have an equal interest with Mr. Vivian in availing themselves of Moritz Gerstenhöfer's admirable invention.

I remain, Sir,

Yours faithfully,

Cae Bailey, Swansea,

8th Aug., 1865.

GEO. GRANT FRANCIS, F.S.A.

The process and practical working of this valuable invention will be best shewn by a speech of Mr. Vivian, to the West Glamorgan Agricultural Association, in December, 1866. This gentleman having touched on various subjects, continued:

"His (Mr. Vivian's) experience in managing affairs-which was considerable-had shown him how very much depended upon the power of choosing men; and he was quite convinced that if Bonaparte had not known how to choose good generals, he would never have been Bonaparte. (Hear, hear, and laughter.) As far as he individually was concerned, his chief thought and occupation in life, as they all knew, was to keep in activity those gentlemen whom they saw in such numbers smoking their pipes about a mile to the north of this town. (Laughter.) He believed some people considered that the peculiar 'tobacco ' smoke which issued from those pipes was not of a high agricultural value. Of course he differed from that opinion. (Laughter.) No one had ever yet been able to convince him that it was not of very considerable agricultural value; and he believed he was now in a position to prove that the opinions that he had always entertained on the point were correct. He could assure them that he had given a great deal of time and thought of late to bottling that smoke, and his conviction was that when it was bottled it

would be of great agricultural value. In fact he firmly believed that this District was destined to become the fertiliser of a very large portion of England. A short time ago, when partridges were in season, he was walking through a very fine field of turnips, near Llangafelach—in a part where he believed no turnips had ever grown before. He turned round to the man in charge and asked 'What do you put on those fields?' He replied, Deed I don't know-five hundred weight of stuff which Mr. Taylor did send me.' 'Oh,' said he (Mr. Vivian) then two and a half hundred weight of it is copper smoke!' (Hear, hear, and laughter.) And this was the fact; half of the manure which was put on that land was copper smoke, and judging from the crop there was no doubt at all that copper smoke agreed very well with turnips. He had, as he had said, given great attention to the subject lately, and was putting up a little works which were now covered with those rose coloured roofs which they might have observed about half-way between this and Landore; and he thought the result of the experiment would be that they would produce manure enough for something like 40,000 acres of turnips every year. (Hear, hear.) He looked upon it merely as an experiment—as just a little feeler- and if it answered, as he hoped and believed it would, he thought, as he had said, that this district would turn out to be the chief fertilizer of a large portion of England, because that on which they were now experimenting represented but a very small portion of that beautiful white smoke-(laughter)-which they saw rolling away in such abundance over Kilvey hill, and of which he hoped a large portion would evidently be condensed and transformed into Superphosphates. As he had once before taken occasion to say in that room, his opinion was, that this was a green country-a country peculiarly adapted for the growth of green crops-and he thought therefore that they would act wisely in giving their attention especially to this department. He could not take to himself credit as an agriculturalist but he could have a sincere desire to assist the agriculturalists, and to obtain what he believed would prove a very valuable fertilizing agent from a substance which most people had hitherto said though he had never believed it-(laughter)—was quite the reverse. He had every confidence of success in the undertaking, and if so he thought he might at any rate claim credit for having found out a mode ex fumo dare cerem-out of smoke to produce rich corn. And if he did this, he thought he should be quite prepared to show his face at any Agricultural Society in the kingdom. (Hear, hear.)"

Having, at p. 143, made reference to the action commenced against the "English Copper Company' at Cwm-Avan, for damage caused by their smoke, I have much pleasure in annexing the details, handed to me by Mr. Vaughan, of the

terms of the negociations which have been so far brought to a satisfactory conclusion. It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of this Case in the District. G. G. F.

"VAUGHAN v. CWM-AVAN COPPER CO.

TERMS AGREED UPON.

1.—That the Company shall at once use all reasonable means, consistent with the smelting processes of Copper, to abate and do away any deleterious effects which may arise from their works; and that if, at the expiration of two years from this date, Mr. Vaughan, or his Tenants should be of opinion that all necessary steps have not been taken to effect the above object, then that the question whether they have used all such reasonable means or not, shall be referred to a person to be named by the Board of Trade, whose decision on the question in dispute shall be final.

