Frederic I. emperor of Germany, his ty-
ranny in Italy, vi. 213. Engages in the
third crusade, vii. 259. His disastrous
expedition, 265. Sacrifices Arnold of
Brescia to the pope, viii. 181. His re-
ply to the Roman ambassadors, 192.
Frederic II. is driven out of Italy, vi. 214.
His disputes with the pope, and reluc-
tant crusade, vii. 291. Exhorts the
European princes to unite in opposing
the Tartars, 464.

Frederic III. the last emperor crowned at
Rome, viii. 249.

Freemen of Laconia, account of, vii. 10.
Fritigern, the Gothic chief, extricates

himself from the hands of Lupicinus,
governor of Thrace, iii. 348. Defeats
him, ibid. Battle of Salices, 353. His
strength recruited by the accession of
new tribes, 355. Negotiates with Va-
lens, 360. Battle of Hadrianople, 361.
The union of the Gothic tribes broken
by his death, 377.
Freedmen, among the Romans, their
rank in society, v. 335.
Frumentius was the first Christian mis-
sionary in Abyssinia, ii. 416.
Fulk of Neuilly, his ardour in preaching
the fourth crusade, vii. 312.

G

Galerius is associated in the administra-
tion, as Cæsar, by the emperor Dio-
cletian, i. 398. Is defeated by the Per-
sians, 416. Surprises and overthrows
Narses, 418. Assumes the title of Au-
gustus, on the abdication of Diocletian,
ii. 2. His jealousy of Constantine, 6.
Deems it prudent to acknowledge him
Cæsar, 8. His unsuccessful invasion of
Italy, 14. Invests Licinius with the
purple on the death of Severus, 16.
His death, 20. From what causes he
entertained an aversion to the Chris-
tians, 195. Obrains the countenance
of Diocletian for persecuting them,
196. Publishes an edict of toleration
just before his death, 210.
Galileans, two-fold application of that
name in the infancy of Christianity, ii.
158. Why the emperor Julian applied
this name to the Christians, iii. 152.
Gallienus, son of the emperor Valerian,
is associated by him in the Imperial
throne, i. 286. Prohibits the senators
from exercising military employments,
291. Character of his administration
after the captivity of his father, 307.
Names Claudius for his successor, 320.
Favoured the Christians, ii. 188.

Gallies of the Greek empire, described,
vii. 30.

Gallus elected emperor, ou the minority
of Hostilianus, the son of Decius, i.
282.

Gallus, nephew of Constantine the Great,

his education, ii. 339. Is invested with
the title of Cæsar, 340. His cruelty
and imprudence, ibid. His disgrace
and death, 344 Embraced the doc-
tine, but neglected the precepts, of
Christianity, iii. 122. Converts the
grove of Daphne at Antioch to a
Christian burial-place, 160.

Games, pub ic, of the Romans, describ-
ed, i. 216 288. iv. 104. Account of

the factions of the circus, v. 54.
Ganges, source of that river, viii. 10. note.
Gaudentius, the notary, is condemned to

death under the emperor Julian, iii.

110.

Gaul, the province of, described, i. 22.

The power of the Druids suppressed
there by Tiberius and Claudius, 36.
Cities in, 55. Amount of the tribute
paid by that province to Rome, 178.
Is defended against the Franks by
Posthumus, 288. Succession of usurp-
ers there, 387. Invasion of, by the
Lygians, 370. Revolt of the Bagauda

Pro-

suppressed by Maximian, 400.
'gress of Christianity there, 128.
Gaul, Proportion of the capitation tax
levied there by the Roman emperors,
ii. 280. Is invaded by the Germans,
369. The government of, assigned to
Julian, 370. His civil administration,
382. Is invaded by the Alemanni,
under the emperor Valentinian, iii.
269. And under Gratian, 356.

