of the ear; Lat. lab-i, to glide, lab-are, to totter, limb-us, lap of a garment; A. S. lip-pa, lip, læp-pa, lap of a garment. F. i. 751; V. 791. Ex. lobe; limbo, lapse; lap (2), lip, lump, limp (1), limber (1). 303. RABH (= RAB), also LABH (= LAB), to seize, lay hold of, work, be vehement; of which the original form was ARBH (= ARB). Skt. ribhu, the name of certain deities (from arbh*), rabh, to seize, be vehement; Gk. åλp-ávew, to win, λaußáve, pt. t. e-λaß-ov, to take; Lat. rab-ere, to rage, rob-ur, strength, lab-or, labour, toil; Goth. arb-aiths, labour; Russ. rab-ota, toil; Lith. lob-a, work. F. i. 741, 751; C. i. 363; V. 794. Ex. lemma, dilemma, catalepsy, epileptic, syllable; rage, rave, robust, labour. Also elf, g.v.

304. RABH (=√ RAB), to make a noise; extended from ✔RA, to resound; no. 290. Skt. rambh, to make a noise, rambh-á, lowing of a cow; Gk. paß-áoσeu', to make a noise; O. Du. rab-belen, to chatter. F. i. 741; V. 744. Ex. rabble.

305. RI, also LI, to pour, distil, melt, flow. Hence ✔LIK, to melt, flow. Skt. ri, to distil, ooze, drop, lí, to melt, liquefy; Lat. ri-uus, a stream, li-nere, to besmear, li-nea, a line, li-tera, a letter (mark, stroke), po-li-re, to smear over, polish, liqu-ere, to be liquid, liqu-i, to melt, flow; li-b-are, to pour out; A. S. li-m, lime. F. i. 752; C. i. 456; V. 798. Ex. rivulet, rival, liniment, line, letter, literature, liquid, libation, polish, prolix; lime (1). Also oil, q.v. And perhaps rite.

306. RIK (=√RIH), to scratch, furrow, tear. See also no. 309. Skt. likh, to scratch; Lith. rëk ti, to plough a field for the first time, to cut; Gk. -pein-ew, to tear, break, rend, rive; Lat. rī-ma (for ric-ma*), a cleft, chink; O. H. G. rih-an, to put into a row, rig-il, a bar; W. rhig, rhig-ol, a groove. F. i. 742; V. 807. Ex. rail (1), rill.

307. ✔RIK, also LIK (= √ LIH), to leave, grant. lend. Skt. rich, to leave, evacuate; Gk. λeim-ev, to leave; Lat. linqu-ere, to leave, lic-ere, to be allowable (orig. to be left free); Goth. leihw-an, A. S. lih-an, to lend. F. i. 753; C. ii. 60; V. 805. Ex. relinquish, license, licence; loan, lend.

308. RIGH, also LIGH (LIG), to lick. Skt. rih, lih (for righ, ligh), to lick; Gk. Aeix-ev, to lick; Lat. ling-ere, to lick; Russ. liz-ate, to lick; Goth. bi-laig-on, to lick. F. i. 754; C. i. 239; V. 810. Ex. lichen; electuary; lick.

309. RIP (RIF), to break, rive. A variant of ✔RIK, to scratch; see no. 306. Gk. -pín-vŋ, å broken cliff; Lat. rip-a, (steep) bank; Icel. rif-a, to rive, tear. F. i. 742; V. 808. Ex. river, arrive; rive, rift, rip, rivel, ripple (1), rifle (2).

310. ✔RU, to sound, cry out, bray, yell; whence the extended form RUG, to bellow. Skt. ru, to sound, bray, yell; Gk. w-púeaba, to bellow; Lat. ru-mor, a noise, rau-cus, hoarse; A. S. rú-n, a rune (orig. a murmur, whisper, secret). Also Lat. rug-ire, to roar; ru-men (for rug-men *), the throat. F. i. 742, 744; C. i. 434; V. 814. Ex. rumour, ruminate, rut (2); rune, rumble.

311. RUK, also LUK (=LUH), to shine. Skt. ruch, to shine, ruch, light; Gk. Aeur-ós, white, Aux-vos, lamp; Lat. luc-ere, to shine, lux (stem luc-), light, lū-men (for_luc-men *), light, luna (for luc-na *), moon; Goth. liuh-ath, light, A. S. leoh-t, light, leó-ma, a gleam. F. i. 756; C. i. 196; V. 816. Ex. lynx; lucid, luminous, lunar, lucubration, (probably) illustrious, illustrate; lea, ley, light (1), loom (2).

312. RUG, or LUG (=√LUK), to break, bend, treat harshly, make to mourn; to pull. Skt. ruj, to break, bend, pain; Gk. Avy-ife, to bend, twist, writhe (in wrestling), overpower; Lat. luc-ta (for lug-ta *), a struggle, luc-tari, to wrestle, lug-ere, to mourn; O. Low. G. luk-en, to pull by the hair, A. S. lyc-can, to pull up weeds. F. i. 757; C. i. 225; V. 815. Ex. reluctant, lugubrious; lug, lock (2). Possibly luck, q.v.

313. RUDH ( = ✔RUD), to redden, to be red. Skt. rudhira, blood; Gk. -pevo-ev, to redden, -pve-pós, red; Lat. ruf-us, rub-er, red, rob-igo, rust; Icel. rjóč-a (pt. t. raud), to redden; A. S. reád, red. F. i. 745; C. i. 312; V. 822. Ex. rubric, rubescent, rubric, russet, rubicund, rouge; red, ruddy.

314. RUDH or LUDH (=LUD), to grow. Skt. ruh (orig. rudh), to grow; Goth. liud-an, to grow, jugga-lauths, a young man; Irish and Gael. luth, strength, W. llawd, a youth: A.S. ród, a rod, rood (orig. a growing shoot). F. i. 757; C i. 439. Ex. lad; rood, rod.

315. RUP (=√RUB), also LUP, to break, tear, seize, pluck, rob. See RAP above; no. 301. Skt. rup, to confound, lup, to break, destroy, spoil, lop-tra, plunder, loot; Lith. rup-as, rough (broken), lùp-ti, to peel, scale; Goth. bi-raub-on, to rob, A. S. reof-an, to break, reáf, spoil, clothing, reáf-ian, to reave. F. i. 746; Ex. loot; rupture, q. v., route, rout, rut (1); reave, reap, ripe, ruff (1); robe, rob. Perhaps gruff. TLA, to low; the same as RA, to resound; see no. 290. 316. LAK, to bend, depress. Gk. λák-kos, hole, pool; Lat.

V. 791.

lac-us, a lake, lac-una, a hole, lanx (stem lanc-), a dish; ob-liqu-us,
bent; Lith. lenk-ti, to bend, lank-a, a depressed meadow. F. i. 748;
C. i. 196; V. 823. Ex lake (1), lagoon, oblique.
LAK, to speak; see ✔RAK, to speak (no. 292).
317. LAG, to be lax, to be slack or languid. Gk. λay-após,
slack; Lat. lang-uere, to languish, lax-us, lax, slack; W. llag,
slack. C. i. 224; V. 830. Ex. languish, languid, lax, relax, release;
lag, laggard, lash (1).

LAG, to collect; see RAG, to collect (no. 294).
VLAG, to reck; see ✔RAG, to reck (no. 295).

318. LAGH (= √ LÁG), to lie down. Gk. Aéx-os, a bed; Lat. lec-tus (for leg-tus *), a bed; lex (stem leg-), a law; Russ. lej-ate, to lie down; Goth. lig-rs, a couch, lig-an, to lie; Icel. lág-r, lying low, lag, a stratum, lög, a law. F. i. 749; C. i. 238; V. 831. Ex. lecturn, litter (1), legal; lie (1), lay (1), law, lair, low (1), log (1); also ledger, beleaguer.

