About this book
My library
Books on Google Play
The urinary apparatus.
§6. The loss by the kidneys.
7. Composition of urine.
8. Kidneys and lungs compared.
9. The structure of the kidney.
10, 11. Changes in the blood while passing through the kidney.
12. The nervous system controls the excretion of urine.
13. The loss by the skin.
Sensible and insensible perspiration.
14. Quantity and composition of sweat.
15. Perspiration by simple transudation.
16. Sweat-glands.
17. These glands are controlled by the nervous system.
18. Variations in the quantity of matter lost by perspiration.
19. The lungs, skin, and kidneys compared together.
20. The liver, its connexions and structure.
21. The active powers of the liver-cells.
22. The bile. Its quantity and composition.
23. Bile is formed in the liver-cells.
24. Sources of gain of matter.
lungs.
Gain of oxygen through the
25. Gain of corpuscles and of sugar through the liver.
26. Experimental proof of the formation of sugar in the
liver.
27. Gain by the lymphatics.
Glycogen.
28. The spleen.
29. Gain of heat.
Generation of heat by oxidation.
30. Distribution of heat by the blood current.
31. Temperature of the body kept down by evaporation.
Adjustment by means of the nervous system.
32. The glands are intermittently active sources of loss.
Structure and functions of glands.
33. Gain of waste products from the muscles.
LESSON VI.
THE FUNCTION OF ALIMENTATION.
Pp. 133-155.
§1. The alimentary canal, the chief source of gain.
2. The quantity of dry, solid, and gaseous aliment doily
taken in by a man.
3. The quantity of dry solid matter daily lost by a man.
4. Classification of aliments.
Proteids, Fats, Amyloids,
Minerals. The chief vital food-stuffs.
5. Their ultimate analysis. The presence of Proteids and
Minerals in food indispensable.
§ 6. No absolute necessity for other food-stuffs.
7. Nitrogen starvation.
8. Disadvantages of a purely nitrogenous diet.
9. Economy of a mixed diet.
10. Advantage of combining different articles of food.
II. Intermediate changes undergone by food in the body.
12. Division of food-stuffs into heat-producers and tissue-
formers misleading.
13. Function of the alimentary apparatus. The mouth
and pharynx.
14. The salivary glands.
15. The teeth.
16. Eating and swallowing.
17. Drinking.
18. The stomach and the gastric juice.
19. Artificial digestion.
20. Chyme. Absorption from the stomach.
21. The large and small intestines.
22. The intestinal glands and juice. The valvula conniventes.
and villi. Peristaltic contraction.
23. Entrance of bile and pancreatic juice.
24. Chyle. Absorption from the intestines.
25. Digestion in the large intestine.
LESSON VII.
MOTION AND LOCOMOTION. Pp. 156-186.
§1. The vital eddy. The source of the active powers of the
economy.
2. The organs of motion are cilia and muscles.
3. Cilia.
4. Muscles. Muscular contraction.
5. Hollow muscles.
Rigor mortis.
6. Muscles attached to levers. The three orders of levers.
7. Ex imples, in the body, of levers of the first order.
8. Examples of levers of the second order.
9. Examples of levers of the third order.
10. The same parts may represent, in turn, each of the three
orders.
II. Joints or articulations. Imperfect joints.
12. Structure of perfect joints.
20. Walking, running, jumping.
21. Conditions of the production of the Voice.
22. The vocal chords.
23. The cartilages of the larynx.
24. The muscles of the larynx. The action of the several
parts of the larynx.
25. High and low notes; range and qual ty of voice.
26, 27. Speech. Production of vowel sounds and continuous
consonants.
28. Explosive consonants.
29. Speaking machines.
30. Tongueless Speech.
LESSON VIII.
SENSATIONS AND SENSORY ORGANS. Pp. 187–213.
§1, 2. Animal movements the results of a series of changes
usually originated by external impressions.
3. Reflex action.
Sensations and consciousness,
4. Subjective sensations.
5. The muscular sense.
6. The higher senses.
7. General plan of a sensory organ.
8. TOUCH. Papilla. Tactile corpuscles.
9. Function of the epithelium.
10. Touch more acute in some parts of the skin than in
others.
11. The sense of warmth or cold.
12. TASTE.
13. SMELL.
bones.
The Papilla of the tongue.
The anatomy of the nostrils. The turbinal
14. The reason of "sniffing."
15. Essential parts of the organ of HEARING; the mem-
b
branous labyrinth, the scala media of the cochlea, otoconia, fibres of Corti.
§ 16. The vestibule, semicircular canals, perilymph, endolymph.
17. The cochlea. The scala tympani, scala vestibuli, scala
media.
18. The bony labyrinth.
19. The external mealus, tympanum, and Eustachian tube.
20. The auditory ossicles.
21. The muscles of the tympanum.
22. The concha.
23. Nature of sound.
24. Vibrations of the tympanum.
25. Transmission of the vibrations of the tympanum.
26. The action of the auditory ossicles.
27. By the membranous labyrinth we appreciate the quantity
or intensity of sound; by the cochlea we discriminate the
quality of sounds.
28, 29. Probable function of the fibres of Corti.
30. The functions of the tympanic muscles.
tube.
The Eustachian
LESSON IX.
THE ORGAN OF SIGHT. Pp. 214-235.
§ 1. General structure of the eye.
2. The surface of the retina; the macula lutea.
3. Microscopic structure of the retina.
4. The sensation of light.
5. The" blind spot."
6. Duration of a luminous impression.
7. Exhaustion of the retina.
8. Colour blindness.
Complementary colours.
9. Sensation of light from pressure on the eye. Phosphenes.
10. Functions of the rods and cones. The figures of Purkinje.
11-13 The properties of lenses.
14. The intermediate apparatus.
and cornea.
The eyeball. The sclerotic
15. The aqueous and vitreous humours. The crystalline lens.
16. The choroid and ciliary processes.
17. The iris and ciliary muscle.
18. The iris a self-regulating diaphragm.
19. Focal adjustment.
§ 20. Experiment illustrating the power of adjustment possessed
by the eye.
21. The mechanism of adjustment explained.
22. Limits of the power of adjustment.
sight.
23. The muscles of the eyeball; their action.
24. The eyelids.
25. The lachrymal apparatus.
Long and short
LESSON X.
THE COALESCENCE OF SENSATIONS WITH ONE ANOTHER
AND WITH OTHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS. Pp.
236-247.
§1. Many apparently simple sensations are, in reality,
composite.
2. The sensations of smell the least complicated.
3. Analysis of the sensation obtained by drawing the finger
along a table.
4. The notion of roundness a very complex judgment;
Aristotle's experiment.
5. "Delusions of the senses" in reality delusions of the
judgment.
6. Subjective sensations; delusions of the judgment through
abnormal bodily conditions. Auditory and ocular
spectra.
7. Case of Mrs. A. related by Sir David Brewster.
8. Ventriloquism.
9. Optical delusions.
10. Visual images referred to some point without the body.
II. The inversion of the visual image.
12. Distinct visual images referred by the mind to distinct
objects. Multiplying glasses.
13. The judgment of distance by the size and intensity o
visual images. Perspective.
14. Magnifying glasses.
15. Why the sun, or moon, looks large near the horizon.
16. The judgment of form by shadows.
17. The judgment of changes of form.
18. Single vision with two eyes.
19. The pseudoscope.
The thaumatrofe.
20. The judgment of solidity. The stereoscope.