§ 2. The Prestige of Science .

83. The Agreement between Science and Common Sense

§ 4. The Properties of Bodies

§ 5. Explanation and Description in Science

§ 6. Conditions of Scientific Description.

7. Illustrations of Scientific Method. Galileo's Conception

of Acceleration.

§ 8. The Conception of Mass

§ 9. The Conservation of Energy

§ 10. The Analytical Version of Scientific Concepts

CHAPTER IV. NAÏVE AND CRITICAL NATURALISM.

1. The Two Varieties of Naturalism.

§ 2. Three Characteristic Philosophical Errors. 'The Specula-

tive Dogma'

64

§ 3. 'Pseudo-simplicity,' and 'Indefinite Potentiality'

66

RELIGION AND THE LIMITS OF SCIENCE

-§ 2. Naturalism and Supernaturalism

Science .

§ 10. The Experimentalism of H. Poincaré.

§ 11. The Failure of Critical Naturalism. The Priority of Logic

and Mathematics .

CHAPTER V.

§ 1. Religious Philosophy and the Limits of Science

§ 3. The General Character of Contemporary Criticism of

§ 4. The Fallibility of Science

5. The Disparagement of the Descriptive Method

§ 8. The 'Real' Cause and 'Mere' Description

89

91

93

§ 6. The Ideal of Descriptive Economy.

96

§ 7. The Option of Hypotheses .

98

99

§

9. The Unreality of Space and Time. The Kantian Argu-

PART III

IDEALISM

CHAPTER VI. THE CARDINAL PRINCIPLE OF IDEALISM

1. The General Meaning of Modern Idealism

§ 2. Platonic Idealism, or Teleological Rationalism

§ 3. Rationalism Purged of Teleology by Spinoza

§ 4. The Idealistic Revolution

5. The Beginnings of Modern Idealism. The Dualistic Ver-

sion of Knowledge..

§ 6. Berkeley's Refutation of Dualism .

§ 7. Epistemological Monism

§ 8. Berkeley's Proofs of Idealism. 'Definition by Initial Pred-

ication'..

§ 9. The Argument from 'the Ego-centric Predicament'

10. The Cardinal Principle and the Berkeleyan Proofs in Con-

temporary Idealism

CHAPTER VII. OBJECTIVE OR TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

1. The General Meaning of Post-Kantian Idealism

§ 2. The Sceptical Crisis in Hume

PAGE

113

113

114

116

117

126

.

128

132

135

135

136

139

142

§ 3. Kant to the Rescue. The 'Categories' and 'Synthetic

§ 9. The New Idealism and the Cardinal Principle

§ 10. The New Proof of Idealism from Synthetic Unity

§ 11. The Revival of the Berkeleyan Arguments

§ 12. Objective Idealism as an Escape from Subjectivism

CHAPTER VIII. ABSOLUTE IDEALISM AND RELIGION.

§ 1. The General Meaning of Absolutism

§ 2. Formalism, Arising from the Logical Basis of Absolutism. 166

§ 3. Equivocation Arising from the Attempt to Escape

Formalism

4. The Dogmatic Character of Absolutism. Agnosticism

§ 5. Transition to Absolute Idealism. The Absolute Cognitive

Consciousness.

6. Formalism in Absolute Idealism

7. Equivocation in Absolute Idealism

8. Dogmatism in Absolute Idealism

169

171 2

174

175

180

183

§ 9. Summary of Idealism. Idealism and Civilization

§ 10. The Universalistic, or Leveling Tendency in Idealism .
§ 11. The Virtue and the Extravagance of Idealism

PART IV

PRAGMATISM

CHAPTER IX. THE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

§ 1. The General Meaning of Pragmatism.

§ 2. The Pragmatist Conception of the Theory of Knowledge

§ 3. The Rôle of Ideas in Knowledge

§ 4. The Meaning of Truth.