319. LAD (LAT), to let, let go, make slow. Lat. las-sus (for lad-tus *), wearied, tired; Goth. let-an, to let, let go; A S. lat, slow, late. F.i. 750; V. 834. Ex. lassitude, let (1), late. LADH, to quit; see no. 298.

LANGH, to spring forward; see no. 296.

320. LAP, weakened form LAB, to lick, lap up. Gk. λán-Tew, to lick; Lat. lamb-ere, to lick; A. S. lap-ian, to lap. F. i. 751: C. i. 453; V. 839. Ex. lambent; lap (1).

321. LAP, to peel; parallel form LUP. See ✔RUP above; no. 315. Gk. λén-ev, to peel, λén-os, a scale, husk, λɛñpós, scaly, scabby; Lat. lib-er, bark of a tree; Russ. lup-ite, to scale, peel, bark; Lith. lùp-ti, to scale. Cf. also Lith. láp-as, a leaf, Icel. lauf, A. S. leaf, a leaf. F. i. 751; V. 837. Ex. leper; library; leaf.

322. LAP, to shine. Gk. λáμm-ew, to shine; Lat. limp-idus, clear, lymph-a, lymph, clear water; Lith. lëp-sna, flame. F. i. 750; C. i. 330; V. 835. Ex. lamp; limpid, lymph. LAB, to droop; see no. 302. LABH, to seize; see no. 303.

323.

no. 294.

LAS, to pick out, glean; from LAG, to collect; This root is probably due to an extension of Teutonic LAK to LAKS, with subsequent loss of s; see Curtius, i. 454. Hence Goth. lis-an, to gather, Lith. lès-ti, to gather up. Ex. lease (2). 324. LAS, to yearn or lust after, desire. Probably an extension of RA, to rest, love; no. 289. Skt. lash, to desire, las, to embrace, sport; Gk. Aá-e, to wish; Lat. las-c-iuus, lascivious; Goth. lus-tus, lust; Russ. las-k-ate, to flatter. F. i. 752; C. i. 450; V. 769. Ex. lascivious, lust.

✔LI or LIK, to flow; see no. 305.

LIK, to leave; see no. 307.
VLIGH, to lick; see no. 308.

325. LIP, for older RIP, to smear, to cleave; an extension of ✔ RI or LI, to flow; no. 305. Skt. lip, Vedic rip, to smear, Gk. d-λeip-ew, to smear, Ain-os, fatness; Lith. lip-ti, to stick, cleave; (hence, probably, also) Goth. bi-laib-jan, to remain behind, laib-a, a remnant, Icel. lif-a, to remain, to live. F. i. 754; C. i. 330; V. 810. Ex. synalæpha; probably leave, life, live; see life.

LIBH, to desire; see no. 329.

326. LU, to wash, cleanse, expiate. Gk. Aou-ew, to wash; Lat. ab lu-ere, to wash off, lu-tum, dirt (washed off), lau-are, to wash, lu-strum, a lustration; Icel. lau-g, a bath, A. S. led-h, lye. F. ii, 223; C. i. 460; V. 848. Ex. ablution, alluvial, deluge, lave, laundress, lava, lavender, lustration; lye, lather.

327. LU, to cut off, separate, loosen; whence Teut. ✔LUS, to be loose, to lose. Skt. lú, to cut, clip, cut off; Gk. Aú-ew, to loosen; Lat. so lu ere (= se-luere), to loosen, solve, so-lu-tus, loosened; Goth. laus, A. S. leás, loose, los-ian, to become loose. F. i. 755; C. i. 459; V. 844. Ex. loose, lose, louse; also the suffix -less; leasing (falsehood); and see note to lust.

328. ✔LU, to gain, acquire as spoil. Gk. λe-ía (for deF-ía), booty, amo-λau-ev, to enjoy; Lat. lu-crum, profit, gain; Goth. lau-n, O. H. G. ló-n, pay, reward. F. i. 755; C. i. 452; V. 846. lucre; and see guerdon.

'LUK, to shine; see no. 311. LUG, to break; see no. 312. LUDH, to grow; see no. 314. LUP, to break; see no. 315.

Ex.

LUS, to be loose; see no. 327. 329.LUBH (= √LUB), to desire, love; also in the weakened form LIBH. Skt. lubh, to covet, desire; Gk. Aiπ-TE, to strive, desire; Lat. lub-et, lib-et, it pleases, lib-er, free (at one's own will), lib-ido, lust; Goth. liub-s, dear; A. S. leóf. dear, luf-ian, to love. F. i. 758; C. i. 459; V. 851. Ex. liberal, libidinous; leave (2), lief, love; furlough.

330. WA, to breathe, blow; the same as AW, to blow; see no. 26. Skt. vá, to blow, vá-ta, wind; Lat. ue-n-tus, wind;

ua-n-nus, a fan; Goth. wai-an, to blow, winds, wind; Lith. wë-jas, wind; Russ. vie-iate, to blow, vie-ter', wind; A. S. we-der, weather, wi-nd, wind; G. we-hen, to blow. F. i. 759; C. i. 483; V. 853. Ex. ventilate, fan; wind, weather; and see wheedle:

331. WA, to bind, plait, weave; commoner in the weakened form WI, to bind; see no. 366. Skt. ú-ti (for va-ti *), web, tissue; Lith. wò-ras, a spider or spinner; A. S. wa-tel, a hurdle. F. i. 203. Ex. wattle.

332. ✔WA, to fail, lack, be wanting. Skt. ú-na (for va-na *), lessened, inferior, wanting; Gk. ev-vis (for Fa-vis *), hereft; Goth. wa-ns, wanting, deficient. F. i. 758; C.`ii. 366; V. 856. Ex. wane,

want, wanton.

333. WAK, to cry out; hence to speak. Skt. váç, to cry (as a bird or animal), vach, to speak, vach-as, speech; Gk. én-os, a saying, a word, x-w, echo; Lat. uac-ca, a cow (from its lowing), uox (stem uoc-), voice, uoc-are, to call. F. i. 760, 762; C. ii. 57; V. 856. Ex. epic, echo; vaccinate, voice, vocal, avouch, advocate, invoke, &c.

334. ✔WAK (=✔✅✔✅WAH), weaker form WAG (=✔WAK), to bend, swerve, go crookedly, totter, nod, wink. Skt. vak-ra, crooked, vank, to go tortuously, be crooked; also vang, to go, to limp; Lat. uacillare, to vacillate, totter; also uag-us, wandering; A.S. wóh, crooked, bent, wóg-ian, to woo (bend, incline); also wanc-ol, tottery, unsteady, winc-ian, to wink; G. wank-en, to totter, wink-en, to wink. F. i. 761; V. 863. Ex. vacillate, vague, vagabond, vagary, vagrant; woo, wench, wink, winkle, winch, sb.

335.WAK, to wish, desire, be willing. Skt. vag, to desire, will, vaç-a, willing, tamed, fascinated, vaç-á, a wife; Gk. Ex-άv, willing; Lat. ux-or, a wife. V. 861. Ex. uxorious.

336. 'WAG (=√WAK), or UG (=√UK), to be strong, vigorous, or watchful, to wake; hence the extended form WAKS (= WAHS), to wax, to grow. Skt. ug-ra, very strong, oj-as, strength, vaj, to strengthen; whence vaksh, to grow; Gk. vy-ins, whole, sound, avg-ávew, to increase; Lat. ueg-ere, to excite, arouse, uig-ere, to be vigorous, uig-il, watchful, aug-ere, to increase, aux-ilium, help; A.S. wac-an, to come to life, wac-ian, to wake, watch; Goth. auk-an, to eke, wahs-jan, A. S. weax-an, to wax, grow. F. i. 762; C. i. 229; V. 863. Ex. vegetable, vigour, vigilant, auction, author, augment, august, auxiliary; wake (1), watch, wax (1), eke (1).

