ταλάντοις τούτοις ἀπὸ τῶν παρακαταθηκῶν τῶν τῆς 946 6 τραπέζης ἕνδεκα τάλαντα ἐνεργὰ ἦν. μισθούμενος οὖν ὅδε τὴν ἐργασίαν ταύτην τὴν τῆς τραπέζης καὶ τὰς παρακαταθήκας λαμβάνων, ὁρῶν ὅτι μήπω τῆς πολιτείας αὐτῷ παρ' ὑμῖν οὔσης οὐχ οἷός τε ἔσοιτο εἰσπράττειν ὅσα Πασίων ἐπὶ γῇ καὶ συνοικίαις δεδανεικὼς ἦν, εἵλετο μᾶλλον αὐτὸν τὸν Πασίωνα χρήστην ἔχειν τούτων τῶν χρημάτων ἢ τοὺς ἄλλους χρήστας, b ταύτην τὴν Bekk. αὐτὴν Z cum Σr (coll. § 13). αὐτὴν τὴν Α1. £500, and I may let him have ἐνεργά.] 'Out on interest' 'profitably invested' as opposed to apya 'lying idle.' Or. 27 § 7 τά τ ̓ ἐνεργὰ αὐτῶν καὶ ὅσα ἦν ἀργὰ, § 10 ταῦτα μὲν ἐνεργὰ κατέλειπεν ...τὸ δ ̓ ἔργον αὐτῶν πεντήκοντα μναῖ. παρακαταθήκη.] Plato defin. p. 415 δόμα μετὰ πίστεως. Claims for the repayment of such banking deposits form the subject of two of the forensic orations of Isocrates, the Trapeziticus and the ἀμάρτυρος πρὸς Εὐθύνουν. 6. μήπω τῆς πολιτείας κ.τ.λ.] No one could lend money on the security of land unless in default of payment (Or. 35 8 12) he had the right to take possession of such land, and this right of possession was confined to citizens to the exclusion of μέτοικοι (or resident aliens) like Phormio. A special exception is recorded in the case of the Byzantines, in Aristot. Oeconom. II. 4 μετοίκων τινῶν ἐπιδεδανεικότων ἐπὶ κτήμασιν οὐκ οὔσης αὐτοῖς ἐγκτήσεως, ἐψηφίσαντο τὸ τρίτον μέρος εἰσφέροντα τὸν βουλόμενον κυρίως ἔχειν τὸ κτημα (Büchsenschutz, Besitz [Of course μήπω οὔσης, 'si ἐπὶ γῇ δεδανεικώς.] Cf. ἔγ γνον, οι ἔγγειον, δάνεισμα and Οr. 34 § 23 ἔγγειοι τόκοι. (Κ. F. Hermann, Privatalterthümer § 49, 9 and Büchsenschütz u. s. p. 490.) συνοικίαις.] See n. on Or. 53 § 13 τίθημι τὴν συνοικίαν ἑκκαίδεκα μνών. Houses built in blocks and let out to families were commonly so called. [This is οἰκεῖν μετ ̓ ἄλλων opposed to μονόρρυθμοι δόμοι in Aesch. Suppl. 960. The συνοικίαι were chiefly let as lodgings for the denizens, μέτοικοι. (See C. R. Kennedy, Dem. 1. p. 252.) Boeckh, P. E. p. 140. P.] ἢ τοὺς ἄλλους χρήστας.] ‘Than the others, to whom Pasion had 7 8 οἷς προειμένος ἦν. καὶ οὕτω διὰ ταῦτ ̓ ἐγράφη εἰς τὴν μίσθωσιν προσοφείλων ὁ Πασίων ἕνδεκα τάλαντα, ὥσπερ καὶ μεμαρτύρηται ὑμῖν. Ὃν μὲν τοίνυν τρόπον ἡ μίσθωσις ἐγένετο, μεμαρτύρηται ὑμῖν ὑπ ̓ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐπικαθημένου ἐπιγενομένης δὲ ἀρρωστίας τῷ Πασίωνι μετὰ ταῦτα, σκέψασθ ̓ ἃ διέθετο. λαβὲ τῆς διαθήκης τὸ ἀντίγρα φον καὶ τὴν πρόκλησιν ταυτηνὶ καὶ τὰς μαρτυρίας ταυτασὶ, παρ ̓ οἷς αἱ διαθῆκαι κεῖνται. lent it, debtors to the bank.' Perhaps the word χρήστας is interpolated. P.] οἷς προειμένος ἦν.] In the medial sense. Liddell and Scott δ. υ. προΐημι Β. iii. refer to this passage for the sense 'to give away,' 'to give freely.' But it here means 'to lend' as in Plato Demod. 