Page images
PDF
EPUB

καὶ οἱ γράφοντες καὶ οἱ συμβουλεύοντες ὑπὲρ Φορμίω νος πολλοί· ἅμα τ ̓ εἰκός ἐστι τοὺς ἐγχειροῦντας τὰ ψευδῆ μαρτυρεῖν καὶ τὴν ἀπολογίαν εὐθέως ὑπὲρ αὐ 2 τῶν μελετᾶν. ὅτι δ ̓ ἐν τοσούτῳ λόγῳ οὐδαμοῦ μάρτυρας παρέσχετο ὑμῖν ὡς ἢ διατιθεμένῳ τῷ πατρὶ τῷ ἐμῷ παρεγένετό που αὐτὸς ταύτην τὴν διαθήκην, ὥστ εἰδέναι ταῦτα ὅτι ἀντίγραφά ἐστιν ὧν ὁ πατήρ μου διέθετο, ἢ ἀνοιχθὲν εἶδε τὸ γραμματεῖον ὅ φασι διαθέμενον ἐκεῖνον καταλιπεῖν, ταῦτα συμμέμνησθέ μοι. 3 ἀλλὰ μὴν ὁπότε μεμαρτύρηκεν ἀντίγραφα εἶναι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῶν Πασίωνος τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ γεγραμμένα, τὰς δὲ διαθήκας μὴ ἔχει ἐπιδεῖξαι μήθ ̓ ὡς ὁ πατὴρ διέθετο ἡμῶν, μήθ ̓ ὡς αὐτὸς εἶδε παραγενόμενος b Z et Bekker (st. Leipsig ed.) cum G. H. Schaefer. ἔχειν Bekker (Berlin ed.) cum libris. suspicions that Stephanus would have recourse to this line of defence. See Or. 45 §§ 44 and 87.

οἱ γράφοντες...ὑπὲρ Φορμίωνος.] e. g. Demosthenes himself.

...

μελετάν,

τὴν ἀπολογίαν...μελετᾶν.]‘prepare their defence.' like meditari, with which it is etymologically connected, is often used of 'rehearsing a part,' 'conning over a task,' practising for a performance.' 2. μάρτυρας ὡς ... · παρεγέ νετο.] The plaintiff objects that Stephanus could not attest to a document being a copy of Pasion's 'will,' as he calls no evidence to prove he was present when the will was made (cf. Or. 45 § 26). But even supposing he had been present, it would not follow that he was familiar with the terms, as even the witnesses to a will would not necessarily know its contents, or be able to attest to its correspondence with any document purporting to be a copy

P. S. D. II.

of the same. Cf. Isaeus Or. 4 (Nicostratus) $ 13 τῶν διατιθεμένων οἱ πολλοὶ οὐδὲ λέγουσι τοῖς παραγινομένοις ὅ τι διατίθενται, ἀλλ ̓ αὐτοῦ μόνου, τοῦ καταλιπεῖν διαθήκας, μάρτυρας παρίστανται, τοῦ δὲ συμβαίνοντός ἐστι καὶ γραμματεῖον ἀλλαγῆναι καὶ τἀναντία ταῖς τοῦ τεθνεῶτος διαθήκαις μεταγραφῆναι. οὐδὲν γὰρ μᾶλλον οἱ μάρτυρες εἴσονται εἰ ἐφ ̓ αἷς ἐκλήθησαν διαθήκαις, αὗται ἀποφαίνονται (Becker, Charicles, Scene IΧ. note 18).

The inelegance of the triple repetition διατιθεμένῳ..διέθετο.. διαθέμενον is perhaps open to criticism. (A. Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit, III. 2. 187.)

ἐκεῖνον] not αὐτὸν, either because it refers to a person deceased, or to distinguish τὸν πατέρα from the subject of the sentence, Στέφανος. Ρ.] συμμέμνησθε. ] A verb apparently never used elsewhere, except in late Greek.

3. οπότε.] See the note on Or. 34 § 33 and cf. inf. § 9 ad fin. 8

4

αὐταῖς διατιθεμένου τοῦ πατρὸς, πῶς οὐ περιφανῶς οὗτος ἐξελέγχεται τὰ ψευδῆ μεμαρτυρηκώς ;

