νόμων, καθ' οὓς όμωμοκότες δικάζετε. καίτοι πᾶσι μὲν τοῖς νόμοις προσέχειν εἰκός ἐσθ ̓ ὑμᾶς, οὐχ ἥκιστα 27 δὲ τούτῳ, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι. δοκεῖ γάρ μοι καὶ ὁ Σόλων οὐδενὸς ἄλλου ἕνεκα θεῖναι αὐτὸν ἢ τοῦ μὴ συκοφαντεῖσθαι ὑμᾶς. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἀδικουμένοις τὰ πέντε ἔτη ἱκανὸν ἡγήσατ ̓ εἶναι εἰσπράξασθαι· κατὰ 953 δὲ τῶν ψευδομένων τὸν χρόνον ἐνόμισε σαφέστατον ἔλεγχον ἔσεσθαι. καὶ ἅμα ἐπειδὴ ἀδύνατον ἔγνω ὃν τούς τε συμβάλλοντας καὶ τοὺς μάρτυρας ἀεὶ ζῆν, τὸν νόμον ἀντὶ τούτων ἔθηκεν, ἵπως μάρτυς εἴη τοῦ δικαίου τοῖς ἐρήμοις. 28 Θαυμάζω τοίνυν ἔγωγ ̓, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταὶ, τί ποτ' * Bekk. καὶ ἅμα καὶ Z cum Σ. This would bring the date of the speech to B. c. 351 at the earliest, and B. c. 350 cannot be far wrong. See Introduction. καθ οὓς όμωμοκότες κ.τ.λ.] Pollux: ὁ ὅρκος ἦν τῶν δικαστῶν, περὶ μὲν ὧν νόμοι εἰσι, ψηφιείσθαι κατὰ τοὺς νόμους, περὶ δὲ ὧν μή εἰσι, γνώμῃ τῇ δικαιοτάτῃ. 27. δοκεῖ ὁ Σόλων. ] A favourite piece of clap-trap, to remind the dicasts of the solemnity and high authority of the law they administer. τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις...τῶν ψευδομένων.] i.e. The legal term of five years would be quite sufficient for injured parties to recover their rights if their claim were an honest one, whereas those who set up false claims, (a pointed thrust at the present plaintiff,) would be convicted by the fact that they had allowed the statutable period to elapse without taking action. (Ἔλεγχον ἔσεσθαι sc. si per tot annos tacuissent. G. H. Schaefer.) τῶν ψευδομένων is sometimes wrongly supposed to imply that as in Roman law there was no statute of li- τὰ πέντε ἔτη.] The well- τὸν νόμον ἀντὶ τούτων κ.τ.λ.] That is, 'The contracting parties themselves, and the witnesses to that contract, could not live for ever; and therefore the legislator laid down the law, with its limit of time, designing that, in lieu of living witnesses, the destitute should find therein a deathless witness on the side of right.' §§ 28-32. Plaintiff's probable reply anticipated. Surely he will not ask his audience to resent the defendant's marriage with the plaintiff's mother. A ἐστὶν ἃ πρὸς ταῦτ ̓ ἐπιχειρήσει λέγειν ̓Απολλόδωρος ουτοσί. οὐ γὰρ ἐκεῖνό γ ̓ ὑπείληφεν, ὡς ὑμεῖς, μηδὲν ὁρῶντες εἰς χρήματα τοῦτον ἠδικημένον, ὀργιεῖσθ ̓ ὅτι τὴν μητέρ ̓ ἔγημεν αὐτοῦ Φορμίων. οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τοῦτο, οὐδ ̓ αὐτὸν λέληθεν, οὐδ ̓ ὑμῶν πολλοὺς, ὅτι Σωκράτης ὁ τραπεζίτης ἐκεῖνος, παρὰ τῶν κυρίων ἀπαλλαγεὶς ὥσπερ ὁ τούτου πατὴρ, ἔδωκε Σατύρῳ 29 τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα, ἑαυτοῦ ποτὲ γενομένῳ. ἕτερος Σωκλῆς τραπεζιτεύσας ἔδωκε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα Τιμοδήμῳ τῷ νῦν ἔτ ̓ ὄντι καὶ ζῶντι, γενομένῳ ποτὲ αὑτοῦ. καὶ οὐ μόνον ἐνθάδε ταῦτα ποιοῦσιν οἱ περὶ τὰς ἐργασίας ὄντες ταύτας, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν Αἰγίνῃ ἔδωκε Στρυμόδωρος Ερμαίῳ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ οἰκέτῃ τὴν γυναῖκα, καὶ τελευτησάσης ἐκείνης ἔδωκε πάλιν * ἑαυτοῦ Ζ. 28. μηδὲν ὁρῶντες.] i.e. ἣν καὶ μηδὲν ὁρᾶτε. Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, § 52, 1. παρὰ τῶν κυρίων ἀπαλλαγείς ὥσπερ ὁ τούτου πατὴρ.] A very close parallel. The banker referred to, like the plaintiff's father, had himself been a slave once, had been set free by his masters, and had given his wife in marriage to one who was formerly his slave. Cf. § 43 fin. and § 48 ἐγένετο Πασίων Αρχεστράτου. [On ἐκεῖνος see Or. 40 § 28.] Cf. 29. ὄντι καὶ ζῶντι.] Who is still alive and in being.' The redundancy is intended to strengthen the emphasis. De Corona $ 72 τὴν Μυσῶν λείαν καλουμένην τὴν Ἑλλάδα οὖσαν ὀφθῆναι ζώντων καὶ ὄντων Αθηναίων. τελευτησάσης...