337. WAG or UG (= √ WAK), to wet, to be moist; whence the extended form WAKS or UKS (=√✅UHS), to sprinkle. Skt. uksh, to sprinkle, to wet, whence uksh-an, a bull, ox (lit. impregnater); Gk. vypús, moist; Lat. u-dus, moist, u-mor, moisture, perhaps u-ua, a grape (from its softness and juiciness); Icel. vök-r, moist; Goth. auhs-a, an ox. F. i. 764; C. i. 229; V. 867. Ex. hygrometer; humid, humour; perhaps uvula; also ox, wake (2). And see wash.

338. WAGH (=√WAG), to carry, to remove, to wag. Skt. vah (for vagh), to carry, váh-a, a vehicle, a horse; Gk. ox-os, a chariot; Lat. ueh-ere, to carry, ueh-iculum, a vehicle, ui-a (Skt. vah-a), a way, uex-are, to keep on moving, harass, vex, uē-lum, a sail (carrier), uē-na, a vein (blood-carrier); A. S. weg-an, pt. t. wag, to bear, carry, wag-ian, to wag, wecg (mover), a wedge. F. i. 764; C. i. 236; V. 868. Ex. vehicle, viaduct, vex, veil, vein; wag, weigh, way, wain, wall-eyed, waggon, wainscot, wey; probably wight, whit; perhaps vehement.

339. WAD (=✔✅WAT), also UD, to well or gush out, to moisten, to wet. Skt. ud-an, water, und, to moisten; Gk. üd-wp, water; Lat. und-a, wave; Lith. wand-ů, water, ud-rù, an otter; Goth. wat-o, water; A. S. water, water, wet, wet, ot-er, an otter. F. i. 766; C. i. 308; V. 874. Ex. hydrogen, hydra; undulate, abound, redundant; wet, water, otter; perhaps winter.

340. WAD, to speak, recite, sing. Skt. vad, to speak, sing; Gk. d-ns, singer, d-(F)eid-ew, to sing, d-oid-ós, singer, d-oid-n, or d-n, song, ode; Lith. wad-inti, to call, name. F. i. 766; C. i. 307; V. 876. Ex. ode, melody, monody, threnody, palinode, epode.

341. ✔WADH (=✔✅WAD), to carry home, to wed a bride, to take home a pledge; hence to pledge. Skt. vadh-ú, a bride; Zend vadh-rya, marriageable, vad-emno, he who conducts home, a bridegroom (Fick); Gk. a-e0-λov, the prize of a contest (to be carried home); Lat. uas (stem uad-), a pledge; Goth. wad-i, A.S. wed, a pledge, A.S. wed-dian, to pledge, engage; Lith. wed-u, I conduct, I take home a bride, wad-as, a leader, guide, wed-ys, a wooer, wed-lys, a bridegroom; Russ. ved-enie, a leading, conducting, ne-vies-ta, a bride. F. i. 767; C. i. 309; V. 878. Ex. athletic; wage, wager, gage (1), engage; 342. ✔WADH, to strike, kill, thrust away, hate. Skt. vadh-a, a stroke, a hurting, a killing; Gk. 0-ev, to repulse, thrust away; Lat. ōd-i, pt. t., I hate (have repulsed). F. i. 768; C. i. 323; V. 879. Ex. cdium, annoy, ennui.

wed.

343, ✔ WADH (= ✔WAD), to bind, wind round; extension

of ✔WA, to bind; see no. 331. Zend vadh, to clothe oneself (Fick); Lith. aud-mi, I weave; Goth. ga-wid-an, pt. t. ga-wath, to bind, yoke together; A.S. wád, a garment. F. i. 767. Ex weed (2). 344.WAN, to honour, love, also to strive to get, to try to win; whence the desiderative✔WANSK; see no. 346. Skt. van. to serve, to honour, also to ask, to beg; Lat. uen-erari, to honour, uen-us, love, uin-dex, a claimant, uen-ia, favour, kindness; A. S. winn-an (pt. t. wann), to fight for, labour, endure, whence E. win. F. i. 768; V. 881. Ex. venerable, venereal, venial, vindicate; win; also ween, wean, wont.

345. ✔WAN, to hurt, to wound. Orig. to attack, strive to get; merely a particular use of the verb above, as shewn by the A.S. winnan and Icel. vinna. Skt. van, to hurt, kill;_A. S. winn-an, to strive for, contend, fight, suffer (pp. wunn-en); A. S. wun-d, a wound. F. i. 768. Ex. wound, wen.

346. ✔WANSK, to wish; desiderative form of ✔ WAN, to try to win; see no. 344 above. Skt. váňksh, to wish, váñckk, to wish, desire; O. H. G. wunse, A. S. wúsc, a wish. F. i. 769. Ex. wish.

347. ✔WABH (= √/WAB), to weave; extended from ✔WA, to plait; see no. 331. Cf. Skt. vá, ve, vap, to weave; Gk. vp-aire, to weave (C. i. 78); G. web-en, A. S. wef-an, to weave. F. i. 769: V. 855. Ex. hymn; weave, web, weft, woof. 348. WAM, to spit out, to vomit. Skt. vam, to vomit; Gk. ip-eiv; Lat. uom-ere; Lith. wem-ti. F. i. 769; C. i. 403; V. 886. Ex. vomit.

349. WAR, also WAL, to choose, to like, to will; hence, to believe. Skt. vri, to choose, select, prefer, var-a, a wish; Gk. Bouλ-ouai, I wish; Lat. uol-o, I wish; Goth. wil-jan, to will, wish, wal-jan, to choose. Here probably belongs Lat. uer-us, true (what one chooses or believes). F. i. 777; Č. ii. 169; V. 887. Ex. voluntary, voluptuous, perhaps very; will (1), will (2), well (1). 350. ✔WAR, to speak, inform. Gk. ep-ev, to speak, say, ph-Top, an orator; Lat. uer-bum, a word; A.S. wor-d, Goth, waur-d, a word; Lith. war-das, a name. F. i. 772; C. i. 428; V. 892. Ex. rhetoric, irony; verb; word.

351. WAR, also WAL, to cover, surround, protect, guard, be wary, observe, see. Skt. vri, vri, to screen, cover, surround, resist, var-man, armour, var-na, colour (orig. a covering); Gk. eip-os, Ep-tov, wool (covering), eλew, to compress, shut in, op-aw, I observe, see; Lat. or-nare, to adorn (cover), uel-lus, fleece, uil-losus, shaggy, uer-eri, to guard against, to fear, ual-lum, a rampart; A. S. war, ware, wary, war-u, wares (valuables), weor-, worth, value, al, wool, &c. F. i. 770; C. ii. 169; V. 894. Ex. diorama, panorama, aneurism, homily, pylorus; adorn, ornament, velvet, wall; ware (1), wary, warn, weir, wool, worth (1); also warrant, ward, guard, garrison, &c. Perhaps valiant, valid, &c.

352. WAR, also WAL, to wind, turn, roll; hence, to well up, as a spring. Orig. the same as WAR, to cover, surround, Skt. val, to cover, to turn here and there, val-ana, a turning, agitation, val-a, a circle, enclosure; Gk. A-ve, to wind, curve, ei-vew, to roll, dλ-éew, to grind, dλ-wý, aλ-ws, a threshing-floor; Lat. uol-uere, to roll; Goth. wal-wjan, to roll; O. H. G. well-a, a rolling wave; A. S. well-a, a well or spring; Russ. val-ite, to roll, val-ik', a cylinder; Lith. wél-ti, to full cloth. F. i. 776; C. i. 447; V. 912. Ex. halo, helix; voluble, revolve, &c., valve; well (2). walk, wallow. Perhaps adulation.

353. WAR, also WAL, to drag, tear, pluck, wound; see also✔WARK below. Skt. vra-na, a wound, a fracture; Lat. uel-lere, to pluck, uul-nus, a wound, uul-tur, a bird of prey. F. i. 773, 777; V. 904, 908. Ex. convulse, revulsion, vulnerable, vulture. And see write, formed from an extension of this root.

