Here, that little bird, which sings so sweetly is a complex element, in which the word bird is modified by three elements, that and little, elements of the first class; and

which sings so sweetly, an element of the third class. These modifying elements make the element complex.

A compound element consists of two or more elements, joined together by coördinate connectives. Man and beast are suffering for water. Here, man and beast is a compound element, the subject of the sentence. This remedy is good for man and beast. Here man and beast is a compound element of the first class, the object of the preposition for. The expression for man and beast forms a compound adverbial element of the second class, modifying good, an adjective.

In the sentence, I do not care what he offered me, or why he offered it, the expression what he offered me or why he offered it, is a compound adverbial element of the third class, being two clauses joined by the coördinate conjunction or.

Principal and Subordinate Elements. Elements are either principal or subordinate.

Principal Elements. - Principal elements are elements used as the subject, predicate, or subjective complement of a

sentence.

Subordinate Elements. - Elements which are used to limit or modify either principal or subordinate elements are called subordinate elements. Subordinate elements may be adjective, objective, and adverbial. These terms have already been defined.

Kinds of Sentences. So far as use is concerned, sentences may be declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.

Declarative Sentences are used to make a statement; as, Catiline fled from Rome.

Interrogative sentences ask a question; as, Where did you go last night?

Imperative sentences contain a command, an exhortation, entreaty, or give permission; as, Go, where glory waits thee. Let us go home soon. Do not kill that bird.' You may go now.

Exclamatory sentences are used to express sudden or strong emotion; as, Alas, that I should see this day!

Wreck of a United States Warship at Samoa. In the famous tidal wave at Samoa, one of our ships was caught by the tornado and hurled to destruction. What was left of it is shown in the picture.

1. Describe the wreck, as if you had just visited it.

2. Refer to Robinson Crusoe, and give an account of his visit to the wreck of his ship, after he was cast upon a desert island.

3. Imagine yourself one of the crew, or one of the passengers on board a ship torpedoed by the enemy. Tell how you got to land.

Structure of Sentences.-With reference to their structure, sentences are divided into simple, complex, and compound.

Simple Sentences. A simple sentence contains but one clause. Its subject, predicate, and modifiers may be words or phrases; and they may be simple, complex, or compound. But as long as none of these elements is an additional clause, the sentence remains simple.