Εἰ τοίνυν πρόκλησίν φησιν εἶναι καὶ μὴ μαρτυρίαν, οὐκ ἀληθῆ λέγει· ἅπαντα γὰρ ὅσα παρέχονται εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον προκαλούμενοι ἀλλήλους οἱ ἀντίδικοι, 1130 διὰ μαρτυρίας παρέχονται. οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἰδείηθ ̓ ὑμεῖς εἴτ ̓ ἐστιν ἀληθῆ εἴτε ψευδῆ ἅ φασιν ἑκάτεροι, εἰ μή τις καὶ τοὺς μάρτυρας παρέχοιτο. ὅταν δὲ παράσχηται, τούτοις πιστεύοντες ὑποδίκοις οὖσι ψηφίζεσθε ἐκ τῶν λεγομένων καὶ μαρτυρουμένων ἃ ἂν ὑμῖν δοκῇ δίκαια 5 εἶναι. βούλομαι τοίνυν καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἐξελέγξαι, ὅτι οὐ πρόκλησίς ἐστι, καὶ ὡς ἔδει μαρτυρεῖν αὐτοὺς, εἴπερ ἐγίγνετο ἡ πρόκλησις, ὡς οὐκ ἐγίγνετο. μαρτυροῦσι παρεῖναι πρὸς τῷ διαιτητῇ Τισίᾳ, ὅτε προύκαλεῖτο Φορμίων ̓Απολλόδωρον ἀνοίγειν τὸ γραμματ τεῖον, ὃ παρεῖχεν ̓Αμφίας ὁ Κηφισοφῶντος κηδεστὴς, ̓Απολλόδωρον δ ̓ οὐκ ἐθέλειν ἀνοίγειν. οὕτω μὲν ἂν μαρτυροῦντες ἐδόκουν ἀληθῆ μαρτυρεῖν ἀντίγραφα δὲ τῶν διαθηκῶν τῶν Πασίωνος μαρτυρεῖν εἶναι τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ ἃ παρείχετο Φορμίων, μήτε παραγενομένους ἐκείνῳ διατιθεμένῳ, μήτ ̓ εἰδότας εἰ διέθετο, πῶς οὐ περιφανῶς ἀναισχυντία δοκεῖ ὑμῖν εἶναι;

• Bekker cum libris.

§§ 4-5. If my opponent urges that he is responsible for a Challenge only and not for a deposition, then he is not speaking the truth. Every Challenge necessarily involves a deposition, and I shall shew that he has deposed to something more than α mere Challenge, and I shall also criticize the terms of his deposition.

4. πρόκλησιν...μὴ μαρτυρίαν.] Οr. 45 § 43 προκλήσεως ἐστιν ὑπεύθυνος, οὐχὶ μαρτυρίας. Ste phanus disclaims responsibility

αὐτὰς Z cum Baitero.

for the deposition, but the
plaintiff on his part insists that
the deposition is inseparable
from the Challenge, as no Chal-
lenge could be put in evidence
at a trial unless attested by the
deposition of a responsible
witness.

5. περιφανῶς ἀναισχυντία.]
• Malim περιφανοῦς ἀναισχυντίας.
Dobree. For περιφανώς cf. § 3;
the corresponding substantive
περιφάνεια has occurred in Or.
45 § 2.

6 ̓Αλλὰ μὴν εἰ φησὶ Φορμίωνος λέγοντος πιστεύειν ταῦτ ̓ ἀληθῆ εἶναι, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνδρός ἐστι πιστεύειν τε λέγοντι τούτῳ ταῦτα καὶ κελεύοντι μαρτυρεῖν. οἱ δέ γε νόμοι οὐ ταῦτα λέγουσιν, ἀλλ ̓ ἃ ἂν εἰδῇ τις καὶ οἷς ἂν παραγένηται πραττομένοις, ταῦτα μαρτυρεῖν κελεύουσιν ἐν° γραμματείῳ γεγραμμένα, ἵνα μήτ' ἀφε λεῖν ἐξῇ μηδὲν μήτε προσθεῖναι τοῖς γεγραμμένοις. 7 ἀκοὴν δ ̓ οὐκ ἐῶσι ζῶντος μαρτυρεῖν, ἀλλὰ τεθνεῶτος. τῶν δὲ ἀδυνάτων καὶ ὑπερορίων ἐκμαρτυρίαν γεγραμμένην ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ· καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐπισκήψεως τήν τε μαρτυρίαν καὶ ἐκμαρτυρίαν ἀγωνίζεσθαι 1131

da av Bekker. ἂν Z cum Bekkero (ad Or. 1 § 3). ἂν Σ prima manu.

e év Bekker.

[blocks in formation]

§§ 6-8. If Phormio's assertion was the defendant's only reason for deposing to the document being a copy of Pasion's will, then he has been guilty of giving hearsay evidence which is false and which he has given in a manner contrary to the law.

7. ἀκοὴν...μαρτυρεῖν.] • to give hearsay evidence.' Isaeus Or. 6 (Philoctemon) § 54 οἷς μὴ παρεγένετο, ἀλλ ̓ ἤκουσέ τις, ἀκοὴν μαρτυρεῖν. Dem. Or. 57 § 4.