Destruction of idols and temples
there, by Martin bishop of Tours, iii.
459. Is over-run by the barbarous
troops of Radagaisus, after his defeat
by Stilicho, iv. 63. Is settled by the
Goths, Burgundians, and Franks, 157.
Assembly of the seven provinces in,
163. Reign of Theodoric king of the
Visigoths in, 270. Origin of the Mero-
vingian race of the kings of the Franks
in, 274. Invasion of, by Attila king of
the Huns, 279. Battle of Chalons, 286.
Revolutions of, on the death of the
emperor Majorian, 348. Conversion
of, to Christianity by the Franks, 410.
Representation of the advantages it
enjoyed under Roman governnient,
417. Conquests and prosperity of
Euric king of the Visigoths, 419. Cha-
racter and reign of Clovis, 420. The
Alemanni conquered, 424. Submis-
sion of the Amoricans, and the Ro-
man troops, 428. Final establishment
of the French monarchy in Gaul,440.
History of the Salic laws, 443. The
lands of, how claimed and divided by
the Barbarian conquerors of 450. Do-
main and benefices of the Merovingian
princes.451. Usurpations of the Seniors,
453. Privileges of the Romans in,
461.

Gedrosia, revolutions of the sea-coast of,
i. 230. note.

Gelalaan æra of the Turks, when settled,
vii. 180.

Gelasius, pope, his zeal against the cele-
bration of the feast of Lupercalia, iv.
$42. Deplores the miserable decay of
Italy, 369.

Gelasius II. pope, his rough treatment
by Censio Frangipani, viii. 175.
Gelimer depores Hilderic the Vandal
king of Africa, and usurps the govern-
ment, v. 113. Is defeated by Belisari-
us, 126. His final defeat, 131. His
distressful dight, 136. Surrenders him-
self to Belisarius, 188. Graces his tri-
umph, 159. His peaceful retirement,
141.

General of the Roman army, his exten-
sive power, i. 70.
Generosity, Arabian, striking instances of,
vi. 236.

Gennadius, the monk, his denunciation
against a Greek union with the Latin
church, viii. 136.

Gennerid, the Roman general, under the
emperor Honorius, his character, iv.

115.

Genoese, their mercantile establishment
in the suburb of Pera at Constantino-
ple, vii. 444. Their war with the em-
peror Cantacuzenus, 446..

Genseric, king of the Vandals in Spain,
his character, iv. 215. Goes over to
Africa on the invitation of count Bo-
niface, 216. His successes there by the
assistance of the Donatists, 219. De-
vastation of Africa by his troops, 220.
Besieges Boniface in Hippo Regius,
221. His treacherous surprisal of Car-
thage, 225. Strengthens himself by an
alliance with Attila king of the Huns,
240. His brutal treatment of his son's
wife, daughter of Theodoric, 273.
Raises a naval force, and invades Ita-
ly, 307. His sack of Rome, 310.
Destroys the fleet of Majorian, 331.
His naval depredations on Italy, 335.
His claims on the Eastern empire, 336.
Destroys the Roman fleet under Basi-
licus, 345. Was an Arian, and perse-
cuted his Catholic subjects, 399.
Gentleman, etymology of the term, vii.

215. note.

Geoponics of the emperor Constantine
Porphyrogenitus, accouut of, vii. 3.
George of Cappadocia supersedes Atha-
nasius in the see of Alexandria, iii. 55.
His scandalous history, and tragical
death, 163. Becomes the tutelar saint
of England, 165.
Gepide, their incroachments on the East-
ern empire checked by the Lombards,
v. 196. Are reduced by them, 385.
Germanus, nephew of the emperor Jus-
tinian, his character and promotion to
the command of the army sent to Itą-
ly, v. 270. His death, 271.
Germany, the rude institutions of that
country the original principles of Eu-
ropean laws and manners, i. 239. Its
ancient extent, 240. How peopled,
243. The natives unacquainted with
letters in the time of Tacitus. 244.
Had no cities, 246. Manners of the
ancient Germans, 248. Population,
250. State of liberty among them,

251. Authority of their magistrates,
253. Conjugal faith and chastity,
255. Their religion, 257. Arms and
discipline, 261. Their feuds, 264. Ge-
neral idea of the German tribes, 265.
Probus carries the Roman arms into
Germany, 371. A frontier wall built
by Probus, from the Rhine to the Da-
nube, 372.

Germany, invasions of Gaul by the Ger-
mans, ii. 369. iii. 269.
Germany, state of, under the emperor
Charlemagne, vi. 197. The Imperial
crown established in the name and na-
tion of Germany, by the first Otho,
203. Division of, among independent
princes, 214. Formation of the Ger-
manic constitution, 216. State assu-
med by the emperor, 219.