354. ✔✅WAR, also WAL, to be warm, to be hot, to boil. Compare ✔ WAR, to wind (no. 352). Skt. ul-ká, a fire-brand (cf var-chas, lustre); Russ. var-ite, to boil, brew, scorch, burn; Lith. wir-ti (pres. t. wér-du), to boil, also to well up, said of cold water; Lat. Uul-canus, god of fire; Goth. war-ms, warm; G. wall-en, to boil; Goth. wul-an, to boil. F. i. 772; cf. V. 918. Ex. volcano; warm.

355. ✔WARK, also WALK, to drag, tear, rend; extended from WAR, to drag (no. 353). Skt. vraçch, to tear, cut, wound, break; Gk. Ak-ew, to drag, X-ós, a drawing, dλx-ás, a great ship. a hulk; Russ. vleche, vleshch', to trail, to draw; Lith. wilk-as, a wolf (tearer); Lat. ulc-us, a sore; also (probably) lac-er, tom, lac-erare, to tear, lup-us, a wolf; A. S. wulf. F. i. 773; C. i. 168; V. 904Ex. hulk; ulcer, lacerate, lupine; wolf. Fick refers Gk. py-vvu, I break, to this root; it certainly seems distinct from frangere = E. break.

356. ✔WARG (=/WARK), to press, urge, shut in, bend, oppress, irk. Skt. vrij, to exclude, vrij-ana, crooked, bent; GK.

357. WARG (=/WARK), to work. Probably orig. identical with the preceding. Gk. epy-ov, a work, opy-avov, an instrument; Zend varez-a, a working; Pers. warz, gain; Goth. waurk-jan, to work; A. S. weore, work. F. i. 774; C. i. 222; V. 922. Ex. organ, orgy, chirurgeon, surgeon; work, wrought, wright.

358. WARGH (WARG), to choke, strangle, worry. Extended from WAR, to wind, turn, twist (no. 352). Gk. Bpóx-os, a noose (for hanging); Lith: wersz-ti, to strangle; M.H.G. `ir-werg-en, to choke. F. i. 774; V. 925. Ex. worry.

359. WART (=/WARTH), to turn, turn oneself. to become, to be. Extended from✔ WAR, to turn (no. 352). Skt. vrit, to turn, turn oneself, stay, exist, be, vart-is, a house; Lat. uert-ere, to turn; Goth. wairth-an, pt. t. warth, to become; A. S. weord-an, to become. F. i. 774; V.925. Ex. verse, vertex, vortex, prose, avert, convert, &c.; worth (2). Also writhe, wreath, wroth, wrath, wrist, wrest; from Teut. ✔WRITH, weakened form of WARTH.

360. WARDH, to grow, increase. Skt. vridh, to grow, increase, úrdh-va, raised, erect; Gk. ope-ós, Doric Bope-ós, erect, upright, F. i. 775; V. 928. Ex. orthodox; and see rice. Perhaps vervain and verbena belong here. But hardly radix, as V. suggests, which is cognate with wort and root (base WARD). 361. WARP, to throw. Gk. pén-ew, to incline downwards, pin-Tew, to throw; Lith. werp-ti, to spin; A. S. weorp-an (pt. t. wearp), to throw. F. i. 776; C. i. 437; V. 932. Ex. rhomb, rhumb, rumb; warp, wrap, lap (3); cf. develope, envelop.

For WAL, with various meanings, see nos. 349, 351-351; and for WALK, see no. 355

362. WAS, to clothe, to put on clothes. Skt. vas, to put on clothes, to wear clothes, vás-as, cloth, clothes; Gk. čσ-0os, clothing, ëv-vvμi (for Féo-vvμ), I clothe; Lat. ues-tis, clothing, a garment, was, uas-um, a vase (cf. Skt. vas-úna, a receptacle, box, basket, cloth, envelope); Goth, ga-was-jan, to clothe, A. S. wer-ian, to wear clothes. F. i. 779; C. i. 470; V. 938. Ex. vest, invest, dives!, vestment, vase, gaiter; wear (1). The word vesper belongs either here (C. i. 471), or to the root below.

363. WAS, to dwell, to live, to be. Prob. orig. the same root as the above. Skt. vas, to dwell, pass the night, to live, vás-tu, a house, vas-ati, a dwelling-place, a house, night; Gk. áo-ru, a city; Lat. uer-na, a home-born slave; Goth. wis-an, to be, remain, A. S. wes-an, to be. F. i. 779; C. i. 255; V. 939. Ex. vernacular; was, wast, were, wert. Also west, q.v.; venal, q.v. Perhaps vesper.

364. WAS, to shine; US, to burn; see no. 38. Skt. vas, to shine, ush, to shine; Gk. o-ría, a hearth, av-ew, to kindle; Lat. Ues-ta, goddess of fire, aus-ter, south wind; aur-or-a, dawn, aur-um, gold, ur-ere, to burn; uer, spring (time of increasing light); A. S. eás-t, adv., in the east. F. i. 780; C. i. 496; V. 943. Ex. Vestal, aureate, or (3), oriole, combustion, vernal; east, Easter.

365. WAS, to cut. Skt. vas, to cut, vás-i, an adze; Gk. üv-vis, a plough-share; Lat. uō-mer, a plough-share; A. S. or-d, point of a sword, Icel. od-di, a point, triangle, point of land, odd number. F. iii. 36; V. 949. Ex. odd.

366. WI, to wind, bind, plait, weave; weakened form of ✔WA, to weave (no. 331). Hence✔ WIK, to bind; see no. 368. Skt. ve, to weave, ve-nu, a reed, ve-tasa, rattan cane; Gk. i-réa, willow, ol-oos, osier; Lat. ui-ere, to bind, ui-men, twig, ui-tis, vine, ui-num, wine (orig. vine); A. S. wi-dig, willow-twig, willow, wi-r, a wire. F. i. 782; C. i. 486; V. 950. Ex. osier; wine, ferrule (q.v.), vice (2); withy or withe, wire.

367. ✔WI, to go, to drive; extended form WIT (=✔WITH). Skt. vi, to go, approach, also to drive; Lat. uē-nari (for uet-nari *), to hunt; Icel. veið-a, to hunt, O. H. G. weid-a, pasturage. F. i. 782; V. 954. Ex. venison, venery; gain (2).

388. WIK, to bind, fasten; extended from ✔WI, to bind (no. 366). Lat. uinc-ire, to bind, uinc-ulum, a bond, fetter, uic-ia, a vetch (from its tendrils), uinc-a per-uinc-a, a periwinkle. F. i. 784; V. 953. Ex. vinculum, vetch, periwinkle (1); also cervical.

369. ✔ WIK, to come, come to, enter. Skt. vig, to enter, veç-a, an entrance, a house; Gk. olk-os, house; Lat. uic-us, village, uic-inus, neighbouring; Goth. weih-s, a village. F. i. 784; C. i. 199; V. 955. Ex. economy, diocese; vicinage, bailiwick, wick (2).

370. WIK, to separate, remove, give way, change, yield; by-form WIG (=✔✅WİK), to yield, bend aside. Skt. vinch (pp. vi-vik-ta), to separate, remove, change; Gk. ex-ev, to yield; Lat. ui-tare (=uic-itare *), to avoid, uic-issim, changeably, by turns, uic

371.WIK (=√ WIG), to fight, to conquer, vanquish. Lat. uinc-ere, pt. t. uic-i, to conquer; Goth. weig-an, pp. wig-ans, to contend; A. S. wig, war. F. i. 783; V. 961. Ex. vanquish, victory, convict, evince, &c. 372. ✔WID (= WIT), to see, observe; hence, to know. Skt. vid, to know, ved-a, knowledge; Gk. eld-ov, I saw, old-a, I know (have seen), eld-os, appearance, eïd-wλov, image, ïσ-Twp (for id-Twp*), knowing, a witness; Lat. uid-ere, to see, ui-sere, to go to see, visit; Goth. wit-an, to know, wait, I wot; Russ. vid-iete, to see. F. i. 785; C. i. 299; V. 964. Ex. Veda, history, idol, idea; vision, &c.; wit (1), wit (2), witch, wiseacre, ywis, wise; also advice.

