I. ESSAY XXI. Of the RULES of HEALTH. HERE is a Prudence in the Management of Health, beyond the Rules of Phyfick. Rules of Phyfick. Every Man's own Obfervation of what he finds good, and what hurtful to the Body, is the best Means to preserve Health. 2. It is a fafer Conclufion to fay, this I have found prejudicial, therefore I will leave it off; than to fay, this has not hurt me, therefore I may ufe it. For the Vigour of Youth covers many Exceffes, which Age muft feel the Effects of. 3. Difcern the Approach of Years; and think not to continue in the fame Course always: for there is no fighting against Age. 4. Beware of a fudden Change in any capital part of Regimen; and if Neceffity require it, fit the other Parts to the Change. For it is a Secret both in Nature and Policy, that many things may be fafer changed than a fingle great one. 5. Let the Customs of Diet, Sleep, Exercife, Cloathing, Habitation, and the like, be examined; and if any thing is judged hurtful, try to difcontinue it by degrees: but return to it again if any Inconvenience enfue upon the Change; for it is hard to diftinguifh what is good, and wholsome in general, from that which fuits a particular Constitution. 6. To be unbent and chearful at Hours of Meat, Sleep and Exercise, is one of the best Precepts for prolonging Life. 7. As for Paffions of the Mind and Studies; avoid Envy, anxious Fears, ftifled Anger, fubtile and knotty Enquiries, Joys and Exhilarations in Excess, and deep Sadnefs uncommunicated. On the other hand, entertain Hope; Mirth rather than Joy; Change of Pleasures rather than Satiety; Admiration, and therefore Novelties; Studies that fill the Mind with gay and illuftrious Objects; viz. Poetry, Hiftory, the Excurfions of Nature, &c. 8. Wholly to abftain from Phyfick in Health, will make it too unfuitable to the Body in Sicknefs; and if render'd familiar in Health, it will work no extraordinary Effect in Sickness. 9. Rather ufe appropriated Diets at certain Seafons, than frequent Phyfick; except it be grown into a Custom: for fuch Diets alter the Body more, and difturb it lefs. 10. Despise no new and unusual Accident in the Body; but take Advice upon it. 11. In Sickness, let Health be the principal Care; and in Health, Action and Exercife; without being over delicate and tender: for those who render their Bodies hardy in Health, may in most Diseases that are not acute, be cured by an exact Diet and Regimen, without much Phyfick. 12. Celfuss 12. Celfus could never have given that excellent Rule of his, as a Phyfician, had he not alfo been a wife Man. He advifes it as a Secret for preferving Health and lengthening Life, to vary, and fometimes interchange Contraries; always inclining to the more benign Extreme: Thus for example, to use a fpare and a full Diet, but oftener the latter; Watching and Sleeping, but rather Sleeping; Sitting and Exercise, but rather Exercise; and the like. For thus Nature may be at once recruited and ftrengthen'd. 13. Some Physicians are fo indulgent to the Humour of their Patients, as not to pursue the true Cure of the Disease; whilft others proceed fo regularly, ftrictly, and according to Art, in the Cure of the Disease, as not fufficiently to regard the State and Condition of the Patient. Choose. a Physician therefore of a middle Temper; or if this cannot be found in one, join two Physicians together, or one of either fort; calling in as well the best acquainted with your Conftitution, as the best experienced in his Art. 1. ESSAY XXII. Of TRAVELLING. Tutors. Ravelling is a part of Education in young Men; and in the elder Young Men co a part of Experience. He who goes into a foreign Country be- travel under fore he has made fome Progrefs in the Language, goes to School; not to travel. I approve that young Men fhould travel under the Direction of fome Tutor, or experienced Servant, who understands the Language, and has been in the Country before; fo as to inftruct his Pupil what deferves to be there seen and known; what Friendships and Familiarities are to be contracted; and laftly, what Studies or Exercises flourish in the Place: Otherwise young Men will travel hood-wink'd, and fee little. vels. 2. 