τῶν ἀδυνάτων καὶ ὑπερορίων ἐκμαρτυρίαν.] The witness, whe ther he had been present at the preliminary examination or not, was compelled to attend at the trial itself to confirm his evidence, unless he was either ill or abroad, in which case his evidence might be taken by a commission. Isaeus Or. 3 (Pyrrhus) §§ 20-27, esp. § 20 παρὰ τῶν ἀσθενούντων ἢ ἀποδημεῖν μελλόντων ὅταν τις ἐκμαρτυρίαν ποιῆται... Harpocration, ἐκμαρτυρία διαφέρει τῆς μαρτυρίας, ὅτι

ἐν τῷ Z cum ΣΦ.

ἡ μὲν μαρτυρία τῶν παρόντων ἐστὶν,
ἡ δ ̓ ἐκμαρτυρία τῶν ἀπόντων. σα-
φέστατα δὲ περὶ τούτων διδάσκουσι
Δημοσθένης τε ἐν τῷ κατὰ Στε
φάνου καὶ Δείναρχος.

ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐπισκήψεως.]
The laws enact that the evi-
dence of the absent witness shall
come before the court under
the same impeachment as that
of the witnesses attesting the
same, in order that, if the ab-
sent witness acknowledge his
evidence, he may be liable to
a trial for false testimony,
and if he disown it, then the
attesting witnesses. For ἐπί-
σκηψις, the process of bringing
an action for false witness, cf.
Arist. Pol. II. 12. 11 Χαρώνδου
ἴδιον οὐδέν ἐστι πλὴν αἱ δ' αι τῶν
ψευδομαρτυριών, πρῶτος γὰρ ἐποί-
ησε τὴν ἐπίσκηψιν. Οr. 47 88
1 and 5 Θεόφημος αὐτοῖς ὡς ἀλη
θῆ μεμαρτυρηκόσιν οὐκ ἐπεσκτψα-
το οὐδ ̓ ἐπεξέρχεται τῶν ψευδο-
μαρτυριών. Οr. 29 §§ 7, 41 and
Or. 34 § 46 note.

ἅμα, ἵν ̓ ἐὰν μὲν ἀναδέχηται ὁ ἐκμαρτυρήσας, ἐκεῖνος ὑπόδικος ἢ τῶν ψευδομαρτυριῶν, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀναδέχη8 ται, οἱ μαρτυρήσαντες τὴν ἐκμαρτυρίαν. Στέφανος τοίνυν οὑτοσὶ, οὔτ ̓ εἰδὼς διαθήκας καταλιπόντα τὸν πατέρα ἡμῶν, οὔτε παραγενόμενος πώποτε διατιθε μένῳ τῷ πατρὶ ἡμῶν, ἀκούσας δὲ Φορμίωνος, με μαρτύρηκεν ἀκοὴν τὰ ψευδῆ τε καὶ παρὰ τὸν νόμον. καὶ ταῦθ ̓ ὅτι ἀληθῆ λέγω, αὐτὸν ὑμῖν τὸν νόμον ἀναγνώσεται,

ΝΟΜΟΣ.

['Ακοὴν εἶναι μαρτυρεῖν τεθνεῶτος, ἐκμαρτυρίαν δὲ ὑπερορίου καὶ ἀδυνάτου.]

9 Ὡς τοίνυν καὶ παρ ̓ ἕτερον νόμον μεμαρτύρηκεν ἐπιδεῖξαι ὑμῖν βούλομαι, ἵνα εἰδῆτε ὅτι μεγάλων ἀδικημάτων οὐκ ἔχων καταφυγὴν ὁ Φορμίων, πρόφασιν 8 Z et Bekker (st. Leipsig ed.) cum Reiskio. ρήσαντες Bekker (Berlin ed.) cum libris.

ἐὰν μὴ ἀναδέχηται.] if he does not acknowledge it' e. g. on the ground of its being forged or incorrectly copied. Isaeus Or. 3 §§ 23, 24 tells us ' it was usual to select persons of good character to receive such evidence and to have as many of them as possible.' (C. R. Kennedy in Dict. Ant. s. v. ἐκμαρτυρία.) Cf. Schol. on Aeschin. Fals. Leg. § 19 εἰ ἐπανελθὼν ἐκεῖνος (sc. ὁ ἐκμαρτυρήσας) εἶπεν, ὅτι οὐδὲν εἶπον, ἐκρίνοντο οὗτοι (sc. οἱ μαρτυρήσαντες) ὡς συκοφάνται.

