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six years were cancelled or materially modified. The mass was heard again in St Mary's and in the college chapels. Processions were again to be seen passing along the streets preceded by a new silver cross,-the different foundations having been mulcted to replace the one which Parker had soll. The old pronunciation of Greek was again prescribed and probably for a time more successfully enforced. Only in one instance do we find the university venturing to thwart the chancellor's purpose. The office of one of the bedells had fallen vacant by the death of John Adams, and Gardiner, anxious to increase the number of those at Cambridge on whom he could rely for trustworthy information, sought to bring about the election of William Muryell, his 'old servant and scholar,' to the post. The right of electing to the office was however vested in the whole body of regents and nonregents, and after a scrutiny had been thrice taken it was found that Muryell had failed to obtain the requisite number of votes. It was rumoured that this was owing to the opposition of those who favoured Protestant doctrines, and Gardiner's resentment was not slow to manifest itself. He forthwith wrote to command that Muryell should be admitted to the office of bedell, until such time as he was himself able to visit the university. He attributed his servant's nonelection to religious jealousies, and in order effectually to prevent like opposition in future enjoined that none should vote at elections or upon graces or be admitted to degrees who had not openly in the congregation detested particu larly and bi articles the heresies lately spred in the realme, and professed bi articles the catholic doctryne nowe receyued, and subscribed the same with their honds'.'

In the place therefore of the rejected Forty-Two Articles, a syndicate appointed by the senate now proceeded to draw up a series of fifteen articles embodying the distinctive tenets of Catholicism and the recognition of the papal supremacy, and condemning as pestiferous heresies' the dogmas

* Cooper, Annals, 11 85 86, 113.

* Theraments, 1 353,

3

* See ingra, p. 157, in account of

statutes of Cardinal Pole.
Lamb, Documents, p. 170.

of Luther, Oecolampadius, Zwinglius, and Bucer'. The new CHAI articles were forthwith subscribed by the great majority of the resident electors in the university and during the reign of Mary a like subscription was an indispensable condition of admission to degrees.

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Such was Gardiner's last important measure in bis capacity as chancellor of the university. He died in the following rathe November; and in that community where he had been edu-Nər, cated and had taught, and in which he had alternately acted the part of persecutor and protector, his name, that for thirty years had rarely been absent from men's minds, soon sank into contempt and was seldom mentioned but with aversion. He was succeeded by Reginald Pole, cardinal priest of St He Mary in Cosmedin and Papal legate, who in the following year was also elected to the chancellorship of the university of Oxford. It does not appear that Pole ever visited Cambridge, and his interest was naturally more active in Oxford, where, as a student of Magdalen, he had passed some years with credit in his boyhood. Both universities were, in the following year, subjected by him to another visitation, having for its express object the more complete establishment of the Catholic religion. In the mean time the burning of Martend Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley at Oxford, and that of John a Hullier, a Protestant scholar and conduct of King's College, on Jesus Green at Cambridge, had brought home to both communities with terrible vividness the stern realities of the religious crisis. The Cambridge martyrs, one and all, died with a patience and fortitude worthy of their cause; and many as have been the passages notable for their touching pathos which men of lofty nature have penned in the anticipation of death, the farewell to which Ridley gave expression, as his university and his ancient college of Pembroke with

↑ Ibid. xlvi, 173; Cooper, Annals, 11 97. The miticles are translated in Heywood's Cambridge Sixteenth Cen tury Statutes, pp. 219–223. The recog nition of the papal supremacy had been rendered lawful by the parliamentary legislation of the preceding January. See Froude, Hist, of England, v 170–

4. See also Cooper, Junale, 11 111,
where I have dwelt longer,
found more faithful and hearty friends,
received more benefits (the benefits of
my natural parents only excepted),
than ever I did in mine own native
country wherein I was born.' Foxe.
Townsend, vi 557 8.

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its orchard walk came back to his memory', is unsurpassed in its kind.

In melancholy contrast to these heroic deaths, was Cheke's end some two years later. Overcome by persuasion and menaces, he renounced his Protestantism and made a public recantation. But remorse and shame soon did their work on a very sensitive, high-spirited, and noble nature, and he died broken-hearted in London, at the house of his friend Peter Osborn, a former scholar of the university and afterwards Remembrancer of the Exchequer.

The details of the visitation of Cambridge, which occupied the greater part of the month of January, 1557, have been preserved to us in a quaint and interesting account by John More, the registrary and one of the esquire bedells of the university, who died in 1558. They are chiefly notable as lustrations of the ceremonial and procedure observed by the visitors in carrying out their main object. One act, howdever, conspicuous from its wanton indecency and barbarity, cannot be altogether passed by: the remains of Bucer and Fagius were exhumed, chained like the bodies of living heretics to the stake, and publicly burnt on Market Hill'.

