The originals of the woodcuts are, for the most part, to be found in the works of Bourgery, Gray, Henle, and Kölliker. A few are new.

I am particularly indebted to my accomplished friend, Dr. Michael Foster, for the pains and trouble he has bestowed upon the Lessons in their passage through the press.

THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES, LONDON,

October 1866.

CONTENTS.

LESSON I

A GENERAL VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

OF THE HUMAN BODY. Pp. 1-20.

§ 1. Modes of studying the actions of man's body.

2. Purpose of these Lessons.

3. Experimental proof that a living active man gives out

heat, exerts mechanical force, and loses substance in the

form of carbonic acid, water, and other matters.

4, 5. These losses made good by the taking in of air, drink, and

food.

6. Balance of bodily income and expenditure.

7. Work and Waste; the body compared to a steam-engine.

8. General build of the body-head, trunk, and limbs.

9. The vertebra and spinal cord.

10. The human body a double tube.

II. The tissues. Integument.

12. Connective tissue.

13. Muscle.

14. The skeleton.

The cavities of the trunk.

15. The maintenance of an upright position the result of many

combined actions.

16. The relation of the mind to the action of the muscles.

17. The spinal cord capable of converting impressions from

without into muscular contractions.

18. Special sensations.

19. The tissues are constantly being renewed.

20. The renewal is effected by means of the alimentary appa-

ratus, which converts food into nutriment; and by the

§21,22. Organs of circulation, which distribute the nutriment

over the body.

23. The excretory organs drain waste matters from the body.

24. Double function of the lungs.

25. The nervous system combines the action of the various

organs.

26. Life and death.

27. Local death constantly going on in the body.

28. General death-death of the body as a whole, and death

of the tissues.

29. Modes of death.

30. Decomposition and diffusion.

LESSON II.

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE CIRCULATION.
Pp. 21-57.

§1. The nature and arrangment of the capillaries.

2. Structure and properties of arteries and veins.

3. Differences between arteries and veins.

4. Structure and function of the valves of the veins.

5. The Lymphatics.

6. The Lacteals.

7. A general view of the way in which the vessels are

arranged in the body and are connected with the heart.

8, 9. The Heart, its connexions and structure; the pericardium

and endocardium: the auricles and ventricles.

10. Its valves, their structure, action, and purpose.

II. Its systole and diastole.

12. The working of the heart; the mechanism by which

the heart, through its contractions, drives the blood

always in one direction, explained.

13. The working of the arteries.

14. The beat of the heart.

15. The sounds of the heart.

16. The pulse in the arteries.

17. Why blood flows in jerks from a cut artery.

18-20. Why no pulse can be felt in the capillaries.

21, 22. The circulation traced in its whole course.

23. The nervous system regulates the calibre of the small

arteries and veins, and thereby controls the flow of blood

through various parts: blushing, &c.

$24. Experimental proof of this.

25. Relation of this controlling power to disease.

26, 27. The movements of the heart are also under the control

of the nervous system.

28. The proofs of the circulation. Direct observation of the

circulation of the blood in the web of a frog's foot.

LESSON III.

THE BLOOD AND THE LYMPH. Pp. 58-73.

§1-3. The properties of a drop of blood, corpuscles, plasma,

coagulation.

4. Red corpuscles.

5,6. Colourless corpuscles; their contractility.

7. Development of corpuscles; the red corpuscles are probably

derived from the colourless ones.

8. Red corpuscles of shed blood tend to stick together in

rolls.

9. Blood-crystals.

10, 11. Cogulation of blood; fibrin, crassamentum or clot, serum

12. Buffy coat.

13. Influence of circumstances on the rapidity of coagulation.

14. Nature of the process of coagulation; globulin, fibrin-

ozen.

15. The physical qualities of the blood.

16. The chemical composition of the blood.

17. Influence of age, sex, food, &c on the blood.

18. Total quantity of blood in the body.

19. The vivifying influence of blood over the tissues: trans-

fusion.

20. The Lymph.

LESSON IV.

RESPIRATION. Pp. 74-100.

§1. The blood a highly complex product derived from all parts
of the body.

2. Blood rendered venous in the capillaries.

3. Difference between arterial and venous blood.

4. Diffusion of gases

5. Cause of change in colour of blood.

$6. Blood is changed from arterial to venous in the systemic,

and from venous to arterial in the pulmonary capillaries.

7. The essence of respiration.

8. Machinery of respiration. The air-passages and chambers.

9. Necessity for the renewal of the air in the lungs.

10. The respiratory act; inspiration, expiration.

II. Differences between inspired and expired air.

12. The amount of work done by the lungs.

13. The mechanism of the respiratory movements. The elasticity

of the lungs.

14. Contractility of the walls of the bronchial tubes. Ciliary

action.

15. Movements of the chest walls. The intercostal muscles.

16. The diaphragm.

17. Actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles compared.

18. Accessory muscles.

19. Sighing, coughing, &c.

20. The chest compared to a bellows. Residual, supplemental,

complemental, tidal, and stationary air.

21. The stationary air plays the part of a middle man.

22. Composition of stationary air.

23. The respiratory mechanism under the control of the nervous

system.

24, 25. Respiration and circulation compared.

26. The respiratory murmurs.

27. Inspiration assists the circulation.

28, 29. Effect of expiration on the circulation.

heart by distension of the lungs.

30. The activity of the respiratory process

circumstances of life.

31. Asphyxia.

32. Respiratory poisons.

33. Slow asphyxiation.

34. Necessity for an abundance of fresh air.

LESSON V.

Stoppage of the

modified by the

THE SOURCES OF LOSS AND OF GAIN TO THE BLOOD.

Pp. 101-132.

§1. Distribution of arterial blood.

2-4. The blood in various ways meets with constant or in-

termittent gains and losses of material and heat.

5. Tabular view of the sources of loss and gain.