373. ✔WIDH (=√WID), to pierce, perforate, break through. Skt. vyadh, to pierce, vedh-a, a piercing, perforation, depth; A.S. wid, wide (separated). F. i. 786. Ex. wide. Here we may also refer wood (A. S. wid-u, perhaps orig. cleft or cut wood, separated from the tree); and perhaps widow, q.v. Perhaps divide.

374. ✔WIP (= WIB), to tremble, vibrate, shake. Skt. vep, to tremble; Lat. uib-rare (for uip-rare *), to vibrate, shake; Icel. veif-a, to vibrate, wave about; Dan. vif-pe, to see-saw, rock, Swed. vip-pa, to wag, jerk. F. i. 786; V. 967. Ex. vibrate; waive, waif, whip (better wip); perhaps wisp.

Pronominal base SA, he; see base SAM (no. 384). 375. SA, to sow, strew, scatter. Lat. se-rere (pp. sa tum), to sow; Lith. së-ti, Russ. sie-iate, Goth. sai-an, to sow. Cf. Skt. sa-sya, fruit, corn. F. i. 789; V. 976. Ex. season, secular, Saturnine, seminal; sow (1), seed.

376. SAK, to follow, accompany. Skt. sach, to follow; Gk. en-oμаι, I follow, én-érns, attendant, on-λov, implement; Lat. sequ-i, to follow, sec-undus, following, favourable, soc-ius, companion; Lith. sek-ti, to follow. F. i. 790; C. ii. 58; V. 981. Ex. fanofly; sequence, &c., sect, second, sue, suit, suite, social, associate.

377. ✔SAK, to cut, cleave, sever; also found in the form SKA; see no. 396. Lat. sec-are, to cut; Russ. siek-ira, an axe; O. H. G. seg-ensa (G. sense), a scythe; A. S. sag-a, a saw, sig-de, sí-de, a scythe, secg, sedge. F. i. 790; V. 996. Ex. section, segment, saxifrage, scion; saw (1), scythe, sedge. Probably serrated.

378. SAK, weaker form SAG, to fasten; also to cleave to, hang down from. Skt. sajj, sanj, to adhere, pp. sak-ta, attached; Gk. σáttew (for σák-yew), to fasten on a load, to pack, cáy-μa, a pack-saddle; Lat. sanc-ire, to bind by a religious ceremony, to sanction, sanc-tus, sanctioned, holy; sac-er, holy. F. i. 791; V. 986. Ex. sumpter; sacred, saint, sanction, sanctify.

379. SAK, to say. Lith. sak-au, I say; A. S. secg-an, to say. F. i. 790; V. 995. Ex. say (1), saw (2), saga. Perhaps Lat. signum, a sign, belongs to this root.

380. SAGH, to bear, endure, hold, hold in, restrain. Skt. sah, to bear, endure, sah-a, power; Gk. ex-ev, to hold, have (fut. σxń-σ∞), σxî-μa, form, oxo-λý, stoppage, leisure; Goth. sig-is, victory (mastery over), A. S. seg-el, a sail (resister to the wind). F. i. 791; C. i. 237; V. 1004. Ex. epoch, hectic, scheme, school; sail.

381. Base SAT, full; perhaps from a root SA, to sate. Lat. sat, sat-is, enough, sat-ur, full; Lith. sot-ùs, sút-is, sated, full; Goth. sath-s, sad-s, full. F. i. 792; V. 979. Ex. sated, satiate, satisfy, satire, assets; sad.

382. ✔ SAD (=✔✅SAT), to sit. Skt. sad, to sit; Gk. Coμai (=ed-youau), I sit; Lat. sed-ere, to sit; A. S. sittan, pt. t. sæt, to sit; Russ. sied-lo, Polish siod-lo, a saddle. F. i. 792; C. i. 297; V. 1010. Ex. sedentary, subside, see (2), sell (2); saddle; sit, set, seat, settle (1), settle (2).

383. SAD, to go, travel. Russ. khod-ite, to go, khoď, a way; Gk. dd-ós, a way, ỏd-ús, oùd-ós, a threshold; (perhaps) Lat. sol-um, ground, sol-ea, sole (cf. Lat. lacrima for dacrima). F. i. 793; C. i. 298; V. 1013. Ex. method, exodus, synod; probably soil (1), sole (1), sole (2).

one.

384. Base SAM, also found as SA- (at the beginning of a word, together, together with. From the pronominal base SA, he, this The pronoun occurs as Skt. sa, he, Gk. ¿ (for oo), def. art., Goth. sa, A. S. se, he, also as def. art. Hence, as a prefix, Skt. sa-, sam-, with, together, sam, prep. together with, with. Hence also Skt. sa-ma, the same. Sa also means once, as in sa-krit, once. Cf. Gk. eis, one, aμ-a, together with, du-ós, like, same, dμ-oîos, like; Lat. sim-ul, together, sim-ilis, like, sem-el, once, sin-guli, one by one, sem-per, continually, always; Goth. sama, same; O. H. G. sam-an, together. F. i. 787; C. i. 401; V. 971. Ex. simultaneous, similar, singular, sempiternal, assemble; same, some. Also ace. 385.SAR, to string, bind; a better form is ✔SWAR, which see (no. 458).

386. SAR, also SAL, to go, hasten, flow, spring forward. See also no. 451. Skt. sri, to flow, sar-i, a waterfall, sar-a, water, salt, sal-ila, water; Gk. A-λouai, I spring, äλ-ua, a leap; Lat. sal-ire, to leap, sal-tare, to dance, in-sul-a, island (in the sea), sal-ix, willow; A. S. seal-h, sallow, or willow. Also Gk. aλ-s, Lat. sal, salt, A. S. sealt, salt (orig. as an adj.); Lat. ser-um, whey, Skt. sar-a, coagulum. F. i. 796; C. i. 167, 168; V. 1020. Ex. salient, salmon, saline, assail, saltation, desultory, exult, insult, result, sally, saltire, salad, salary, sausage, ser-ous, insular, consul, consult; salt, sallow (1).

387. SAR, also SAL, to keep, preserve, make safe, keep whole and sound. Zend har (for sar *), to keep; Skt. sar-va, all, whole: Gk. oλ-os, whole, sound; Lat. ser-uare, to keep, ser-uus, slave (keeper), sal-uus, whole, safe, sal-us, health, sol-idus, entire, solid, sol-ari, to console, sol-lus, whole, sol-us, entire, alone. F. i. 797; C. ii. 171; V. 1026. Ex. holocaust; serve, servant, serjeant, salvation, salubrious, salute, solid, console, safe, sole (3), solder, soldier, solemn, solicit.

388. SARP (=SALB), to slip along, glide, creep. Extended from SAR, to flow (no. 386). Skt. srip, to creep, sarp-a, a snake, sarp-is, butter; Gk. pn-ew, to creep; Lat. serp-ere, to creep, also rep-ere (for srep-ere*), to creep; A. S. sealf, salve, ointment; Goth. salb-on, to anoint. And cf. Goth. sliup-an, to slip. F. i. 798; C. i. 329; V. 1030. Ex. serpent, reptile; salve. And see slip.

SAL, (1) to flow, (2) to preserve; see nos. 386, 387. 389. SIK (=SIH), to wet, to pour out. Skt. sich, to sprinkle, pour out; Gk. ix-pás, moisture, ix-up, juice, the blood of gods; A.S. sih-an, to filter (prov. E. sile). F. i. 799; C. i. 168, ii. 344: V. 1044. Ex. ichor.