§§ 9-10. The defendant has also given evidence contrary to another law. Under cover of the testimony of the defendant and his friends, Phormio has virtually given evidence in his own cause, which is illegal; and the law declares that a suit for false testimony shall be main

ἐκμαρτυ

tainable against a person on the ground of his having given evidence contrary to the law.

9. πρόφασιν λαβὼν τὴν πρόκλησιν.] In Or. 45 § 19 (which should be compared with the whole of the present sentence) this Challenge is denounced as 2 παραπέτασμα. So below, προστησάμενος τούτους ' putting these men forward as an excuse.' For the favourite antithesis between λόγος and ἔργον cf. Thucydides passim. The historian possibly caught this mannerism from his master Antiphon (Or. 5 § 5 οὐ γὰρ δίκαιον οὔτε ἔργῳ ἁμαρτόντα διὰ ῥήματα σωθῆναι οὔτε ἔργῳ ὀρθῶς πράξαντα διὰ ῥήματα ἀπολέσθαι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ῥῆμα τῆς γλώσσης ἁμάρτημά ἐστι τὸ δ' ἔργον τῆς γνώμης. Cf. ib. § 84 and Or. 6 § 47 οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἄνθρωποι τοῖς ἔργοις τοὺς λόγους

λαβὼν λόγῳ τὴν πρόκλησιν, ἔργῳ αὐτὸς αὑτῷ μεμαρτ τύρηκε προστησάμενος τούτους, δι ̓ ὧν οἱ μὲν δικασταὶ ἐξηπατήθησαν ὡς ἀληθῆ τούτων μαρτυρούντων, ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπεστερήθην ὧν ὁ πατήρ μοι κατέλιπε χρημάτων καὶ τοῦ δίκην λαβεῖν περὶ ὧν ἀδικοῦμαι. μαρτυρεῖν γὰρ οἱ νόμοι οὐκ ἐῶσιν αὐτὸν αὑτῷ οὔτ ̓ ἐπὶ ταῖς γραφαῖς οὔτ ̓ ἐπὶ ταῖς δίκαις οὔτ ̓ ἐν ταῖς εὐθύναις. ὁ τοίνυν Φορμίων αὐτὸς αὑτῷ μεμαρτύρηκεν, ὁπότε φασὶν οὗτοι ἀκούσαντες ἐκείνου ταῦτα μεμαρτυρη 10 κέναι. ἵνα δὲ εἰδῆτε ἀκριβῶς, αὐτὸν τὸν νόμον μοι ἀνάγνωθι.

ΝΟΜΟΣ.

[Τοῖν ἀντιδίκοιν ἐπάναγκες εἶναι ἀποκρίνασθαι ἀλλήλοις τὸ ἐρωτώμενον, μαρτυρεῖν δὲ μή.]

Σκέψασθε τοίνυν τουτονὶ τὸν νόμον, ὃς κελεύει ὑποδίκους εἶναι τῶν ψευδομαρτυριῶν καὶ κατ ̓ αὐτὸ 1132 τοῦτο, ὅτι μαρτυρεῖ παρὰ τὸν νόμον.

ἐλέγχουσιν, οὗτοι δὲ τοῖς λόγοις τὰ ἔργα ζητοῦσιν ἄπιστα καθιστάναι).

τούτων] is redundant after δι' ὧν, that is, μαρτυρούντων might have agreed with wv, instead of a new clause introduced with a genitive absolute. In the next line Dobree would read ŵv 0' ¿ πατὴρ...καὶ τοῦ δίκην λαβεῖν, κ.τ.λ.

γραφαῖς...δίκαις.] See note on Οr. 54 § 2.—εὐθύναις, audits, 'examinations on surrendering office, as opposed to δοκιμασία 'the enquiry preliminary to taking office.'

10. τοῖν ἀντιδίκοιν—μή.] ' that both parties be compelled to answer one another's questions, but that neither be allowed to be a witness in his own cause.' On ἐρώτησις see Aristot. Rhet. III. 18 and for examples cf. Lysias Or. 12 §§ 24-26, Or. 22

§ 5 ; Or. 13 §§ 30-33. Dem.
de cor. § 52, Plato Apol. p. 25,
Isaeus Or. 11 § 4. 'A favourite
instrument of debate with
speakers in the public assembly
and law courts is the interroga-
tion of the adversary. The
object of this is to enforce an
argument; or to take the ad-
versary by surprise and extract
from him an unguarded ad-
mission; or to place him in an
awkward dilemma, by shaping
your question in such a way,
that he must either by avowing
it admit something which his
antagonist wishes to establish,
or by refusing seem to give
consent by his silence to that
which the questioner wishes to
insinuate; or to gain some
similar advantage.' (Cope's In-
troduction to Ar. Rhet. p. 362.)

« PreviousContinue »