A History of Algebra: From Al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether

a₁ Abel abelian group al-Khwarizmi Annalen biquadratic called Cardano Cartan Cauchy Cayley Chapter coefficients complex numbers cube root cubic equation curve Dardi's Dedekind defined Descartes determined direct sum divisor Elie Cartan Emmy Noether entitled equal equation of degree Euclid Euler factor Fermat finite groups Frobenius full matrix Galois group Gauss geometry given ground field group algebra group G Gruppen hence Hölder integer irreducible representations isomorphic Jordan Lagrange Leonardo Lie algebra Lie groups line segments linear transformations Math mathematics memoir method modulo Molien multiplication notation number field obtains Oeuvres Omar orthogonal paper permutations polynomial prime problem proof proved published quadratic equation quaternions quintic equation radicals rational functions roots of unity rotations Ruffini Scipione del Ferro solution solvable solved square roots Stevin subgroup Tabit Tartaglia theorem translation treatise Vandermonde variables vector Viète Weyl X₁ zero