384. [It is a very common term, and seems to involve the notion of 'risk in letting go without full security.' P.] Cf. Οr. 56 §§ 2, 48, 50. ἐγράφη ... προσοφείλων ἕνδεκα ταλ.] Οr. 45 § 29 προσγέγραπ ται ἕνδεκα τάλαντα ὁ πατὴρ (Pasion) ὀφείλων εἰς τὰς παρακαταθήκας τούτῳ, and § 34 ἐῶ τἄλλ' ὅσ ̓ ἂν περὶ τῶν ἕνδεκα ταλ. ἔχοιμι εἰπεῖν, ὡς οὐκ ὤφειλεν ὁ πατὴρ, ἀλλ ̓ οὗτος ὑφῄρηται. 7. τοῦ ἐπικαθημένου.] ‘The manager, the clerk, of the bank. Elsewhere Phormio himself is described by Apoll. as τὸν ἐπικαθήμενον ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης (Οr. 49 § 17) and καθήμενον καὶ διοικοῦντα ἐπὶ τῇ τραπέζη (Or. 45 § 33). (K. F. Hermann, Privat alt. § 48, 2.) ἀρρωστίας] Pasion's failing health is touched upon in Or. 52 § 13 αδυνάτως ἤδη ἔχοντα καὶ μόγις εἰς ἄστυ ἀναβαίνοντα καὶ τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν αὐτὸν προδιδόντα and in Or. 49 § 42 ἔλεγεν ἀρρωστῶν ὅ τι ὀφείλοιτο αὐτῷ ἕκαστον. μαρτυρίας...παρ' οἶς.] = μ. τούτων τῶν μαρτύρων παρ' οἷς, ' the depositions of the persons to whose keeping the will has been entrusted.' (Cf. Or. 34 § 6). In times when there were no probate courts, and wills were not officially kept, it is obvious that the greatest precautions had to be taken to prevent forgeries by interested parties. In Or. 45 § 19 one Cephisophon deposes that his father had left behind him at his death, a document endorsed 'Pasion's Will,' which Apollodorus (ib. §§ 5, 22) denounces as a forgery (οὐδεπώποτε γενομένη...κατεσκευασμένη). The alleged terms are given ib. § 28, quoted in part in ὑπόθεσις 1.6 1. πρόκλησις] Το establish Pasion's will, Stephanus and two θέμενος, Φορμίων οὑτοσὶ τὴν μὲν γυναῖκα λαμβάνει κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, τὸν δὲ παῖδα ἐπετρόπευεν. ὡρπάζοντος δὲ τούτου καὶ πολλὰ ἀπὸ κοινῶν ὄντων τῶν χρημάτων ἀναλίσκειν οἰομένου δεῖν, λογιζόμενοι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς οἱ ἐπίτροποι ὅτι, εἰ δεήσει κατὰ τὰς διαθήκας, ὅσ ̓ ἂν οὗτος ἐκ κοινῶν τῶν χρημάτων ἀναλώσῃ, τούτους ἐξελόντας ἀντιμοιρεὶ 88 τὰ λοιπὰ νέμειν, οὐδ ̓ ὁτιοῦν τούτοις Bekk. 8 τούτους Ζ cum Σ. others deposed that they were present when Phormio challenged Apollodorus to open the will, and that the latter refused. In Or. 45 Apollodorus sues Stephanus for having given false evidence in the present case and discusses this challenge in §§ 8 -19, denying that any such challenge ever took place or that his father left such a will. 8. Πασίων ἐτετελευτήκει.] Οr. 46 § 13 ἐτελεύτησεν ἐπὶ Δυσνικήτου ἄρχοντος (B.C. 370). τὴν γυναῖκα λαμβάνει κ.τ.λ.] Similarly the father of Dem. left Aphobus guardian of his children, and gave him his widow with a marriage-portion and the use of his house and furniture (Or. 27 § 5). The object of such legacies was to secure a faithful performance of the guardian's trust by connecting him more closely with the family of his ward (cf. 58 § 31). Diogenes Laertius, i. 59, quotes a law, perhaps wrongly ascribed to Solon, τὸν ἐπίτροπον τῇ ὀρο φανῶν μητρὶ μὴ συνοικεῖν. (Κ. F. Hermann, Privatalt. § 57,16). τὸν παῖδα.] i. e. Pasicles, who