body, to enforce the observance of the statutes, attendance CHA at chapel, and attention to study. and bit In elections to fellowships it is directed that no heir to Fello property shall be eligible, and preference is to be given to those clerk who are docti et pauperes' and intending to devote themselves to theological studies. Those not in priest's orders within three years from their election, are to be liable, at the discretion of the master, to forfeit their fellowships. Besides the fellows there is to be a 'bibliothista' or chapel clerk, who is to assist the officiating priest at divine worship'. and let It is directed that every fortnight there shall be dispu- Dispat tations and 'problems' in the college chapel between the hours of five and seven, at which the president, the fellows and pensioners are all required to be present for the purpose of taking part. There are also to be daily lectures in hall between six and seven in the morning, but the detailed directions with respect to subjects which we find in the statutes of Christ's College and St John's are altogether wanting'. for the desigte It was originally designed, as already stated, that in con- The e formity with the charter of foundation the college should support a master and eight fellows, no restriction being imposed with respect to counties or place of birth. But the executors, on proceeding to draw up the statutes, found the revenues so far inadequate that they reduced the number to six, while in contemplation of any difficulty being subsequently experienced in maintaining even this limited number the society was empowered to suspend for a time elections to fellowships which might fall vacant. It was afterwards found necessary so far to exercise the discretion thus conferred that the number of foundation fellows was further reduced to four, and we hence find that this last number is that which is usually spoken of as provided for by the original foundation 1 Documents, 111 318-9. 2 Ibid. 111 350-1. 4 Ibid. 111 311. • Praefectus et socii sint septem numero....Si tamen contigerit collegium in tantam decidere inopiam ut inde numerus hic praescriptus ali non potest; tum fundatrici dum visit of Sir Thomas Audley'. Before his decease, however, we fnd in the year 1543 the suppression of the monasteries resulting in another gain to the college. A fund had been bequeathed some years before, by one Hugh Dennis, to the priory of Shene for the finding of two priests to pray for ever for his soule and divirs other soules mentioned in his will. But as the priory had been dissolved these conditions. could no longer be fulfilled, and the heirs of Hugh Dennis accordingly obtained permission by Act of Parliament to emmute the obligation imposed on them by the directions of the will for an arrangement whereby it was agreed that there should be given to St Mary Magdalene College in Cambridge for ever a yearly pension of £20 in money issing out of his manor in Burleigh, whereof 20 nobles to be to the use of the college for ever, and the other 20 markes pension to be paid yearly to 2 such fellowes as the king shall nominate, which 2 fellows shall pray for the soules of King Henry the 7th and King Henry 8 and for the soules of Hugh Dennis and his wife and for all other soules mentioned in the will of the sayd Hugh Dennis". In addition to these two king's fellows,' as they were termed', John Spendluffe, of Farlsthorpe in Lincolnshire, gave in 1584 lands to the value of £30 and upwards' for the maintenance of one fellow and two scholars; and in 1587 two fellowships were founded by Sir Christopher Wray. Other bequests for a like purpose were made, until, at the binning of the eighteenth century, the number of fellowslips amounted to 16 and the scholarships to 31. 1 Cooper, Annals, 1 401. Baker (ISS iv 120) says, “Lord Andley's fin consisted of four fellow. • and six scholarships;' in MSS. vi 111. he says however that Sir T Anley 'crdinarit unum Maris. trim et octo Socios,' Dr Cams, ng in 1974, says Fundatio al crum magistrum et 8 socios, pracolo ne sufficit quidem ** i • lat quinque, poterit tamen eu Janarit bouis viris.' Hist. Acad. Cast. p. 74. Ct Book of Magdalene Colke Lige, p. 13. • Ibid. But not, it will be observed, of royal foundation. In the year 1634 Charles 1 instituted enquiry in the beef that the latter was the case and that these two fellowships were in his owne absolute power to dis pose of." The society returned reply that the fellowships had been founded by one Hugh Dentas, Esq., the nomination only being with the king, and that both fellowships were at that time filled.' 'Old Book,' p. 117. former, who generously took upon himself the whole re- CHAP. L sponsibility of the innovation, composed in the following August an elaborate letter to Gardiner, vindicating the new method of pro unciation and giving a detailed account of the manner in which he had been led to undertake its introduction. At the same time, Cheke and Gardiner exchanged a series of letters on the subject which was not concluded until the following October'. The general ground on which the latter chiefly rested his defence was that in a matter like pronunciation usage was the safest guide; and he maintained, rightly enough, that it was a fallacy to suppose that all written characters were necessarily to be reproduced in sound. It is rather suggestive of the real weakness of his case, that he thought it worth while to urge that the younger students, who naturally found the least difficulty in the new method, evinced a mischievous delight in the perplexity which it occasioned their elders, and were thus rendered pert and arrogant. His most solid objection was undoubtedly that derived from the diversity that the change would create between the English and the Continental practice, an objection to which both his opponents readily admitted that some weight was to be attached. 