CHAPTER IV. MONOPOLIES. COMBINATIONS.

§ 1 Complete and partial monopolies. How monopoly price is deter-

mined. § 2 A trade combination often aims at a partial monopoly.

Difficulty of securing the adhesion of those already in the market.

§ 3 Difficulty of excluding competition from a distance. § 4

Markets under the control of a few dealers. § 5 Conditions of the

success of a combination. § 6 Combinations among employers to

lower wages

pp. 180-186

CHAPTER V. TRADES UNIONS.

§ Trades unions an outcome of the Anglo-Saxon spirit. § 2 Town

gilds and Craft gilds. § 3 The mechanical inventions of last

century brought about the modern wages question. The early

history of Trades unions. § 4 Their objects. § 5 Their organiza-

tion. § 6 Trades union congresses. Trades Councils. § 7 The

hold that unions have on the best workmen. § 8 Cost of strikes.

§ 9 Union rules: Apprenticeships; § 10 A minimum wage; piece-

work; § 11 The length of the day's work. § 12 The indirect

influence of unions. § 13 Picketing: Rattening: the use of

machinery
• pp. 187-198

CHAPTER VI. INFLUENCE OF TRADES UNIONS ON

WAGES.

§ 1 The labourer's disadvantage in bargaining for wages. §§ 2, 3 It is

not impossible for unions to obtain a general rise of wages; but this

will not be permanent if the change diminishes the Wages-and-

profits-Fund. [§ 4 "The Wages-Fund theory."]

Pp. 199-205

CHAPTER VII. INFLUENCE OF TRADES UNIONS ON

WAGES (CONTINUED).

§§ 1, 2 The relations between different groups of workmen associated

in the same process of production, compared with their relations to

their employers. § 3 Conditions under which a union can obtain a

rise of wages in a single trade. § 4 The relation of the moral to

the economic elements of the problem

pp. 206-213

CHAPTER IX. CO-OPERATION.

§ 1 The ultimate aims of Co-operation. § 2 Industria

§ 3 Co-operative workshops. § 4 In what trades

likely to succeed. § 5 Their work in taking sub-

Co-operative credit associations. 87 Co-operative st

principles on which they are based. § 9 The adv

they have in competing with shops. § 10 The p

of the retail trade. § 11 The Co-operative Who

The Federation of Co-operators

**A few discussions are included in squ to show that they should be omitted by begi first time of reading. Words used in a techni printed with capital initial letters.

BOOK I.

LAND, LABOUR, AND CAPITAL.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

§ 1. "ROUSSEAU has said, 'Much philosophy is wanted for the correct observation of things which are before our eyes.' And such are the events and customs of every day social life. Habit has so familiarized us with them that we fail to observe them, unless something striking and exceptional forces them on our notice.

"Let us take, by way of illustration, a man in the humble walks of life-a village carpenter, for instance and observe the various services he renders to society, and receives from it; we shall not fail to be struck with the enormous disproportion between them.

"This man employs his day's labour in planing boards, and making tables and chests of drawers. What does he receive from society in exchange for his work?

"First of all, on getting up in the morning, he dresses himself; but he has himself made none of his clothing. In order to put at his disposal this clothing, simple as it is, an enormous amount of labour, and many ingenious inventions, must have been employed. Americans must have produced cotton, Indians indigo, Englishmen wool and flax, Brazilians hides; and all these materials must have been transported to various towns where they have been worked up, spun, woven, dyed, etc.