22 μενος ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν. ὡς δ ̓ ἀληθῆ λέγω, καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν τοὺς μάρτυρας παρέξομαι. ΜΑΡΤΥΡΕΣ. Ὅσας μὲν τοίνυν μαρτυρίας παρασχέσθαι εἶχον ὑμῖν, ὡς ἔστιν Αρεθουσίου τἀνδράποδα, δεδήλωκα ὑμῖν. βούλομαι δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς προκλήσεως εἰπεῖν, ἣν οὗτοί με προὐκαλέσαντο καὶ ἐγὼ τούτους. οὗτοι μὲν γάρ με προὐκαλέσαντο, ὅτε ἡ πρώτη ανάκρισις ἦν, φάσκον τες ἕτοιμοι εἶναι παραδιδόναι ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ τἀνδράποδα βασανίσαι, βουλόμενοι μαρτυρίαν τινὰ αὑτοῖς ταύτην §§ 22-25. I now propose to deal with the Challenge which my opponents proposed to me, and also with that which I myself proposed to them. At the preliminary hearing of my case against Arethusius, they put in a Challenge, and offered therein to deliver up the slaves, to be tortured by myself, their object being to claim the Challenge as a piece of evidence in their own favour in the event of my refusing to accept it. I replied to the Challenge by stating in the presence of witnesses, that since this was not a private but a public cause and since the slaves, as I contended, were the property of the state, it was not for myself to torture them, as I was only a private person; on the contrary, it was a question for the board of police or for certain persons chosen by the Council of the state. On these conditions I was willing to accept their Challenge, and I challenged them to accept my own proposal. They declined my offer. 22. προκλήσεως.] On the subject of Challenges, see Or. 45 § 15. ἣν με προὐκαλέσαντο.] For the double acc. cf. Or. 56 § 17 προκαλεῖσθαί τινα πρόκλησιν. ἡ πρώτη ἀνάκρισις.] the first preliminary investigation,' see note on ἀνακρινοίμην § 14 supra. παραδιδόναι ... τἀνδράποδα βα σανίσαι.] The principle of extracting evidence by the torture of slaves, was one of the weakest points in the judicial system of Athens (some interesting criticisms on it may be found in Forsyth's Hortensius p. 40, and in Mahaffy's Social Life in Greece p. 226-8).—ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ is emphatic, just as, six lines further, εἰ ἐμοὶ ἐξεδίδοσαν contrasted with δημοσίᾳ. The speaker holds that the slaves belong to the state and should have been handed over to the public official and not to a private individual like himself. ταύτην.] Not the evidence given by the slaves, but the mere offer to allow them to be tortured, wishing this (offer) to be a kind of evidence on their own side. ταύτην is attracted into the same gender as μαρτυρίαν ; τοῦτο would have made the same sense, but would have been less idiomatic. 23 γενέσθαι. ἐγὼ δ ̓ ἀπεκρινάμην αὐτοῖς ἐναντίον μαρτύρων ὅτι ἕτοιμός εἰμι ἰέναι εἰς τὴν βουλὴν μετ ̓ αὐτῶν καὶ παραλαμβάνειν μετ ̓ ἐκείνης ἢ μετὰ τῶν ἕνδεκα, 1254 λέγων ὅτι, εἰ μὲν ἰδίαν δίκην ἐδικαζόμην αὐτοῖς, εἰ ἐμοὶ ἐξεδίδοσαν, παρελάμβανον ἂν, νῦν δὲ τῆς πόλεως εἴη τἀνδράποδα καὶ ἡ ἀπογραφή· δεῖν οὖν δημοσία 24 βασανίζεσθαι. ἡγούμην γὰρ οὐ προσήκειν ἐμοὶ ἰδιώτῃ ὄντι τοὺς δημοσίους βασανίζειν· οὔτε γὰρ τῆς βασάνου κύριος ἐγιγνόμην οὔτε καλῶς ἔχειν τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐμὲ κρίνειν'. ἡγούμην τε δεῖν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἢ τοὺς ᾑρημένους ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς γράφεσθαι, καὶ κατασημηναμένους τὰς βασάνους, ὅ τι εἴποιενκ 1 κρίνειν Ζ. 23. εἰ ... εἰ.] Two or even three protases, not co-ordinate, may belong to one apodosis, e. g. Plat. Men. 74 Β, εἴ τίς σε ἀνέροιτο τοῦτο, τί ἐστι σχῆμα; εἰ αὐτῷ εἶπες ὅτι στρογγυλότης, εἴ σοι εἶπεν ἅπερ ἐγώ, εἶπες δήπου ἂν ὅτι σχημά τι (Goodwin, Moods and Tenses § 55. 