Gerontius, count, sets up Maximus as em-
peror in Spain, and loses his life in the
attempt, iv. 145.

Geta and Caracalla, sons of the emperor
Severus, their fixed antipathy to each
other, i. 143

Ghebers of Persia, history of, vi. 401.
Gibraltar, derivation of the name of, vi.
388.

Gildo the Moor, his revolt in Africa, iv.

19. His defeat and death, 25.
Gladiators, desperate enterprise and fate
of a party of, reserved for the triumph
of Probus, i. 377. The combats of,
abolished by the emperor Honorius,
iv. 49,

Glycerius is first emperor of Rome, and
then bishop of Salona, iv. 357. Mur-
ders Julius Nepos, and is made arch-
bishop of Milan, 359.

Gnostics, character and account of the

sect of, ii. 68. Principal sects into
which they divided, 71. Their pecu-
liar tenets, iii, 11. vi. 6.
Godfrey of Bouillon, his character, and
engagement in the first crusade, vii.
211. His route to Constantinople, 218.
221. Iselected king of Jerusalem, 247.
Compiles the Assize of Jerusalem, 251.
Form of his administration, 252.
Gog and Magog, the famous rampart of,
described, v. 102.

Goisvintha, wife of Leovigild, king of
Spain, her pious cruelty to the princess
Ingundis, iv. 411.

Gold of affliction, the tax so denominated
in the Eastern empire, abolished by the
emperor Anastatius, v. 72.

Golden horn, why the Bosphorus obtain.
ed this appellation in remote antiquity,
ii. 223.

Gordianus, proconsul of Africa, his char-
acter and elevation to the empire of
Rome, i. 196. His son associated with
him in the Imperial dignity, 197.
Gordian, the third and youngest, declar-
ed Cæsar, i. 203. Is declared empe-
ror by the army, on the murder of Ma-
ximus and Balbinus, 212.
Goths of Scandinavia, their origin, i. 269.
Their religion, 271. The Goths and
Vandals supposed to be originally one
great people, 272. Their emigrations
to Prussia and the Ukraine, 273. They
invade the Roman provinces, 276.
They recieve tribute from the Romans
282. They subdue the Bosphorus, 293.
Plunder the cities of Bithynia, 296.
They ravage Greece, 299. Conclude
a treaty with the emperor Aurelian,
329. They ravage Illyricum, and are
chastised by Constantine the Great, ii.
49.

Their war with the Sarmatians,
ii. 305. Are again routed by Constan-
tine, 306. Gothic war under the em-
perors Valentinian and Valens, iii. 301.
Are defeated by the Huns, 337. They
implore the protection of the emperor
Valens, 340. They are received into
the empire, 342. They are oppressed.
by the Roman governors of Thrace,
344. Are provoked to hostilities, and
defeat Lupicinus, 348. They ravage
Thrace, 349. Battle of Salices, 353.
They are strengthened by fresh swarms
of their countrymen, 354. Battle of
Hadrianople, 360. Scour the country
from Hadrianople to Constantinople,
365. Massacre of the Gothic youth in
Asia, 368. Their formidable union
broken by the death of Fritigern, 377.
Death and funeral of Athanaric, 378.
Invasion and defeat of the Ostrogoths,
380. Are settled in Thrace by Theo-
dosius, 382. Their hostile sentiments,
384.

Goths, revolt of, under Honorius, iv. 29.
They ravage Greece, under the com-
mand of Alaric, 31. They invade
Italy, 59. The sack of Rome by, 122.
Death of Alaric, 135. Victories of
Wallia in Spain, 155. They are set-
tled in Aquitain, 156. See Gaul, and
Theodoric. Conquest of the Visigoths
in Gaul and Spain, 348. How the
Goths were converted to the Christian
religion, 391. 412.

-, reign of Theodoric king of the Os-
trogoths, v. 1. The Goths in Italy,
extinguished, 284.

Government, civil, the origin of, i. 252.
Governors of provinces, under the empe

rors, their great power and influence,
ii. 258.

Gratian was the first emperor who refu-
sed the pontifical robe, iii. 75. note.
Marries the princess Constantia, and
succeeds to the empire, 310. Defeats
the Alemanni in Gaul, 357. Invests
Theodosius with the empire of the
East. 369.

