Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, AuthorIn the history of American neuroscience, Roger Sperry and his contribution are outstanding. In this book, over twenty of his students, research colleagues and scientific friends, themselves all notable neuroscientists, review fifty years of his tireless experimentation and brilliant theoretical argument, also reviewing their own work in the context of Sperry's contributions to their fields. Sperry's challenging and controversial theories are very much alive in contemporary brain science, cognitive psychology and the philosophy of mind. Curiosity about the most difficult questions, such as those concerning conscious awareness, memory and volition led Sperry from the study of the control of complex patterns in brain circuit growth to discovery of the split brain phenomenon, which illuminated how the two halves of the brain integrate their different functions. In revolutionary tests on patients whose hemispheres had been disconnected to prevent the build-up of severe epileptic seizures, two complementary realms of mind were revealed, one verbal and rational ('left brain') nd the other more spatial, metaphorical and intuitive ('right brain'). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work in 1981. Although this book is written for students and researchers in the fields of psychology and neuroscience, it will hold interest for any reader who is curious about the workings of the mind and the brain. |
Contents
Contributors | x |
Coordination of movement as a key to higher brain function Roger W Sperrys contributions from 1939 to 1952 | xiii |
Roger W Sperrys lifework and our tribute | xxvii |
Specification of behavioral nerve networks in invertebrates | 1 |
Ontogenesis of neuronal nets The chemoaffinity theory 19631983 | 3 |
The rebellious graduate student and the evidence for chemical specificity | 5 |
Behavioral and histological basis of the chemoaffinity theory | 6 |
Recollections from a remote past | 8 |
Results with cortical spreading depression CSD including a digression on methodological critiques | 223 |
Hemispheric independence in the intact human | 225 |
Conclusion | 227 |
References | 228 |
Regulation and generation of perception in the asymmetric brain | 231 |
Some historical considerations | 232 |
An inconsistency? | 234 |
Activation and specialization of the hemispheres in normal people | 240 |
Chemoaffinity and the nervegrowth factor at a crossroad | 9 |
The invitro neurotropic effects of NGF | 10 |
Local control of neurite growth by NGF | 12 |
The same or two different properties of nerve fibers? | 14 |
The road ahead | 15 |
References | 16 |
The chemoaffinity hypothesis An appreciation of Roger W Sperrys contributions to developmental biology | 19 |
Antecedents | 24 |
The development of the chemoaffinity hypothesis | 39 |
Chemoaffinity and developmental biology | 62 |
Postscript | 68 |
References | 70 |
Retinotectal connections made through ecotopic nerves | 75 |
Eye rudiments grafted to hindbrain or spinal regions of amphibian embryos | 76 |
Eye rudiments grafted to genetically eyeless embryos | 77 |
Optic nerve experimentally deflected to abnormal entry sites | 78 |
Hypertrophy in regenerating optic cells that fail to make endings | 79 |
Conclusions | 82 |
Acknowledgments | 83 |
Neural reconnection between the eye and the brain in goldfish | 86 |
Sperrys theory of neuronal specificity | 87 |
Systemsmatching hypothesis versus topographic regulation hypothesis | 88 |
Tectal reimplantation after rotation or inversion | 89 |
Reciprocal transplantation between the tectum and the forebrain | 92 |
Retention of topographic addresses and topographic polarity by reciprocally translocated and rotated tectal reimplants | 93 |
Regulative modification of topographic addresses in accord with the original topographic polarity | 96 |
Acknowledgments | 99 |
The case for chemoaffinity in the retinotectal system Recent studies | 101 |
Macrotopography in the visual projection | 103 |
Stability of tectal markers | 110 |
Polarity in tectal markers | 111 |
Chemoaffinity models allowing for plasticity | 115 |
Future of chemoaffinity | 120 |
References | 121 |
Splitbrain studies of perception motor coordination and learning in cats and monkeys and comparisons to humans | 125 |
The role of the corpus callosum in the representation of the visual field in cortical areas | 129 |
Experiments with splitchiasm cats and the representation of the periphery by callosal connections | 131 |
Callosal connections and visual maps in the superior colliculus | 133 |
The corpus callosum and binocular interaction | 134 |
Is the callosal pathway involved in inhibitory interactions between cells in the two hemispheres? | 135 |
Plasticity in the development of the callosal system | 136 |
References | 137 |
Studies of visual perception and orienting in cats with fore and midbrain commissure section | 140 |
Recent studies of changes in orienting and attending behavior resulting from commissurotomy | 142 |
General discussion | 152 |
Differing effects of midline section | 153 |
Conclusions | 154 |
Acknowledgments | 155 |
Brain pathways in the visual guidance of movement and the behavioral functions of the cerebellum | 157 |
Preferential and forced eyehand coordination in splitbrain monkeys | 158 |
Finger use in splitbrain monkeys | 160 |
Visualmotor connections and conditioning | 161 |
The cerebellum and bimanual control | 163 |
Conclusions | 165 |
Intermanual transfer interhemispheric interaction and handedness in man and monkeys | 168 |
Coordination of the two hands in splitbrain patients | 169 |
Intermanual transfer in monkeys and handedness | 174 |
Conclusions as to the role of the corpus callosum in motor coordination of the hands | 178 |
Acknowledgments | 179 |