'Tis ftrange, that in Voyages, where nothing appears but Sky Diaries to be and Sea, Men fhould keep Diaries; yet generally omit them in Travels, kept of Trawhere fo much is to be obferved: as if accidental things were fitter to be registered than Matters of fixed and certain Obfervation. Let Diaries therefore be here brought into Use. 3. The things to be seen and obferved in Travelling, are the Courts of The things to Princes, especially when they give Audience to foreign Ambaffadors; the be observed in Travelling. Courts of Justice, whilft they fit, and hear Caufes; Ecclefiaftical Confiftories, Churches, and Monafteries, with their Monuments; the Walls and Fortifications of Cities and Towns; Havens and Harbours; Antiquities and Ruins; Libraries, Colleges, Difputations and Lectures; Shipping; Palaces, and Gardens of State and Pleasure; Armories, Arfenals, Magazines, publick Vaults, and Granaries; Exchanges, and the Places of publick Concourfe; Store-houfes; Exercifes of Horfemanfhip; Fencing; the Exercises of the Soldiery, and the like. To thefe we add the Plays whereto the better fort of Perfons refort; Repofitories of Jewels and Robes; Cabinets, Curiofities, Rarities; and, to conclude whatsoever is celebrated tage. celebrated or remarkable in the Place. And after all the Things of this kind, the Tutors and Servants above-mentioned ought to make diligent Enquiry. As for Triumphs, Masks, Feasts, Weddings, Funerals, capital Executions, and the like, Men need not be put in mind of them; tho these are not to be neglected. How to tra- 4. If young Men would reduce the Fruits of their Travels into a vel to advan- fmall Compafs, and collect much in a fhort time; let them, (1.) acquire fome knowledge of the Language before they fet out. (2.) Choose a Servant or Tutor, that knows the Country well. (3.) Procure fome Map, or Book, that defcribes the Country; which will ferve as a Key to Enquiry. (4.) Keep a Diary. (5.) Not stay long in any one City or Town, tho more or lefs as the Place deferves, but by no means long. (6.) Change their Lodgings frequently in the fame City or Town, from one part to another; for this is attractive of large Acquaintance. (7.) Avoid affociating too much with their own Countrymen; and eat at thofe Ordinaries where the best Company of the Natives meets. (8.) Let them upon Removes procure Letters of Recommendation to fome Perfon of Eminence, refiding in the Place they remove to; for procuring his Favour and Afsistance in any Matters defired to be feen or known. And thus may Travelling be abridged to Advantage. The Acquain made. 5. As for the Acquaintance and Friendships to be contracted in Traveltance to be ling; the most useful kind is that of the Secretaries, and nearest Servants of Ambaffadors: for thus by Travelling in one Country, the Knowledge and Experience of many may be gained. A Traveller also should vifit the eminent Perfons in all kinds, whofe Names are famous abroad; in order to obferve how far the Life agrees with Report. avoided. Quarrels to be 6. Quarrels, and private Animofities, muft be difcreetly and carefully avoided. Thefe commonly arife about Miftreffes, Healths, Precedency, and Words of Reproach. And let a Man beware of keeping Company with the Paffionate and the Quarrelfome; who will otherwife engage him in their own Quarrels. The Conduct after return 7. When our Traveller returns home, let him not wholly leave foreign to be obferved Countries behind him; but preferve and cultivate, by Letters, the Friendship of the more worthy of those with whom he contracted a Familiarity abroad. And let his having travelled rather appear in his Difcourfe, than in his Clothes or Gesture. In his Difcourfe, likewife, let him rather endeavour at folid Anfwers, than give into the Vein of Story-telling. Let him alfo fhew that he has not changed the Manners of his own Nation for thofe of another; but only ftuck a few foreign Flowers among the Customs of his native Country. ESSAY I. ESSAY XXIII. Of BUILDINGS. Oufes are built to live in, not to look at: therefore let Conveni- Convenience ence here take place of Beauty; unlefs when both may be had. the principal End of BuildWe leave the pompous Houses, for Beauty only, to the enchanted Palaces ing. of the Poets; who raise them with little Expence. 2. He who builds an elegant House with a bad Situation, commits A proper Si. himself to Prifon. I call that a bad Situation, not only where the Air is tuation to be unwholfome; but likewife where it is unequal as in the Cafe of Houfes chose. built upon an Eminence, furrounded, like a Theatre, with higher Hills; where the Heat of the Sun is kept in, and the Wind collected as into Channels, running with different Streams; fo as to caufe as fudden and great Diversities of Heat and Cold, as would be felt in feveral different Places. der bad Situ ation. 