390. SIW or SU, to sew, stitch together. Skt. siv, to sew, unite; Lat. su-ere, to sew; Goth. siu-jan, A. S. siw-ian, to sew. F. i. 800; C. i. 477; V. 1042. Ex. suture; sew, seam. 391. SU, to generate, produce. Skt. su, sú, to generate (see Benfey), sav-itri, the sun, sav-itri, a mother, sú-nu, a son; Gk. v-s, a sow, pig, v-iós, a son; Lat. su-s, pig, su-in-us, belonging to pigs; A. S. su-gu, sú, sow, sw-in, swine, su-nu, a son. F. i. 800; C. i. 477, 493; V. 1046. Ex. sow (2), swine, son. Also sun, q.v.

392. SU or SWA, to drive, to toss; whence SWAL, to agitate, boil up, swell (no. 460); SWAP, to move swiftly (no. 455); also Teut. ✔✅✅SWAM, to swim, and Teut. ✔✅✅SWAG, to sway (below). Skt. sú, to cast, send, impel; Gk. σeú-ew, to drive, throw, hurl; oei-ew (ofé-yew), to shake, toss. F. i. 800; V. 1048. Hence Teut.SWAM, to swim; see swim (1); √ SWAG, to sway, nasalised as SWANG, to swing; for examples, see sway, swing, swinge, swingle, swingle-tree, swink.

393. SUK, also SUG (=✔✅✅ SUK), to flow, to cause to flow, to suck. (The root shews both forms.) Gk. ¿n-ós, sap, juice; Lat. suc-us, juice, sug-ere, to suck; Irish sugh, juice, sugh-aim, I suck in; A. S. súg-an, to suck; Russ. sok', juice, sos-ate, to suck. F. i. 801; C. ii. 63; V. 990. Ex. opium; succulent, suction; suck; probably sap (1). Perhaps even soap.

394. SUS, to dry, wither. Skt. çush (for sush), to become dry or withered, as shewn by Zend hush, to become dry; Gk. au-ev, au-ev, to wither, avo-rnpós, harsh; A. S. seár, dry. F. i. 802; C. i. 490; V. 1053. Ex. austere; sear, sere.

395. SKA, to cover, shade, hide; see no. 399. Skt. chhá-yá, shade; Gk, o-á, shade, orn-vh, a shelter; Irish sga-th, shade; A. S. sca-d, shade. F. i. 805; C. i. 206; V. 1054. Ex. scene; shade, shadow, shed.

396.SKA, variant of ✔SAK, to cut (no. 377); hence, by extension, SKAN, to cut, dig. See also nos. 398, 402, 403, 406, 409, 411, 416. Skt. chho, to cut; khan, to dig, pierce, khan-i, a mine, kshan, to wound; Lat. can-alis, a cutting, dike, canal. Cf. Gk. Kel-ew, to cleave. F. i. 802; V. 996. Ex. canal, channel, kennel (2); coney. Also scathe, q.v.

397. SKAG (= √✓ SKAK), to shake. Skt. khaj, to move to and fro; A. S. scac-an, sceac-an, to shake, keep moving. F. i. 804; V. 1062. Ex. shake, shog, jog.

398. SKAD (SKAT), to cleave, scatter, commoner in the weakened form SKID, which see; no. 411. Extended from SKA, to cut (no. 396). Skt. skhad, to cut; Gk. σked-ávvvμi, I scatter, burst asunder, oxéd-n, a tablet, leaf (orig. a cut piece, slice); Lat. scand-ula, a shingle; A. S. scat-eran, to scatter. F. i. 805; C. i. 305; V. 998. Ex. schedule; scatter. Here also belongs shed (1), of which 'the d remained unshifted in the Teutonic languages;' Curtius, i. 306.

399. SKAD (= √ SKAT), to cover; extension of ✔SKA, to cover (no. 395). Skt. chhad, to cover; Lat. squa-ma. (for squadma?), a scale; că-sa (for cad-sa *), a hut, cottage, cas-sis (for cad-sis*), 'met, cas-trum (for cad-trum *), a fort (protection), pl. castra, a

set of shelters, a camp; A. S. hat, a hat. F. i. S06; V. 1064. Es casino, cassock, castle; hat. 400. SKAND, to spring, spring up, climb. Skt. skand, to jump, jump upwards, ascend, also to jump down, to fall; Gk. oxárdaλov, the spring of a trap, the piece of wood which springs up and closes a trap; Lat. scand-ere, to climb, sca-la (for skad-la *), a ladder. F. i. 806; C. i. 204; V. 1068. Ex. scandal, slander; scan, ascend, descend, scale (3), escalade.

401. SKAND, to shine, glow. Skt. chand, orig. form çchand, to shine, chand-ra, the moon, chand-ana, sandal-wood tree; Gk. fave-ós, bright yellow; Lat. cand-ere, to shine, cand-ela, candle, cand-idus, white. F. i. 806; V. 1068. Ex. candle, candid; also sandal wood.

402. ✔SKAP, to hew, to cut, to chop; an extension from ✔SKA, to cut (no. 396). Skt. chap, to grind; Gk, nón-rew, to cut, hew, kán-wv, a capon; Lat. căp-us, cāp-o, capon, scope, cut twigs, a broom of twigs; O. Du. kop-pen, to chop, Du. kap-pen, to chop, cut, G. kap-pen, to cut, chop, poll; A. S. sceáp, a sheep, cognate with Pol. skop, a sheep. F. i. 807; C. i. 187; V. 1071. Ex. commS, apocope, capon; scullion; chop, chub, chump, sheep; also hamper (1). 403. SKAP (= √SKAP or SKAB), to dig, scrape, shave, shape; probably orig. the same as the preceding. Gk. okán-Te, to dig. okáp-η, σkúp∙os, a hollow cup; Lat. scab-ere, to scrape, scratch; Lith. skap-oti, to shave, cut; Russ. kop-ate, to dig; A. S. scaf-an, sceap-an, to shape, scaf-an, sceaf-an, to shave, scæb, a scab, scip, a ship. F. i. 807; C. i. 204; V. 1073. Ex. shape, shave, thip, scab, shabby, shaft. Perhaps scoop.

404. ✔SKAP, to throw, to prop up. Skt. kshap, to throw; Gk. σkýπ-Tew, to throw, hurl, also to prop up, σkîjπ-τpov, a staff to lean on; Lat. scip-io, a staff, scam-num (for scap-num*), prop, stool. F. i. 809; C. i. 204; V. 1076. Ex. sceptre; shambles. Curtius refers shaft here, comparing Russ. kopië, a pike, lance.

405. SKAR, to move hither and thither, to jump, hop, stagger or go crookedly. Skt. skhal, to stumble, stagger, falter; Gk. okaip-e, to skip, okaλ-ŋvós, uneven, crooked, σrod-iós, crooked. F. i. 810; V. 1078. Ex. scalene; and prov. E. squir-m, to wriggle (see note to worm). See also crook.

406. SKAR or SKAL, to shear, cut, cleave, scratch, dig. Gk. neip-ew, to shear, σkáλ-λew, to hoe; Lith. skel-ti, to cleave; Lat. scor-tum, leather (flayed hide), cor-ium, leather, cor-tex, bark, cur-tus, short, cal-uus, bald (shorn); Icel. skil-ja, to separate; A.S. scer-an, to shear, sceal-e, shell, husk, scale, scell, shell. F. i. 812, 813; C. i. 181; V. 1080. Ex. scorch, cuirass, curt; shear, share, sheer (2), jeer, scar (2), scare, score, share, short, shore, callow, scale (1', scale (2), scall, scald (2), scalp, scallop, skill, shelf, shell. Perhaps shield.

407. SKAR, to separate, discern, sift. Lith. skir-ti, to separate; Gk. pí-veiv, to separate, decide, «pí-σis, decision, oxwp-ia, dross; Lat. cer-nere, to separate, cer-tus (set apart), decreed, certain; cri-brum, a sieve. F. i. 811; C. i. 191, 205; V. 1087. Ex. crisis, critic, scoria; concern, decree, discern, certain, garble, &c. 408. SKAR or SKAL, to resound, make a noise; whence Teut. base SKRI, to scream. G. er-schal-len (pt. t. er-sch ́ll), to resound; Icel. skjal-la (pt. t. skal), to clatter, slam; Lith. skal-iti, to bark; Swed. skri-a, to shriek, F. i. 812. Ex. scold, scream, screech, shriek.