was a minor for 8 years (B. C. 370-362), as appears by comparing § 10 with § 37. He was probably 8 or 10 years old when his father died; his elder bro τὰς ἀντιμοιρίας Bekk. ther was 24 (inf. § 22). τούτου.] The claimant Apollodorus, whom the orator purposely represents as thriftless and unscrupulous at the very first. λογιζόμενοι.] ‘The guardians, calculating among themselves, that if, by the terms of the will, it proved necessary to subtract from the common fund all that the plaintiff should have spent, and then divide the remainder equally, there would be no surplus whatever, decided in behalf of their ward on an immediate division of the property.' [Or, 'that they (the brothers) should share the property.' P.] κοινῶν τῶν χρημάτων.] κοινῶν, predicative and emphatic.-τού τους, sc. τοὺς ἐπιτρόπους. ἀντιμοιρεί.] ‘Share for share, ef. § 32 τὰ μητρῶα πρὸς μέρος ἠξίους νέμεσθαι. The adverb does not appear to occur elsewhere, and its form is suspiciously like the late Greek words ἀνωνυμεί, αὐτολεξεί, αὐτοψεί, παμπληθεί, πανεθνεί. In earlier Greek almost the only instances found are αὐτοβοεί (Thuc.) and πανδημεί (Thuc. Andoc. Lys. Isocr.). [A more probable reading would be τούτοις ἐξελόντας ἀντιμοιρίας, ‘taking out (and laying ἔσται περιὸν, νείμασθαι τὰ ὄντα ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδὸς 947 9 ἔγνωσαν. καὶ νέμονται τὴν ἄλλην οὐσίαν πλὴν ὧν ἐμεμίσθωτο οὑτοσί τούτων δὲ τῆς προσόδου τὴν ἡμίσειαν τούτῳ ἀπεδίδοσαν. ἄχρι μὲν οὖν τούτου τοῦ χρόνου πῶς ἔνεστ ̓ ἐγκαλεῖν αὐτῷ μισθώσεως; οὐ γὰρ νῦν, ἀλλὰ τότ ̓ εὐθὺς ἔδει χαλεπαίνοντα φαίνεσθαι. καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ τὰς ἐπιγενομένας μισθώσεις ὡς οὐκ ἀπείτο ληφεν ἔστ ̓ εἰπεῖν αὐτῷ. οὐ γὰρ ἂν ποτε, ἐπειδὴ δοκιμασθέντος Πασικλέους απηλλάττετο τῆς μισθώσεως δε, ἀφήκατ ̓ ἂν αὐτὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ἐγκλημάτων, ἀλλὰ τότ ̓ ἂν παραχρῆμα ἀπῃτεῖτε, εἴ τι προσώφειλεν ὑμῖν. ὡς τοίνυν ταῦτ ̓ ἀληθῆ λέγω, καὶ ἐνείματο ο τος πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν παῖδ ̓ ὄντα, καὶ ἀφῆκαν τῆς μισθώσεως καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἐγκλημάτων, λαβὲ ταυτηνὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν. ἡ ἐπιγιγνομένας Ζ cum FΣΦ. ἐπιγεν- Bekk. aside for the minor) equal sums to those taken on each occasion out of the general property by Apollodorus. The syntax ἀντιμοιρεὶ νέμειν seems unnatural, to say nothing of the form of the adverb; and ἐξελόντας seems to require a definite accusative. P.] 9. ἀπεδίδοσαν.] The guardians paid Apollodorus the share due to him, viz. half the rent of the bank and shield manufactory. ἄχρι μὲν οὖν κ.τ.λ.] ‘Down to this date, then, there is not the slightest claim against Phormio in respect of the lease.' For the rather rare construction of ἐγκαλεῖν c. gen. cf. Or. 54, § 2 and Plut. Arist. 10, 9 τῆς βραδυτή τος αὐτοῖς ἐνεκαλεῖ. In § 12 we have ἐγκαλοῦντ ̓ ἀφορμήν. 