1). The reiteration of ei in the present passage has been considered open to objection; it occurs however in Or. 54 § 15, in án undoubtedly genuine speech of Demosthenes (A. Schaefer, Dem. u. s. Zeit III. 2. 188 and Lortzing, Apoll. 33). δημοσίᾳ βασανίζεσθαι.] 4 to be questioned publicly,' i.e. 'to be tortured by a state-officer.' 24. οὔτε τῆς βασάνου κύριος ἐγιγνόμην.] i.e. I did not acquire control of the 'question,'-authority over the examination. οὔτε καλῶς ἔχειν] sc. ἡγούμην, 'it was unsuitable, I thought, for myself to decide as to the answers of the slaves.' τὴν ἀρχὴν] sc. τοὺς ἕνδεκα, as appears by comparing § 23, μετὰ ειπεν Σ. (τῆς βουλῆς) ἢ μετὰ τῶν ἕνδεκα. γράφεσθαι.] ‘to have the an- κατασημηναμένους.] having sealed up the testimony extorted.' The documents were οἱ ἄνθρωποι, παρέχειν εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον, ἵν ̓ ἀκούσαντες ἐκ τούτων ἐψηφίσασθε ὁποῖόν τι ὑμῖν ἐδόκει. 25 ἰδίᾳ μὲν γὰρ βασανιζομένων τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑπ ̓ ἐμοῦ ἀντελέγετ ̓ ἂν ἅπαντα ὑπὸ τούτων, εἰ δὲ δημοσίᾳ, ἡμεῖς μὲν ἂν ἐσιωπῶμεν, οἱ δ ̓ ἄρχοντες ἢ οἱ ᾑρημένοι ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς ἐβασάνιζον ἂν μέχρι οὗ αὐτοῖς ἐδόκει. ταῦτα δ ̓ ἐμοῦ ἐθέλοντος οὐκ ἂν ἔφασαν τῇ ἀρχῇ παραδοῦναι, οὐδ ̓ εἰς τὴν βουλὴν ἤθελον ἀκολουθεῖν, ὡς οὖν ἀληθῆ λέγω, κάλει μοι τοὺς τούτων μάρτυρας. 26 ΜΑΡΤΥΡΕΣ. Κατὰ πολλὰ μὲν οὖν ἔμοιγε δοκοῦσιν εἶναι ἀναί put into an exivos orcasket,' which was sealed up and afterwards produced in court and there opened. Or. 54 § 17 onμανθῆναι τοὺς ἐχίνους. βασάνους, as is proved by the subsequent clause, whatever the slaves said,' is here used, not of the torture itself, but of the extorted evidence. Harpocr. βάσανος ̓Αντιφών λίθος οὕτω καλεῖται, ἢ τὸ χρυσίον παρατριβόμενον δοκιμάζεται. Υπερείδης δ ̓ ἐν τῷ κατ' ̓Αντίου τὰ ἐν τοῖς βασάνοις εἰρημένα ὑπὸ τῶν βασανιζομένων καὶ ἀναγρα φέντα βασάνους ὠνόμασε. (Anaximenes) rhet. XVI. 1, βάσανός ἐστι μὲν ὁμολογία παρὰ συνειδότος, άκοντος δέ. παρέχειν κ.τ.λ.] to produce in court' the evidence obtained by torture. The torture itself, it appears, did not take place in court (see note on Or. 45 § 16). ἵνα—ἐψηφίσασθε.] For ἵνα ‘in which case,' cf. Or. 36 § 47. ἐκ τούτων should be taken with ἐψηφίσασθε and not with ἀκούσαντες, cf. Οr. 45 §2 ἐξ ὧν (ακούσαντες)...γνώσεσθε. 25. ἰδίᾳ βασανιζομένων τῶν ἀνθρώπων] equivalent to εἰ ἰδία ἐβασανίζοντο. Hence in the corresponding clause, instead of δημοσίᾳ δὲ, which would have been equally good Greek, we have εἰ δὲ δημοσίᾳ sc. ἐβασανίζοντο (Goodwin, Moods and Tenses § 109. 6). [The drift of the argument is : 'I objected to a private examination, because my opponents would have said that my report of their statements was untrue; whereas if the examination were public, the responsibility would have rested wholly on the authorities.' P.] οἱ ἄρχοντες.] The Eleven.” See note on τὴν ἀρχὴν in 24. S$ 26-29. My opponents are really claiming what is public property, that is, your own property, men of the jury, and I shall prove this by your own laws. When the jury were proposing to condemn Arethusius to death, my opponents proposed a pecuniary penalty and promised jointly to pay it. So far σχυντοι ἀμφισβητοῦντες τῶν ὑμετέρων, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ ὑμῖν αὐτοὺς ἐπιδείξω ἐκ τῶν νόμων τῶν ὑμετέρων. οὗτοι γὰρ, ὅτε οἱ δικασταὶ ἐβούλοντο θανάτου τιμῆσαι