-

his character and conduct, iii. 386.
His flight from Maximus and death,
391. Overthrew the ecclesiastical es-
tablishment of Paganism, 452.
Greece, is ravaged by the Goths, i. 299.
Is over-run by Alaric the Goth, iv. 31.
Is reduced by the Turks, viii. 163.
Greek church, origin of the schism of, vii.
300. viii. 73.95.

Greck empire. See Constantinople.
Greeks, why averse to the Roman lan-
guage and manners, i. 43. The Greek
becomes a scientific language among
the Romans, 44. Character of the
Greek language of Constantinople, viii.
75. When first taught in Italy, 83.
Greek learning, revival of, in Italy, viii.
78.

Gregory the Great, pope, his pious pre-
sents to Recared king of Spain, iv. 414.
Exhorts Thecdelinda queen of the
Lombards to propagate the Nicene
faith, ibid. His enmity to the vene-
rable buildings and learning of Rome,
v. 412. His birth and early profession,
414. His elevation to the pontificate,
416. Sends a mission to convert the
Britons, 418. Sanctifies the usurpation
of the emperor Phocas, 448.
Gregory II. pope, his epistles to Leo III.
emperor of Constantinople, vi. 165.
Revolts against the Greek emperor,
167.

Gregory VII. pope, his ambitious schemes,

vi. 208. His contest with the emperor
Henry III. vii. 136. His retreat to
Salerno, 139. viii. 174.
Gregory, præfect of Africa, history of him
and his daughter, vi. 374.
Gregory Nazianzen, his lamentation on
the disgraceful discord among Chris-
tians, iii. 71. Loads the memory of
the emperor Julian with invective, 120.
Censures Constant us for having spa-
red his life, 131. note.

Is presented to the wretched see of
Sasima, by his friend archbishop Basil,
ii. 399. His mission to Constantinople

ibid. Is placed on the archiepiscopal
throne by Theodosius, 402. His re-
signation and character, 406.
Grumbates, king of the Chionites, attends
Sapor king of Pers.a, in his invasion of
Mesopotamia, ii. 362. Loses his son
at the siege of Amida, 364. Returns
home in grief, 366.
Guardianship, how vested and exercised,
according to the Roman civil laws, v.
348.

Gubazes, king of Colchos, his alliance
with Chosroes king of Persia, v. 236.
Returns to his former connexion with
the emperor Justinian, 237. Is trea-
cherously killed, 241.

Guelphs and Ghibelines, the parties of, in
Italy, vi. 214. viii. 211.

Guilt, the degrees of, in the penal laws
of the Romans, v. 370.
Guiscard, Robert, his birth and character,
vii. 117. Acquires the dukedom of
Apulia, 119. His Italian conquests,
121. Besieges Durazzo, 128. Defeats
the Greek emperor Alexius there, 132.
Engages in the cause of pope Gregory
VII. 138. His second expedition to
Greece, and death, 139.

Gundobaid, king of the Burgundians, is
reduced by Clovis king of the Franks,
iv. 431. His mode of justifying the
judicial combat, 448.

Gunpowder, the invention and use of,

viii. 41.

Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, his

character, vii. 277. Is defeated and
taken prisoner by Saladin, 279.
Gyarus, a small island in the Agean sea,
an instance of its poverty, 180.

H.

Hadrian, emperor, relinquishes the east-
ern conquests of Trajan, i. 7. Their
characters compared, 8. His charac-
ter contrasted with that of Antoninus
Pius, ibid. His several adoptions of
successors, 85. Founds the city of Æ-
lia Capitolina on mount Sion, ii. 66.
-, Reforms the laws of Rome in the
perpetual edict, v. 312.

Hadrianople, battle of, between Constan-
tine the Great and Licinius, ii. 51. Is
ineffectually besieged by Fritigern the
Goth, iii. 350. Battle of, between the
emperor Valens and the Goths, 361.
Hakem, caliph of the Saracens, assumes
a divine character to supplant the Ma-
hometan faith, vii. 188.

in Mesopotamia, vi. 462.
Hannibal, review of the state of Rome
when he besieged that city, iv. 84.
Hannibalianus. nephew of Constantine
the Great, is dignified with the title of
king, ii. 300. Provinces assigned to
him for a kingdom, 301. Is cruelly
destroyed by Constantius, 312.
Happiness, instance how little it depends

on power and magnificence, vi. 433.
Harmozan, the Persian satrap, his inter-
view with the caliph Omar, vi. 323.
Harpies, an ancient mythologic history,
Le Clerc's conjecture concerning, ii.
221. note.