The chief result of the visitation was a new body of Statutes, generally known as those of Cardinal Pole. But as these enactments were designed to be only temporary and proved in the result almost inoperative, the brief summary of their general scope and main provisions given by Dean Peacock will be suflicient for our purpose. They are,' he

**Farewel, Pembroke Hall, of late ❤ ́-- own college, my cure, and my eorge; what case thou art in now, Calanoweth, I know not well. Thou west ever named since I knew theo

is now a thirty years ago), to I will learrel, and a good streeforth of Christ's Gospel, and of tr geword, so I found thee, and *** be Gal so I left thee indeed. sme for thee mine own dear ze, if ever thou suffer thyself by ans to be brought from that tea with evilent reference to the semise des ʼn to make Clare a college terval law. See supra, pp. 136

7.]. In thy orchard (the walls, buts, and trees, if they could speak would bear me witness) I learned without book almost all Paul's Epistles, yea, and I ween all the Canonical Epistles, savo only the Apocalypse, of which study the sweet smell thereof, I trust, I shall carry with me into heaven.' Foxe-Townsend, vit 558.

2 Strype, Life of Sir John Cheke, Pp. 130-1.

3 Lamb, Documents, pp. 201-2, 206, 207, 204, 210, 216-7; Cooper, Annals, pp. 118-9.

Lamb, Ibid. pp. 237-271.

precedent thus set

example (as we shall directly see) by the illiberality of their CHAP. IL antagonists and imposed a like subscription in favour of Effect of the Catholic doctrine. The experience thus gained was not lost on Elizabeth and her wise advisers, and throughout her reign, although active aggression on the tenets of the Established Church was rigorously forbidden, Cambridge retained. the privilege of conferring degrees in all the faculties independent of any subscription or test'.

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of York

Of the civil excitement and confusion that followed upon the accession of Mary, Cambridge and its university had their s full share. When the queen assembled her adherents at Framlingham, and Northumberland marched against her from London, it was at Cambridge that his army halted. There, in the course of one brief week, men could mark cach rapidly succeeding incident of his ignominious fall. It was on Saturday, the fifteenth of July, that he arrived, and Northamthe same evening Sandys, the master of St Catherine's Cambrige. and vice-chancellor, together with Dr Bill (who was now master of Trinity), Parker, and Lever, met him by invitation at supper. Upon Sandys, the Protector imposed the perilous Et task of preaching before the university on the following areshop day,—in other words, of 'tuning' the academic pulpit in 1 favour of the Protestant party and lady Jane Grey. Sandys, who as archbishop of York became in later years a prominent figure in the history of these times, was a man of considerable ability and though zealous for the Reformation deserves the praise of having shewn on more than one occasion a judgement and moderation far too rare among his party, but his irritable and ungovernable temper made him numerous enemies and involved him in continual disputes. He now accepted his prescribed task without demur, though fully conscious that it was one of extreme gravity. As the story is told by Foxe, he rose the following day, by the light of the sermen carly summer dawn, and prayed that he might be divinely directed in the selection of his text. As he opened his Bible,

1 See infra, pp. 151-5; Lamb, Documents, pp. xlv-xlix; Walsh, Historical Acct., etc., p. 21; Cooper,

Annals, 111 2 and 59-60.
2 Baker-Mayor, 663-4.

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his eye fell upon the passage in the first chapter of Joshua wherein the people of Israel promise to their new leader the same obedience that they had before rendered to Moses. From this text he preached. It was the same Sunday that Ridley, at Paul's Cross, and John Knox, at Amersham, were appealing with all their eloquence to the patriotism and consciences of their party, and the application made by the Cambridge preacher may easily be surmised. The young king, just dead, represented of course the great leader of Israel, while Northumberland was Joshua. According to Foxe, it was an eloquent and moving appeal'; nor was it, perhaps, a matter of much difficulty to draw tears from the eyes of an audience whese interests were so deeply involved in the crisis at which the orator pointed. The duke and his officers were unanimous in a request that the discourse might be printed, and Sandys undertook that within thirty-six hours his sermon should be eurrected and ready for that purpose. There was at that time no printing press in Cambridge, but Lever, the intrepid master of St John's, volunteered himself to carry the manuscript to London. At the appointed hour, he was at the tes of St Catherine's, ready booted and spurred for his jurrey, when one of the bedells, John Adams by name, me in deep distress to report that Northumberland, who had marched out at the head of his army early on the Monday mornig, was falling back on the town. Soon after the Protector peared, his forces thinned by numerous desertions and he mself a desperate and doomed man. As a last expedient L: summoned Sandys and a herald to accompany him to the market-place, there proclaimed queen Mary and threw up is eap, the tears running down his checks for grief.' He • 1 aloud to Sandys that the queen was a merciful woman that he looked for a general pardon. His tardy submission was however of no avail and on the following day he was arrested at King's College by Arundel.

Sandys on that

e morning,-seeking probably some relief for his over

Fore-Townsend, vin 500. Hawcis, ➡ Siztches of the Reformation 24k highly of Sandys' pulpants: his sermons, he says,

are written with considerable power, they are well digested, and not unfrequently have a modern air, which in an old book sustains attention."

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