409. SKARP or SKALP, to cut; lengthened form of SKAR, to cut. Also found in the form SKARBH. Skt. krip-ána, a sword; Gk. σкоpπ-íos, scorpion (stinger), kарn-ós, crop, fruit (what is cut); Lat. carp-ere, to pluck, scalp ere, sculp-ere, to cut, scrib-ere, to write (orig. to scratch); Lith. kirp-ti, to shear; AS harf-est, harvest (cut crop), scearp, sharp, cutting. F. i. 811; C. i. 177; V. 1100. Ex. scorpion, scarify; scalpel, sculpture, scribe, scrofula; sharp, scarf (1), harvest. And see grave (1). Also scratch, from a form SKARD. SKAL, (1) to cleave, (2) to resound; see nos. 406, 408. 410.SKAW, to look, see, perceive, beware of. Skt. kav-i, wise; Gk. Ko-é∞, I observe; Lat. cau-ere, to beware, cau-tio, caution, O. Lat. coira, Lat. cura, care; Lith. kaw-úti, to keep, preserve; A. S. sceaw-ian, to look, see, behold. F. i. 815; C. i. 186; V. 1110. Ex. caution, cure, secure, sure, accurate, caveat; shew, show, scavenger. Perhaps acoustic, q.v.

411. ✔SKID, to cleave, part; weakened form of SKAD, to separate; see no. 398. Skt. chhid, to cut, divide; Gk. σkiew (=okid-yew), to split; Lat. scind-ere (pt. t. scid-i), to cleave, cad-ere (pt. t. ce-cid-i), to cut, ca-lum (for cæd-lum*), a chisel, cementum (for cæd-mentum *), chippings of stone, homi-cida, man-slayer; A. S. sce-8, Swed. skid-a, a sheath (that parts). F. i. 815; C. i. 306; V. 998, 1001. Ex. schism, schist, zest, squill; shingle (1), cæsura, homi cide, chisel (?), abscind, decide, circumcise, cement; sheath shide, skid. ¶ Fick separates cædere from scindere, assigning to the former a root SKIDH; this seems quite needless, see C. i. 306.

412. ✔SKU, to cover, shelter. Skt. sku, to cover; Gk. σxeu-h, clothing, OK-TOS, KU-TOS, Skin, Kev-0e, to hide; Lat. cu-tis, skin, scu-tum, a shield, ob-scu-rus, covered over, dark; O. H. G. skiu-ra, skú-ra, a shed, stable; Dan. sku-m, scum (a covering); Icel. skjó-l, a shelter, Dan. skiu-le, to hide, sku-le, to scowl (peep); A. S. hú-s, a house, hý-d, hide, skin, hýd-an, to hide, hý-8, a haven (shelter); Icel. ský, a cloud. F. i. 816; C. i. 207; V. 1114. Ex. obscure, cuticle, escutcheon, scuttle (1), esquire, equerry; hide (1), hide (2), house; scum, scowl, sky, sheal, shieling.

413. ✔SKU, also extended to SKUT (= √ SKUD), to move, shake, fly, fall, drop. Skt. chyu (for orig. çchyu), to move, fly, fall, a-chyu-ta, unshakeable, chyut, çchyut, to drop; Lat. quat-ere, to shake, con-cut-ere, to shake together; O. Sax. skud-dian, to shake. F. i. 817; V. 1122. Ex. discuss, concussion, percussion, rescue, quash; shudder. 414. ✔SKUD (=✔✅ SKUT), or SKUND, to spring out, jut out, project, shoot out, shoot; weakened form of SKAND, to spring (above). Skt. skund, the same as skand, to jump, go by leaps; Lat. caud-a, tail (projection), caud-ex, stump of a tree, cod-ex, bit of wood, tablet; Icel. skjót-a, to shoot, skút-i, a taunt, skú-ta, to jut out; A. S. sceát, a projecting corner, corner of a sail, sheet, sceót-an, to shoot, dart, rush. F. i. 806; V. 1118. Ex. code, codicil; scout (3), scout (2), skittles, skittish; shoot, shot, shut, shuttle, sheet, scot, scud. Perhaps also kite.

415. ✔SKUBH (= √ SKUB), to become agitated, be shaken; hence to push, shove. Extended from SKU, to move (no. 413). Skt. kshubh, to become agitated (causal form, to agitate), kshobh-a, agitation, kshobh-ana, adj., shaking; Lith. skub-us, active, hasty; Goth. skiub-an, A. S. scúf-an, to shove. F. i. 818. Ex. shove, shuffle, scuffle, sheaf, shovel.

416. SKUR, also SKRU, to cut, scratch, furrow, flay, weakened form of ✔SKAR, to cut (no. 406). Skt. kshur, to cut, scratch, furrow, chhur, to cut; Gk. σkup-ov, chippings of stone, έup-óv, a razor, xpo-á, hide, Xpŵ-μa, skin, colour, ornament, tone; Lat. scru-ta, broken pieces, scru-tari, to search into, scru-pus, a sharp stone, scru-pulus, a small sharp stone, scruple; A. S. scrú-d, a garment (orig. a hide). F. i. 818; V. 1119. Ex. achromatic; scruple, scrutiny; shroud, shred; scroll.

417. ✔ SKLU, to shut (given by Fick under KLU). Gk. Kλei-e, to shut, kλŋ-ts, a key, κλо-ós, a dog-collar; Lat. clau-is, a key, clau-d-ere, to shut; O. H. G. sliuz-u, I shut; Russ. klio-ch', a key. F. i. 541; C. i. 184; V. 1123. Ex. clavicle, close (1), close (2), enclose, include, seclusion, recluse, &c.

418. ✔STA, to stand, whence various extended forms; see the roots STAK, STAP, STABH, STAR, STU; nos. 419, 423, 424, 426, 430. Hence also the Teutonic bases STAM, to stop, STAD, to stand fast, noted just below. Skt. sthá, to stand; Gk. e-σrn-v, I stood, -σ7η-μ, I set, place; Lat. sta-re, to stand, si-st-ere, to set; Russ. sto-iate, to stand; Lith. stó-ti, to stand. Also (from Teut. base STAD) A. S. stand-an, pt t. stód, to stand, sted-e, a place, stead, &c.; and (from Teut. base STAM) A. S. stam-er, adj., stammering, Icel. stum-la, to stumble. Ex. stoic, statics, apostasy, &c.; stage, stamen, &c.; see the long list given under Stand, to which add histology, store, restore, restaurant, hypostasis, imposthume.

419. ✔STAK, also STAG (=√STAK), to stick or stand fast; extension of ✔STA, to stand (no. 418). Skt. stak, to resist; Lith. stok-as, a post; Lat. stag-num, a still pool. F. i. 820; V. 1136. Ex. stagnate, stanch, stanchion, stank, tank. Perhaps stannary. The E. stock is better derived from STAG, to thrust (no. 421). 420. STAG (= √STAK), to cover, thatch, roof over. sthag, to cover; Gk. oréy-ev, to cover, σréy-n, Téy-n, roof; Lat. teg-ere, to cover, teg-ula, a tile; A S. pac, thatch; Du. dak, thatch, whence dek-ken, to cover; Irish tigh, a house. F. i. 822; C. i. 228; V. 1143. Ex. protect, tegument, tile; thatch, deck, tight.

Skt.