2.--That in the event of his deciding that sufficient steps have not been taken, a verdict to be entered in the Action for Ten Pounds damages, each party paying his own costs.

N. EDWARDS VAUGHAN.

For the Governor & Co. of WILLIAM P. STRUVE.
Copper Miners in England)

MEMORANDUM.

That the Actions by my Tenants shall be withdrawn-no Costs either side.

N. E. VAUGHAN.*

WILLIAM P. STRUVE."

February, 1867.

* "Mr. Vaughan, of Rheola, died at Inchbar, Rosshire, N.B., on 5th September, at the age of 57 years," vide Cambrian of 11th September, 1868.

G. G. F.

BRASS, COPPER, AND SILVER TRADE TOKENS current in "The Swansea District" between the years 1666 and 1813, described from the originals in the

Cabinet of Col. Grant-Francis, F.S.A., 1867:

TO THE EDITOR OF THE " CAMBRIAN."

The value of Coins and Medals in the elucidation of History has too often been dwelt upon and admitted to need enlargement from me: how useful they have proved in connection with the subject which has occupied our attention recently in these columns must have been noticed by all who have perused my letters. Before, therefore, entirely concluding my communications on "Copper Smelting" I am anxious to ascertain whether any other Tokens are to be found in the neighbourhood which may assist in throwing a further light upon that interesting subject, and with this view I beg now to send a descriptive list of the series in my Cabinet, and I shall esteem it a particular favour if any one having a coin of a different type or date will send a description of it either to your columns or to me direct.

I have since presented the entire series to the Museum of the Royal Institution of South Wales, where I am glad to find they are careful preserved, and much thought of by the Visitors.

Cae Bailey.

G. G. F.

I

1666. Halfpenny in brass. Obverse. In the field a shield bearing the bust of the Virgin. Between a cinquefoil mintmark and two stars, "Matthew Davies, in." Reverse, "Swanzey. Mercer. 1666. His Halfe Peny."

4.

1656. Brass farthing Obv. "William Burten," W.S.B. in the field Rev. "At Swansea, 1656." W.S.B. as on the obverse. This Token was sent to me by Mr. Boyne as possibly belonging to Swansea; but I rather doubt it.

Obv.

5.

1787. Penny in copper. A Druid's Bust, surrounded by a closely woven wreath of oak leaves. Rev. "P. M. Co. " in Italian text capitals, surmounted by the date, 1787, and inscribed, "We promise to pay the bearer one penny." On the edge, "On demand in London, Liverpool, or Anglesey."

6.

1788. Halfpenny and Farthing in Copper. Obv. Similar device to foregoing, but the wreath is more open in its arrangement, and acorns are freely interspersed. Rev. and edge same as foregoing, but dated one year later, and inscribed "Anglesea Mines Halfpenny." The farthing is not called by that name, but “Half halfpenny,” and its edge milled. The initials on these fine coins stand, of course, for "Parys Mining Company."

7.

1789. Halfpenny in copper. Obv. The bust of a Bishop mitred, a crosier in the field (some types are without the crosier). Inscribed "Cronebane Halfpenny." Rev. The arms and crest of the "Associated Irish Mine Company," in the field 1789. Another type has a female figure seated and leaning on a harp, inscribed “Hibernia.”

8.

1791. Halfpenny in copper. Obv. Devices as on the previous three coins, but more boldly executed; the artist has added R. D. under the bust, the design for which was evidently taken from the figure of "C a Chief Druid" engraved on the title page of Powell's History of Wales, 1774 edition. Rev. "Cornish copper. Half an ounce. 1791," the field charged with arms of the Duchy of Cornwall, surmounted by a ducal

coronet.

9.

1791. Halfpenny in copper. Obv. Portrait bust, surrounded by "Charles Roe established the copper works 1758." Rev. A female seated with emblems of machinery, with the date underneath, 1791, and inscribed "Macclesfield Halfpenny." On the edge, "Payable at Macclesfield, Liverpool, and Congleton."

10.

1792 Farthing in copper. Obv. and Rev. precisely the same designs as No. 9, but inscribed "Macclesfield Half Halfpenny, 1792."