Hemispheric specialization in monkeys | 181 |
Evidence for hemispheric specialization in animals | 182 |
Our experiments with monkeys | 184 |
The overall picture | 192 |
References | 193 |
A corticolimbic memory path revealed through its disconnection | 196 |
Memory failure after crossed corticolimbic lesions without commissurotomy | 197 |
Opening up a crossed corticolimbic pathway by sparing area TEa | 201 |
Memory failure after crossed corticolimbic lesions but only if combined with anterior commissurotomy | 204 |
Comment | 208 |
Acknowledgments | 209 |
Cerebral hemispheres and human consciousness | 211 |
Partial hemispheric independence with the neocommissures intact | 215 |
Some extracallosal unifying mechanisms | 217 |
Some examples of nonverbal crosscueing and of its failure in the human with complete cerebral commissurotomy | 218 |
Other sources of mental duality | 220 |
A quantitative anatomy argument for significant hemispheric independence with neocommissures intact | 221 |
Conclusion | 245 |
Acknowledgments | 246 |
The neurobiological basis of hemisphericity | 249 |
Concepts and confusions concerning hemispheric functions | 250 |
Neurobiological bases of cognitive function and individual differences | 251 |
The cognitive laterally battery | 252 |
Hemispheric asymmetry and psychopathology | 254 |
Hormone concentrations and cognitive function | 256 |
Diurnal or sleepwake variation in hemispheric functional balance | 258 |
Cognitive asymmetries and specific disabilities or special talents | 259 |
Epilogue | 262 |
References | 263 |
Longterm semantic memory in the two cerebral hemispheres | 266 |
Longterm semantic memory in commissurotomy patients | 269 |
Performance of patients with unilateral lesions | 273 |
Normal subjects | 277 |
Concluding remarks | 279 |
Hughlings Jackson on the recognition of places persons and objects | 281 |
Jackson on recognition of places | 282 |
Case studies since Jackson of loss of temporal memory associated with spatial disorientation for place | 283 |
Comparative incidence of right and lefthemisphere lesions in loss of topographical memory | 284 |
Laterality of hemisphere lesion and prosopagnosia | 285 |
Visual agnosia and the recognition of objects | 286 |
Lissauer on mind blindness and two contrasting cases of visual agnosia | 287 |
Visual object agnosia and unilateral lesions | 288 |
Conclusions | 289 |
291 | |
Lessons from cerebral commissurotomy Auditory attention haptic memory and visual images in verbal associativelearning | 293 |
Right hemisphere superiority memory loss | 294 |
Imagemediated verbal learning after cerebral commissurotomy | 297 |
Acknowledgments | 302 |
304 | |
The classical tradition | 305 |
The dramatic conflict | 306 |
A change of scene At UCLA | 311 |
A second look at right hemisphere reading in aphasics | 314 |
A happy ending? | 316 |
Epilogue | 317 |
The role of the right cerebral hemisphere in evaluating configurations | 320 |
Nonverbal communication in patients with righthemisphere lesions | 321 |
Emotional behavior emotional state and selfevaluation | 324 |
Thought and language | 325 |
Conclusions | 330 |
Acknowledgments | 331 |
Growth and education of the hemispheres | 334 |
A new approach | 335 |
Cortical growth in utero | 336 |
Three steps by which cells become connected in the central nervous system | 337 |
The neurobiology and genetic significance of motives | 339 |
Intrinsic regulation of brain growth and the social transmission of knowledge | 340 |
Cultural intelligence in infants and toddlers | 341 |
Lateral asymmetries in early expressive communication and in perception of expressions | 343 |
Genetic disorders of brain growth that block development of symbolic intelligence | 347 |
Inner expression is made coherent by asymmetric cerebral motives for communication from the start | 349 |
New evidence | 351 |
Evidence from psychological developments to adolescence | 353 |
Conclusions | 356 |
References | 357 |
Hemispheric specialization in the aged brain | 364 |
Perceptual asymmetries in the elderly | 365 |
Age and lateral asymmetry of memory abilities | 367 |
Selective spatial disability in the elderly An artifact? | 368 |
Conclusion | 369 |
References | 370 |
Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness | 371 |
Splitbrain man | 373 |
Functional asymmetry | 375 |
Minorhemisphere consciousness | 377 |
Incompleteness of psychological division | 379 |
Formula for psychophysical interaction | 383 |
Acknowledgments | 386 |
389 | |
Students and collaborators of Roger W Sperry | 396 |
398 | |
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Common terms and phrases
ablation activity affinity animals asymmetry axons behavior Berlucchi bilateral Biol Bogen Brain Res callosal cats central cerebellum cerebral hemispheres chemoaffinity cognitive commissures commissurotomy commissurotomy patients Comp connections conscious contralateral coordination corpus callosum cortex cortical differentiation disconnected effects embryo evidence experimental experiments Figure forebrain function Gazzaniga goldfish growth hand hemi hemispheric specialization human hypothesis innervation input intact interhemispheric ipsilateral lateral learning left hemisphere lesions limb lobe matching mechanisms memory Mishkin monkeys motor movements muscles nerve fibers neural neurons Neurosci normal optic chiasm optic fibers optic nerve organization pathways pattern perception performance Physiol posterior processing projection prosopagnosia Psychol R. W. Sperry receptive fields regeneration reimplant response retina retinotectal right hemisphere Roger Sperry rotated selective semantic sensory spatial specific Sperry's split-brain stimuli studies subjects superior colliculus surgical target task tectal tectum temporal tion Trevarthen unilateral verbal visual field Zaidel