421. ✔STAG (=√STAK, STANK, STANG), to thrust against, to touch, also to smite, strike against, smell, stink, sting. See also STIG (no. 428). Gk. Te-ray-wv, grasping; Lat. tang-ere (pt. t. te-tig-i), to touch, tac-tus, touch; Goth. tek-an, to touch; Icel. tak-a, to take; Irish tac-a, a peg, pin, stang, a peg, pin; also Goth. stigg-kwan (=sting-kwan), to smite, ga-stagg-kwan (= ga-stang-kwan), to knock against, A. S. stinc-an (pt. t. stane), to smell (smite the nose), stac-a, a stake, stocc, a stake, G. stech-en (pt. t. stach, pp. ge-stoch-en), to pierce, sting, A.S. sting-an (pt. t. stang), to sting, Icel. stöng, a pola F. i. 823; C. i. 269; V. 1144. Ex. tangent, q.v.; tack; take, tackle, tag; stake, stock, stink, sting, stang, &c.

422. ✔STAN, to make a loud noise, stun, thunder. Skt. stan, to sound, sigh, thunder, stan-ita, thunder; Gk. σTév-ew, to groan, ZTÉV-Twp, Stentor (loud-voiced); Lith. sten-ati, to groan; Russ. sten-ate, to groan; Lat. ton-are, to thunder; A. S. pun-or, thunder, ton-ian, to thunder, pun-ian, to thunder, stun-ian, to resound. F. i. 824; C. i. 262; V. 1141. Ex. detonate; stun, thunder, q. v., astonish, as'ound.

423. STAP (=√STAB), to cause to stand, make firm. Extended from STA, to stand; no. 418. Skt. sthapaya, to place, establish, causal of sthá, to stand; Lat. stip-es, a stake, post, stip-ulus, fast, firm, stipula, stubble; Goth. stab-s, A.S. stæf, a staff (prop), A. S. stíf, stiff, stæf-n, stef-n, stem-n, a stem, tree-trunk. F. i. 820; V. 1136. Ex. stipulate, stipend; staff, stiff, stifle, stem (1), stem (2), stem (3). 424. ✔STABH (=√ STAP), to stem, stop, prop, orig. to make firm; hence to stamp, step firmly. Extended from ✔✅ STA, to stand; no. 418. Skt. stambh, to make firm or hard, stop, block up, stambh-a, a post, pillar, stem; Gk. σréμß-ew, to stamp, tread upon, σreiß-ev, to tread; Lith. stab-dyti, to hinder, stop; A. S. stemp-an, to stamp, stap-an, to step, stap-ul, a prop, support, staple. F. i. 821; V. 1130. Ex. stamp, step, staple (1), staple (2).

425. STAR, to strew, spread out; also found in the forms STRA, STLA, STRU. Skt. stri, stri, to scatter, spread, tá-ra (for stá-ra*), a star (scatterer of light); Gk. σтóρ-vvμi, I spread out; Lat. ster-nere (pp. stra-tus), to scatter, spread out, stra-men, straw, O. Lat. stla-tus, Lat. la-tus, spread out, broad, stru-ere, to lay in order, heap up, build; Lith. stra-ja, straw; A. S. strea-w, straw, s'reo-wian, to strew, steor-ra, a star. F. i. 824; C. i. 266; V. 1145. Ex. asterisk, asteroid; street, structure, instrument, latitude, consternation, stellar, stratum; strew, straw, star.

426. ✔STAR or STAL, to be firm, also set, place; extended from STA, to stand; no. 418. Skt. sthal, to be firm, sthir-a, firm; Gk. σTéλ-λew, to place, set, appoint, send, σróλ-os, expedition, orhλ-n, pillar, σrep-eus, firm, oreîp-a, barren; Lat. ster-ilis, barren, stol-idus, stolid, stul-tus, foolish (fixed); G. starr, fixed, staring, A. S. star-ian, to stare, steal, stall, station, stil-le, still. F. i. 820, 821; C. i. 261, 263; V. 1131. Ex. stereoscope, stereotype, apostle, diastole, stole; sterile, stolid, stultify; stare, stall, still, stale (1), stale (3), stalk, stilt, stout; stallion.

427. ✔STARG, STRAG, to stretch tight; variants STRIG and STRUG. Extended from STAR, to spread out; no. 425. Gk. σтрayy-áλŋ, a halter, σrpayy-ós, twisted tightly; Lat. string-ere (pp. stric-tus), to draw tight; Lith. strëg-ti, to stiffen, freeze; A. S. stearc, stiff, stark, strang, strong. F. i. 826; V. 1150. Ex. strangle; stringent, strict, strait; stark, strong, string; also strike, stroke, streak, stretch, which see.

428. STIG (= √ STIK), to stick or pierce, to sting, prick; weakened form of STAG, to pierce; no. 421. Skt. tij, to be sharp; Gk. oriÇew (for oriy-yew), to prick, oτíy-ua, a prick; Lat. in-stig-are, to instigate, sti-mulus (for stig-mulus *), a goad, di-sting-uere, to pierce between, i. e. to distinguish; Goth. stik-s, a point; A. S. stic-ca, a peg, stick. F. i. 823; C. i. 265; V. 1154. Ex. stigma; instigate, instinct, prestige, distinct, distinguish, extinct, stimulate, style (1); stick (2), stitch, steak, stickleback; and see stick (1), sting. 429. STIGH (=STIG), to stride, to climb. Skt. stigh, to ascend, assail; Gk. σreíx-ew, to go, march, σríx-os, a row; Lith. staig-us, hasty; A. S. stig-an, to climb. F. i. 826; C. i. 240; V. 1155. Ex. acrostic, distich, hemistich; sty (1), sty (2), stile (1), stair, stirrup, stag. Probably vestige.

430. STU, to make firm, set, stop, weaker form of ✔STA, to stand (no. 418); whence ✔STUP, to set fast. Skt. sthú ná, a pillar, sthú-rin, a pack-horse, strong beast, sthú-la, strong; Gk. σrú-ew, to erect, orû-λos, a pillar, σ70-ά, portico, σrup-ew, to diaw (or force) together, orun-n, tow; Lat. stup-pa, tow, stup-ere, to be fixed with amazement; A. S. styb, a stub, steó-r, a steer; G. stop-pel, stubble. F. i. 822; C. i. 266, 267; V. 1133, 1138. Ex. style (2), styptic, stoic; stop, stuff, stupid; steer (1); stub, stubble. Also steer (2), q. v.; stud (2), stubborn, stump.

431. ✔STU, to strike; extended forms STUD, to strike, beat, and STUP, to beat. (1) Base STUD: Skt. tud, to strike, push; Lat. tund-ere (pt. t. tu-tud-i), to strike, beat; Goth. staut-an, to strike. (2) Base STUP: Gk. Túп-TE, to strike, Tuμm-avov, a drum, Tún-os, a stroke, blow; Skt. tup, to hurt. Ex. (1) contuse, obtuse; stoat, stutter; and see toot (2), thud: also (2) tympanum, type; thump; prov. E. tup, a ram (from its butting).

432. SNA, by-form SNU, to bathe, swim, float, flow. Skt. sná, to bathe, snu, to distil, flow; Gk. vn-pós, flowing, wet, vh-xew, to swim, νά-ειν, ναύειν, to flow, να-ίς, ναι-άς, a naiad, ναῦς, ship, vav-oía, sea sickness; Lat. nau-is, ship, nau-ta, sailor, nau-igare, to sail, na-re, na-tare, to swim; A. S. na-ca, a boat. F. i. 828, 829; C. i. 389; V. 1158. Ex. aneroid, naiad; nave (2), naval, navigate, navy, nausea, nautical, nautilus. Perhaps nourish, nurse.

433. SNA, to bind together, fasten, especially with string or thread. Often given in the form NA; but see C. i. 393. Skt, sná-yu, tendon, muscle, string, sná-va, sinew, tendon; Gk. vé-elv, v-bew, to spin, v-μa, thread; Lat. ne-re, to spin; O. Irish sná-the, thread, Irish sna-thaim, I thread or string together, snai-dhe, thread, sna-thad, a needle; A. S né-dl, Goth. ne-thla, a needle. And see