3. Nor is it any unfavourable Circumstance of the Air alone, that makes The Things a bad Situation; but bad Markets, bad Roads, and bad Neighbours; the included unWant of Water, Fewel, Shade and Shelter; the Want of Fertility or Mixture of Soil of several kinds; the Want of Profpect; the Want of level Grounds and Places adjacent for Hunting, Hawking, and Horfe-Racing; the lying too near the Sea, or too remote from it; the Want of navigable Rivers, or the Inconvenience arifing from their overflowing, the being at a distance from large Cities, which may hinder Business; or else too near them, which confumes Provifions, and makes all Commodities dear; the Neceffity of having too much Land lying together; or elfe too little, fo as to be cramped and confined; all which Inconveniencies I enumerate, not as if any Houfe could be free from them all; but that as many of them as poffible may be avoided: and again, that if any Gentleman builds himself feveral Seats, he may manage fo as to have those Conveniencies in one, which are wanting in another. It was a proper Anfwer of Lucullus to Pompey, who upon viewing the magnificent and luminous Rooms and Galleries in one of Lucullus's Palaces, cry'd out, An excellent Seat for the Summer; but how do you endure the Winter? Lucullus replied, Do you think I have not the Prudence of Birds, who fome of them change their Habitation towards Winter? 4. We now pafs from the Situation to the House itself; endeavouring The Model of in this Effay to imitate Cicero, who wrote certain Books upon Oratory; a Royal Paand one which he called the Orator: in the former whereof he delivered lace propofed. the Precepts of the Art; and in the latter its Perfection. We therefore next proceed to defcribe a Palais Royal; and exhibit a kind of Model thereof for it is ftrange to fee in Europe fuch vaft Piles of Building, as the Vatican, Efcurial, and fome others; yet fcarce a very magnificent Room in them. 5. And this we lay down as a Foundation, that there can be no perfect A perfect PaPalace without two Parts; one for the Banquet, as is mentioned in the lace to have Book of Hefter; and another for the Houfhold: the first for Feafts, joined by a two Parts Shews, Tower. A Banquet and a Houf hold Part. The Structure -and Stairs. Shews, and Magnificence; the second for Habitation. I mean that these two Parts be built not as Sides, but as Fronts; and to be uniform without, tho differently partitioned within: And again, to be joined by a lofty, and magnificent Tower, in the middle of the Front. 6. On the Banquet Part, let there be only one Room above Stairs, fifty Foot high at the leaft; and under it another, of the fame length and breadth, for conveniently receiving the Machines, Decorations, Dreffes, and the Actors themselves, whilft they get ready at the Times of publick Entertainments. 7. Let the Houfhold Part be divided chiefly into a large and ftately Hall, and a Chapel; not running however the whole length of this Part; but to have at the farther end two Parlours, one for Winter, and one for Summer: and under all thefe, except the Chapel, let large Cellars be funk to serve for Privy-Kitchens, Larders, Pantries, and the like. 8. Let the Tower be raised two Stories (each of them fifteen Foot high) of the Tower above the two Wings of the Front; and be flat-leaded, and railed at the top, with Statues interpofed. Let the Tower alfo be divided into Lodging-Rooms, at Difcretion. The Stairs are to be wide, winding, divided into fixes, and on both fides adorned with Images of gilt Wood, or at least of a brafs Colour; and to have a fpacious Landing-Place at the top. But in this Cafe let none of the adjacent lower Rooms be made a Diningplace for Servants; otherwise the Steam of the Meat will afcend as it were through a Funnel: and fo much for the Front. Only I understand the height of the firft Stair-Cafe to be twenty Foot; which is the height of the first Story. The Court Yard how to be built. The ornamen 9. Beyond this Front let there be a fpacious Court-Yard, with its three fides much lower built than the Front. And in the four Corners of this Court, let there be raised Stair-Cafes, caft into Turrets on the outside, and projecting from the Row. But these Turrets are not to rife fo high as the Front; yet proportionably higher than the lower Edifices. And let not the whole Court be paved with broad fquare Stone; because this strikes a great Heat in Summer, and Cold in Winter: but let fome Walks be made of this Stone, running along the fides of the Building, and making a Crofs in the middle, with Quarters for Grafs, which is to be kept short cut. 10. Let the whole Banquet-fide of the Court be filled with magnificent tal Parts of Galleries; in each whereof let there be three or five beautiful Cupoand Houshold la's, placed at equal Diftances through the whole Lengths: and let the Appartments. Windows be of Glass variously coloured and wrought. On the Houfhold the Banquet fide, and that oppofite to the Front, fhould be Prefence-Chambers, and others for ordinary Ufe and Entertainments; as alfo Bed-Chambers; and let all three fides be built in form of a double Houfe, without thorow Lights, or with Windows only one Way; fo that there may be Rooms free from the Sun, both Forenoon and Afternoon and contrive it so as to have Rooms fhady for Summer, and warm for Winter. We fometimes fee elegant Houses fo full of Windows, that one can fcarce find a Place to be out |