1 Johannis Cheki Angli de Pronuntiatione Graecae potissimum Linguae Disputationes cum Stephano Wintoniensi Episcopo, septem contrariis Epistolae comprehensae, &c. Basileae, 1555. Gardiner's first letter was written prior to his decree, in the hope apparently of deterring Cheke before recourse was had to so extreme a measure. Mr Wordsworth (University Studies, p. 109, n. 4) has briefly summarised this correspond ence. Vide, quaeso, apud nos in nostra dialecto, utrum osculum jam Kusse dices, vel Kysse? Quod exemplum ideo tibi propono, ut videa3 apud nos sonum litterae v Graecae, quae antiquioribus et rudibus sonabat u, urbanitate quadam loquendi in sonum litterae extenuatum.' Cheke, de Pronunt., p. 10. To this Cheke very happily rejoins: 'Sed ab antiquis ad nostia me transfers, et uno verbo Anglico totam Graecam Diluenda sunt illa quae maxime CHAP. I. The testimony of Ascham undoubtedly implies that the chancellor's decree met with a certain compliance,-at least at the public lectures. But it is evident that the submission of the university was not of long continuance, for in the following year Gardiner found it necessary emphatically to repeat his prohibition, declaring that he would not submit to be 'deluded and contempned'. In 1545 we find him. complaining that his decree, which he affirms had received the assent of the whole body, had been set aside with impunity; while in 1554, when his authority had acquired fresh terrors with the Catholic reaction, he proceeded to enforce his determination by vigorous dealings with the recalcitrants. But in a few years more the force of reason had prevailed, and the Erasmian pronunciation was generally adopted in England, until in turn superseded by the more recent method which now prevails. Its adoption on the Continent was somewhat later', but the treatises of Mekerch, Beza, Ceratinus, and Henry Stephens familiarized scholars with the arguments in its favour and gradually obtained for it an almost equally general acceptance. The real service. rendered by Smith in bringing about this important reform. frisse quam in Britannia certo scire 1 Cooper, Annals, 1–406. Coelius, The precise differences between of the late W. G. Clark, in the Jarl of Phology, 1 98-108. He The (p 100 that long before the * --- at winch Strype wrote (1721) the -n pronunciation had superboth the Erasmian and the banian in this country. } * Ascham, writing to Cheke (Nov. 11, 1550), states that he has just heard Theodoric Lange lecture at Louvain, and that the lecturer 'sequutus est in omni nostram pronun tiationem.' Epist. 233. In writing, however, to Edward Raven, in the following February, he qualifies this statement and says that the reader, in o, followed our pronunciation' (English Works, p. 355). As regards the Continent, Mr Clark observes: The change was the more easily made since in all countries the pronunciation of the consonants was nearly the same as that already employed both for Latin and for the vernacular tongues, while the Eras. mian pronunciation of the vowels was the same as that already in use in France, and with the except on of v, with that used in Italy and Ger many. In England alone the ano. malous pronunciation of the vowels in the native tongue presented an obstacle which did not exist clse. where. Journal of Philology, 1 102. has been somewhat unduly lost sight of by posterity; for to CHAP. 1 Cheke, in conjunction with Erasmus, the merit has chiefly been assigned'. 1544 for the tion of That Smith's popularity had been in no way diminished state of by his advocacy of the new pronunciation of Greek, may be matricula inferred from the fact of his election to the vice-chancellor. students ship for the year 1543-4. His tenure of office was marked by one measure of more than ordinary utility,-the passing of a statute for the due matriculation and registration of students. Before this time, no other formality had been observed save that of an oath administered to all students above the age of fourteen by the head of the college or hall to which they belonged, whereby they pledged themselves to obey the authorities, preserve the peace, and defend the interests of the university. By the statute of 1544, the student was required to go before the registrary and give in his name, together with that of his tutor and that of his college, to pay the matriculation fees, and then, if of mature age, to take an oath to the following effect: The Chancellor and Vicechancellor of the university of Cambridge 80 far forth as is lawful and right, and according to the rank in which I shall be as long as I shall dwell in this republic, I will courteously obey. The laws, statutes, approved customs and privileges of the university, as much as in me is, I will observe. The advancement of piety and good letters, and the state, honour, and dignity of this university I will maintain as long as I live, and with my suffrage and counsel, asked and unasked, will defend. So Help me God and the Holy Gospels of Ged3. 1 Mekerch (Haverkamp, Sylloge Scriptorum, etc. p. 30) mentions Erasmus and Cheke as the writers by whom he had been principally guided in his researches. So again Henry Stephens writes: Quidquid D. Erasmus, quidquid Joannes Checus scripserunt de hac controversia sonorum literariorum, primum est acceptum.' Ibid. p. 391. At Paris, the cminent Ramus appears to have been the first to introduce the new method, and he was followed by Lambinus (Ibid. 391– 2). Stephens, who wrote his treatise in 1578, speaks of the new method as already prevalent in Gaul, Britain, and Flanders. Ibid. The various sums payable, according to the status of the individual, are enumerated in Cooper, Annals, 1 414. Ibid. 1 413-4. Among other good results from this measure is to be noted the fact that it rendered it necessary that the Registers at the different colleges should also be more systematically kept. The Registers of Admissions at St John's College all date from the following year, viz. 1515; while previously, even the register of the admissions of the follows had been so neglected that professor |