τῷ ̓Αρεθουσίῳ, ἐδέοντο τῶν δικαστῶν χρημάτων τις μῆσαι καὶ ἐμοῦ συγχωρῆσαι, καὶ ὡμολόγησαν αὐτοὶ 27 συνεκτίσειν. τοσούτου δὴ δέουσιν ἐκτίνειν καθ ̓ ἃ ἠγγυήσαντο ὥστε καὶ τῶν ὑμετέρων ἀμφισβητοῦσιν, καίτοι οἵ γε νόμοι κελεύουσι τὴν οὐσίαν εἶναι δημο- 1255 σίαν, ὃς ἂν ἐγγυησάμενός τι τῶν τῆς πόλεως μὴ ἀποδιδῷ τὴν ἐγγύην· ὥστε καὶ εἰ τούτων ἦν τἀνδράποδα, προσῆκεν αὐτὰ δημόσια εἶναι, εἴπερ τι τῶν νόμων 28 ὄφελος. καὶ πρὶν μὲν ὀφείλειν τῷ δημοσίῳ ὁ ̓Αρε θούσιος ὡμολογεῖτο τῶν ἀδελφῶν εὐπορώτατος εἶναι· ἐπειδὴ δ' οἱ νόμοι κελεύουσι τἀκείνου ὑμέτερα εἶναι, τηνικαῦτα πένης ὢν φαίνεται ὁ ̓Αρεθούσιος, καὶ τῶν μὲν ἡ μήτηρ ἀμφισβητεῖ, τῶν δ' οἱ ἀδελφοί. χρῆν δ ̓ αὐτοὺς, εἴπερ ἐβούλοντο δικαίως προσφέρεσθαι πρὸς from fulfilling their guarantee, they are actually claiming your own property; and the laws declare that the property of persons who guarantee the payment of a sum to the state and fail to do so shall be confiscated; so that even on this ground alone, the laws would require the slaves in question to be state property. As soon as Arethusius becomes indebted to the treasury, instead of being, as was admitted in former days, the wealthiest of the brothers, he is now made out to be ever so poor, and part of his property is claimed by his mother, part by his brothers, as in the present instance by Nicostratus. I must ask you in conclusion to consider that there will never be any lack of claimants to contest your property, and to defraud the state of her dues, by P. S. D. II. 26. τιμῆσαι.] See supra S 18.—ἐμοῦ συγχωρῆσαι sc. ἐδέοντο, implored me to acquiesce in my opponents having a pecuniary penalty imposed on them.—ώμολόγησαν αὐτοὶ συνεκτίσειν, ‘they agreed that they would be jointly responsible for the payment.' Kennedy. 27. τῶν ὑμετέρων.] The slaves claimed by the state, for nonpayment of the fine due from Arethusius, are here dexterously represented as the property of the jury. 28. πένης ὢν φαίνεται.] is made out to be a poor man.' προσφέρεσθαι.] to behave, Or. 40 § 40. 11 ὑμᾶς, ἀποδείξαντας ἅπασαν τὴν οὐσίαν τὴν ἐκείνου, 29 τὰ τούτων αὐτῶν εἴ τις ἀπέγραφεν, ἀμφισβητεῖν. ἐὰν οὖν ἐνθυμηθῆτε ὅτι οὐδέποτ ̓ ἔσται ἀπορία τῶν ἀμφισβητησόντων ὑμῖν περὶ τῶν ὑμετέρων,—ἡ γὰρ ὀρφανοὺς ἢ ἐπικλήρους κατασκευάσαντες ἀξιώσουσιν ἐλεεῖσθαι ὑφ ̓ ὑμῶν, ἢ γῆρας καὶ ἀπορίας καὶ τροφὰς μητρὶ λέγοντες, καὶ ὀδυρόμενοι δι ̓ ὧν μάλιστ ̓ ἐλπίζουσιν ἐξαπατήσειν ὑμᾶς, πειράσονται ἀποστερῆσαι τὴν πόλιν τοῦ ὀφλήματος. ἐὰν οὖν ταῦτα παριδόντες πάντα καταψηφίσησθε, ὀρθῶς βουλεύσεσθε. ἀποδείξαντας.] having disclosed' (delivered a formal specification of) the estate of Arethusius.”—τούτων αὐτῶν i. e. Nicostratus and Deinon. 29. ἐὰν οὖν—ἐὰν οὖν ταῦτα.] The sentence is suspended by a parenthesis of several lines from ἢ γὰρ ὀρφανούς to ὀφλήματος, and it is then resumed by the repetition of ἐὰν οὖν. ὀρφανοὺς ἢ ἐπικλήρους.] orphan-sons or heiresses,' meaning by the latter' orphan-daughters' 'portionable-sisters'; an 'heir which is not uncommon in Dem. cf. Fals. Leg. § 146, εὐπορίας κτήματα πλοῦτον ἀντὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἀποριῶν.—τροφὰς μητρὶ α mother's maintenance.' ὀδυρόμενοι κ.τ.λ.] ‘Appeals ad misericordiam formed the staple conclusion of every speech, and it was not held undignified for the greatest aristocrats, or grotesque for the most notorious scamps, to burst out crying in court, and to bring up their children to excite the compassion of the jury by their tears.' Mahaffy, Social life in Greece p. 369. Cf. Or. 45 § 88 and Or. 54 § 38. καταψηφίσησθε.] SC. Νικο στράτου. |