10. δοκιμασθέντος.] The δοκιμασία (see Dict. Antig.) took place on 'coming of age,' usual ly at 18, but in the case of ἀφῆκαν τῆς μισθώσεως κ.τ.λ.] [The forms ἀφήκατε and ἀφῆ κavand παρέδωκαν § 14 are rather unusual. The Attics prefer in the plural the inflexion of the second aorist, ἀφεῖμεν, ἀφεῖτε, ἀφεῖσαν. Cf. §§ 11, 14, and see Veitch's Greek Verbs.-The two brothers Apollodorus and Pasicles are directly addressed in ἀφήκατε, not the jury, as is shewn by ἀπητεῖτε following. For this sense of προσοφείλειν cf. Ar. Ran. 1134. P.] I I 12 ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑ. Εὐθὺς τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, ὡς ἀφεῖσαν τουτονὶ τῆς μισθώσεως, νέμονται τὴν τράπεζαν καὶ τὸ ἀσπιδοπηγεῖον, καὶ λαβὼν αἵρεσιν ̓Απολλόδωρος αἱρεῖται τὸ ἀσπιδοπηγεῖον ἀντὶ τῆς τραπέζης. καίτοι εἰ ἦν ἰδία τις ἀφορμὴ τούτῳ πρὸς τῇ τραπέζῃ, τι δή ποτ ̓ ἂν εἵλετο τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἢ ἐκείνην; οὔτε γὰρ ἡ πρόσοδος ἦν πλείων, ἀλλ ̓ ἐλάττων (τὸ μὲν γὰρ τάλαντον, ἡ δ ̓ ἑκατὸν μνᾶς ἔφερεν), οὔτε τὸ κτῆμα ἥδιον, εἰ προσῆν χρήματα τῇ τραπέζῃ ἴδια. ἀλλ ̓ οὐ προσῆν. διόπερ σωφρονῶν εἵλετο τὸ ἀσπιδοπηγεῖον οὑτοσί· τὸ μὲν γὰρ κτῆμ ̓ ἀκίνδυνόν ἐστιν, ἡ δ ̓ 948 ἐργασία προσόδους ἔχουσα ἐπικινδύνους ἀπὸ χρημάτων ἀλλοτρίων. Πολλὰ δ ̓ ἄν τις ἔχοι λέγειν καὶ ἐπιδεικνύναι 1 οὗτος Z cum Σ. 11. αἵρεσιν.] The choice lay with him by virtue of being the elder brother. καίτοι κ.τ.λ.] Phormio argues that if the plaintiff had had any private capital of his own in the bank, he would have chosen the banking-business in preference to the manufactory. He did not, and therefore he contends there was no such fund.— ἰδία ἀφορμὴ is private bankingstock, as opposed to deposits, παρακατάθηκαι (cf. § 11).—τάλαντον = 60 minae. ἥδιον.] The labour and trouble and other disagreeable incidents of manufacturing shields made such a property less desirable in itself than a banking business. But the bank business was speculative, and involved the risk of losing the deposits, and therefore the manufactory, with all its drawbacks, was preferred by Apollodorus, as being at least om. rAl safe. P.] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀλλοτρίων.] ‘For the manufactory is a property free from risk, whereas the bank is a business yielding a hazardous (speculative, precarious) revenue from other people's money.' The bank was not a kтμα, but only an έργασία, not a secure property, but a precarious trading with other people's money. For χρημάτων ἀλλοτρίων cf. Teles ap. Stobae. 97, 31. καὶ πῶς σπανίζουσιν (οἱ πλούσιοι) τούτων ἃ ἔχουσι; πῶς δὲ οἱ τραπεζῖται, φησὶν ὁ Βίων, χρημάτων ἔχοντες αὐτά; οὐ γὰρ αὑτῶν ὄντα ἔχουσιν. §§ 12-17. The plaintiff's claim to a sum of banking-stock alleged to have been held by the defendant may be proved groundless by many arguments: (1) Plaintiff's father is entered in the lease, not as creditor on account of banking-stock assigned to defendant, but actually as |