ἔδωκε τὴν θυγατέρα.] After the will had been made, the wife apparently died before the husband and τὴν θυγατέρα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ. καὶ πολλοὺς ἂν ἔχοι τις 30 εἰπεῖν τοιούτους. εἰκότως· ὑμῖν μὲν γὰρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, τοῖς γένει πολίταις οὐδὲ ἓν πλῆθος χρημάτων ἀντὶ τοῦ γένους καλόν ἐστιν ἑλέσθαι· τοῖς δὲ τοῦτο μὲν δωρεὰν ἡ παρ' ὑμῶν ἢ παρ ̓ ἄλλων τινῶν λαβοῦσι, τῇ τύχῃ δ' ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ χρηματίσασθαι καὶ ἑτέρων πλείω κτήσασθαι καὶ αὐτῶν τούτων ἀξιωθεῖσι, ταῦτ ̓ ἐστι φυλακτέα. διόπερ Πασίων ὁ πατὴρ ὁ σὸς οὐ πρῶτος οὐδὲ μόνος, οὐδ ̓ αὑτὸν ὑβρίζων οὐδ ̓ ὑμᾶς τοὺς 954 υἱεῖς, ἀλλὰ μόνην ὁρῶν σωτηρίαν τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ πράγμασιν, εἰ τοῦτον ἀνάγκῃ ποιήσειεν οἰκεῖον ὑμῖν, ἔδωκε τὴν 31 ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα, μητέρα δ ̓ ὑμετέραν τούτῳ. πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὰ συμφέροντα ἐὰν ἐξετάζῃς, καλῶς βεβουλευμένον αὐτὸν εὑρήσεις· εἰ δὲ πρὸς γένους δόξαν the latter then gave his daughter 30. ὑμῖν τοῖς γένει πολίταις κ.τ.λ.] A compliment to the audience, designed to smooth the way for what might otherwise prove an invidious reference to the money-making of bankers in general and to the wealth of Pasion in particular. For you gentlemen of Athens, you who are citizens by birth, it is discreditable to prize any amount of money, however large, more highly than that honourable birth (lit. 'no amount of wealth is honourable for you to accept in place of your free birth;') but those who (like Pasion) have received the rights of citizenship as a free gift either from yourselves or from others, and who, thanks in the first instance to their good fortune, were deemed worthy of the selfsame privi- The sense is, "though it would αὑτὸν ὑβρίζων κ.τ.λ.] Dis. gracing, outraging, casting contumely on, himself and his family. Though you threatened Phormio with a γραφὴ ὕβρεως for marrying your mother (Or. 45 § 3-4), your father was guilty of no ὕβρις to his family in arranging for that marriage. ἀνάγκῃ.] Necessitate, ‘by a family tie.' ὑμῖν...ὑμετέραν.] You and yours.' 'Your family.' Cf. Or. 55 § 5, n. ἀναίνει Φορμίωνα κηδεστὴν, ὅρα μὴ γελοῖον ᾖ σὲ ταῦτα λέγειν. εἰ γάρ τις ἔροιτό σε, ποῖόν τιν ̓ ἡγεῖ τὸν πατέρα τὸν σεαυτοῦ εἶναι, χρηστὸν εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι φήσειας ἄν. πότερον οὖν οἴει μᾶλλον ἐοικέναι τὸν τρόπον καὶ πάντα τὸν βίον Πασίωνι σαυτὸν ἢ τουτονί; ἐγὼ μὲν 32 γὰρ εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι τοῦτον. εἶθ ̓ ὅς ἐστιν ὁμοιότερος σοῦ τῷ σῷ πατρὶ, τοῦτον, εἰ τὴν μητέρα τὴν σὴν ἔγημεν, ἀναίνει; ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι γε δόντος καὶ ἐπισκήψαντος τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ταῦτ ̓ ἐπράχθη, οὐ μόνον ἐκ τῆς διαθήκης ἔστιν ἰδεῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ σὺ μάρτυς αὐτὸς γέγονας. ὅτε γὰρ τὰ μητρῷα πρὸς μέρος ἠξίους νέμεσθαι, ὄντων παίδων ἐκ τῆς γυναικὸς Φορμίωνι τούτῳ, τότε ὡμολόγεις κυρίως δόντος τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ σοῦ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους αὐτὴν γεγαμῆσθαι. εἰ γὰρ αὐτὴν εἶχε λαβὼν ἀδίκως ὅδε μηδενὸς δόντος, οὐκ ἦσαν οἱ παῖδες κληρονόμοι, τοῖς δὲ μὴ κληρονόμοις οὐκ ἦν μετουσία τῶν ὄντων. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι ταῦτ ̓ ἀληθῆ λέγω 3 ἀναίνῃ Ζ. 31. πρὸς γένους δόξαν.] βλέπων. αναίνει.] ‘Disdain, scorn, 'disown,' 'turn up your nose at' in family pride. Harpocr. ἀναίνεσθαι κοινῶς μὲν τὸ ἀρνεῖσθαι, ἰδίως δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ τοὺς γάμους ...λέγεται. Δημ. ἐν τῇ ὑπὲρ Φορμ. παραγραφή.—κηδεστὴν in general a relation by marriage, here used of the stepfather. σὲ ταῦτα λέγειν.] Notice the emphatic pronoun. [ποῖον-πότερον. In Greek, the difference between the direct and the indirect question (qualem putas, and qualem putes) cannot be expressed from the want of 'subjunctivity.' It is doubtful whether πότερον is here masculine, in which case a comma should be placed at IIaσίωνι. Ρ.] ἡγῇ Ζ. * σαυτοῦ Ζ. 32. δόντος κ. ἐπισκήψαντος.] By your father's special grant and injunction. πρὸς μέρος.] ‘Share and share alike. § 8, ἀντιμοιρεί νέμειν, νέμεσθαι. Οι παίδων...Φορμίωνι see note on τὸ τέταρτον μέρος infr. οὐκ ἦσαν κληρονόμοι.] The proposition is categorically, not conditionally stated, then the children were not heirs; and if they were not heirs, then they had no share in the property." The right of inheritance was confined to the children born ἐξ ἀστῆς καὶ ἐγγυητῆς γυναῖκος Isae. de Ciron. § 19, pro Euphil. § 9. Dem. Or. 57 § 53 ἐξῆν τούτοις τοῖς συγγενέσι) εἰ νόθος ἢ ξένος ἣν ἐγὼ, κληρονόμοις εἶναι τῶν ἐμῶν πάντων. Arist. Aves, 1640-73. (K. F. Hermann Privatalt. § 29, 5 and § 57, 2.) 33 μεμαρτύρηται τῷ τὸ τέταρτον μέρος λαβεῖν καὶ ἀφεῖ ναι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἁπάντων. Κατ ̓ οὐδὲν τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, δίκαιον οὐδὲν ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἀναιδεστάτους λόγους ἐτόλμα λέγειν πρὸς τῷ διαιτητῇ, περὶ ὧν προακηκοέναι βέλτιόν ἐσθ' 955 ὑμᾶς, ἕνα μὲν τὸ παράπαν μὴ γενέσθαι διαθήκην, ἀλλ ̓ εἶναι τοῦτο πλάσμα καὶ σκευώρημα ὅλον, ἕτερον δ ̓ ἕνεκα τούτου πάντα ταῦτα συγχωρεῖν τὸν πρὸ τοῦ χρόνον καὶ οὐχὶ δικάζεσθαι, ὅτι μίσθωσιν ἤθελεν αὐτῷ φέρειν Φορμίων πολλὴν καὶ ὑπισχνεῖτο οἴσειν· ἐπεὶ δ ̓ οὐ ποιεῖ ταῦτα, τηνικαῦτα, φησὶ, δικάζομαι. τὸ τέταρτον μέρος.] The property is divided into four parts, one of which is taken by Apollodorus, another by his brother Pasicles. The other two go to the children of the second marriage, who must have been two in number. ἀφεῖναι τῶν ἐγκλ.] § 3 ἀφεθεὶς, § 25 ἀφεὶς κ. ἀπαλλάξας, n. §§ 33-35. Anticipation of plaintiff's arguments, continued. He will impudently assert (1) that his father made no will and that the document produced was a forgery; and (2) that the reason why he forbore to press the charge at the proper time was that defendant promised to pay him a high rent. In answer to (1), if there was no will, how came the plaintiff to succeed to the lodging-house which he holds in accordance with the terms of the will? In answer to (2), it is in evidence that after the termination of the defendant's lease, the plaintiff let the business to others; had the plaintiff any lawful claim on the defendant, he ought certainly to have brought it forward at the time of the subsequent lease. 33. εἰπεῖν. λέγειν.] Almost identical in meaning and used, as often, for variety of expression. Phil. II. § 11, ταῦθ ̓ ἃ πάντες μὲν ἀεὶ γλίχονται λέγειν, ἀξίως δ ̓ οὐδεὶς εἰπεῖν δεδύνηται. Isocr. ad Dem. § 41 and Paneg. § 11 n. πλάσμα κ. σκευώρημα ὅλον.] ' Α figment and a forgery from beginning to end. Hesych. σκευώρημα· πλάσμα, κακουργία, κατασκευή, τὸ γινόμενον κατασκεύασμα εἰς βλάβην, and id. σκευωρία κατασκευή. In Or. 45 § 42 Apollodorus himself, in criticising the διαθήκη, concludes with the words πάντα πεπλασμένα καὶ κατεσκευασμένα ἐλέγχεται. Cf. Or. 41 § 24 σκευώ |