Harun al Rashid, caliph, his friendly cor-
respondence with the emperor Charle-
magne, vi. 200. His wars with the
Greek empire, 442.

Hassan the Saracen, conquers Carthage,
vi. 381.

Hawking, the art and sport of, introduced

into Italy by the Lombards, v. 407.
Hegira, the æra of, how fixed, vi 267.
Helena, the mother of Constantine, her
parentage ascertained, ii. 5. Was con-
verted to Christianity by her son, 390.

note.

Helena, sister of the emperor Constantius,
married to Julian, ii. 349. Is reported
to be deprived of children by the arts
of the empress Eusebia, 352. Her
death, iii. 89.

Heliopolis taken by the Saracens, vi. 343.
Hell, according to Mahomet, described,
vi 260.

Hel.espont described, ii. 224.
Helvetia, amount of its population in the

time of Cæsar, i. 250. note.
Hengist, his arrival in Britain, with suc-

cours for Vortigern, against the Cale-
donians, iv. 470. His establishment in
Kent, ibid. 473.

Henoticon of the emperor Zeno, character
of, vi. 35.

Henry succeeds his brother Baldwin as
emperor of Cons antinople, vii. 362.
His character and administration, 363.
Henry 111. emperor, his contest with pope
Gregory VII. vii. 136. Takes Rome
and sets up pope Clement III. 137.
Henry VI. emperor, conquers and pillages
the island of Sicily, vii. 155.
Henry the Fowler, emperor of Germany,
defeats the Turkish invaders, vii. 81.
Heptarchy, Saxon, establishment of, in
Britain, iv. 470. Review of the state
of, 478.

VOL. VIII.

province in obedience to Honorius, iv.
121. His cruel usage of the refugees
from the sack of Rome by Alaric, 130.
His revolt and death, 143.
Heracleonas, emperor of Constantinople,
vi. 84.

Heraclius, deposes the Eastern usurper
Phocas, and is chosen emperor, v 452.
Conquests of Chosroes II. king of Per-
sia, 454. His distressful situation, 459.
Accepts an ignominious peace from
Chosroes, 461. His first expedition
against the Persians, 463. His second
Persian expedition, 466. Strengthens
himself by an alliance with the Turks,
472. His third Persian expedition, 473.
His treaty of peace with Persia, 478.
His triumph, and pilgrimage to Jeru-
salem, 479. His theological enquiries,
vi. 48.

Heraclius marries his niece Martina, vi.
82. Leaves his two sons joint succes-
sors to the empire, 83. Invasion of his
provinces by the Saracens, 332. Flies
from Syria, 353.

Heraclius the præfect, his expedition a-

gainst the Vandals in Africa, iv. 343.
Heraclius the eunuch instigates the em-
peror Valentinian III. to the murder
of the patrician Atius, iv. 301. His
death, 304.

Herbelot, character of his Bibliotheque
Orientale, vi. 316. note.

Hercynian forest, the extent of, unknown
in the time of Cæsar, i. 241. note.
Heresy in religion, the origin of, traced,
ii. 70. Edict of Constantine the Great,
against, iii. 1.

Hermanric king of the Ostrogoths, his
conquests, iii. 299. His death, 338.
Hermenegild prince of Batica, his mar-
riage with Ingundis princess of Aus-
trasia, and conversion to the Nicene
faith, iv. 411. Revolt and death, 412.
Hermits of the East, their mortified
course of life, iv. 388. Miracles per-
formed by them, and their relics, 390.
Hermodorus, the Ephesian, assists the
Romans in compilng their twelve ta-
bles of laws, v. 305.
Hermogenes, master general of the caval-
ry, is killed in the attempt to banish

Paul bishop of Constantinople, iii. 64.
Hero and Leander the story of, by whom

controverted and defended, ii. 224. note.
Herodian, his life of Alexander Severus,
why preferable to that in the Augus-
tan history, i. 176. note.

S $