5. Modes of Verification. Verification by Perception and by

Consistency

§ 6. Verification by Operation and by Sentiment

§ 7. Verification by General Utility

The Making of Reality

11. The Dilemma of Pragmatism

CHAPTER X. IMMEDIATISM versus INTELLECTUALISM

1. Definition of the Issue.

§ 2. Non-intellectual Experience, or Immediacy

§ 3. Immediacy Implied in Mediate Knowledge

205

207

211

213

215

217

219

222

222

224

225

§ 4. The Abstractness of Concepts. Vicious Intellectualism" 228

§ 5. The Failure of Concepts to Grasp Reality. Radical Anti-

intellectualism..

220

§ 6. The Failure of Anti-intellectualism to Understand the In-

tellectual Method. Concept as Function and as Content. 231

7. The Confusion between the Relations of Symbols and the

Relations Symbolized.

232

§ 8. The Supposition that Concepts are Necessarily Privative.

9. The Misunderstanding Concerning Analysis.

234

236

237

239

240

§ 10. The Supposed Superiority of the Immediacy that Precedes

Analysis

11. The Subjectivistic Version of Immediatism

12. The Realistic Version of Immediatism

CHAPTER XI. PLURALISM, INDeterminism and Religious FaitH 242

.

§ 1. Pluralism as the Sequel to Empiricism. The Additive

Character of Knowledge .

242

§ 6. Indeterminism as the Sequel to Anti-intellectualism. Will

as itself the Author of Determinism.

254

§ 7. Determinism as an Intellectualistic Falsification of Tem-

poral Reality.

255

§ 8. Freedom as Creative Activity

261

§ 9. The Pragmatic Theory of Truth Applied to Religious Faith 265

10. Pragmatism and the Spirit of the Age

267

PART V

REALISM

CHAPTER XII. A REALISTIC THEORY OF MIND

I. Introductory

§ 1. Realism as a Polemic

II. The Method of Introspection

§ 3. Mental Content as Revealed by Introspection

271

271

271

§ 2. The Fundamental Importance of the Problem of Mind

4. The Neutral Elements of Mental Content. The Need of a

§ 6. Mental Action as the Feeling of Bodily Action

283

III. The Method of General Observation

286

7. The Alleged Impossibility of Observing the Contents of

Another Mind.

286

§ 8. The Difficulty of Observing Mental Content. The Case of

Perception.

289

§ 9. Proprio-ceptive Sensations

292

§ 10. The Content of Desire, Memory and Thought.

295

11. The Alleged Impossibility of Observing Mental Action

12. Mental Action as Nervous System

13. Mental Action as Interest

14. Mental Content as Identified by Interested Action

15. A Summary Definition of Mind

CHAPTER XIII. A REALISTIC THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

I. The Theory of Immanence

1. The Old Realism and the New

Independence of Experience

7. The Arguments for Independence. The Negative Argu-
ment

§ 8. The Argument from the Externality of Relations

§ 10. The Argument from the Nature of Mind

III. Truth and Error.

PAGE

2. The Duality of Mind and Body as a Difference of Organ-

ization.

§ 3. Representation as an Immanent Relation

II. The Theory of Independence

308

311

313

§ 4. The Half-realisms. Independence of Finite Knowledge

§ 5. Independence of Mediate Knowledge

6. Thorough-going Realism.

or Consciousness .

315

316

319

9. The Argument from the Distinction between Object and

Awareness

321

322

323

11. The Realm of Subjectivity.

§ 12. The Sphere of Truth and Error

§ 13. Mistaking and Right Judging.

CHAPTER XIV. A REALISTIC PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

§ 1. Enlightenment and Disillusionment

§ 2. Realism and the Dependence of Value on Desire

§ 3. The Nature of Moral Value. The Right and the Best

§ 4. The Objectivity or Absoluteness of Value. Contemporary

Confusion of the Issue

5. The Difference between the Absoluteness and the Su-

premacy of Value..

§ 6. Value as Cause or Determination.

§ 7. Freedom, Positive and Negative

§ 8. The Grounds of Religious Belief

89. The Hazard of Faith

APPENDIX

THE PHILOSOPHY OF WILLIAM JAMES

I. Philosophy of Mind..

§ 1. The Place of the Problem of Mind in James's Philosophy

§ 2. Mind as Interested and Selective.