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Eastern Origination of Mankind and of the Arts of Cultivated Life; Comparative Estimate of the Mineral and Mosaical Geologies; Memorials of the Professional Life and Times of Sir William Penn, Knight; also, Annotations on various parts of the Bible. -JOHN PENN, LL. D., 1759-1834, was a brother of Granville Penn, aud for some time Proprietary and Hereditary Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania. He was, like his brother, a scholarly man, and wrote several works: The Battle of Eddington, or British Liberty, a Tragedy; Critical, Poetical, and Dramatic Works, 2 vols.; Poems, consisting of original works, imitations, and translations; Moral Odes of Horace, translated, etc.

Mudie.

ROBERT MUDIE, 1777-1842, a Scottish naturalist, wrote and compiled a large number of works.

The following are some of Mr. Mudie's publications: The Modern Athens (Edinburgh); Babylon the Great (London); British Naturalist; Guide to the Observation of Nature; Feathered Tribes of the British Islands; Moral Philosophy; The Elements, the Heaven, the Earth, the Air, the Sea; The Seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter; Man in his Physical Structure, etc. Mr. Mudie, in his numerous works, studied popular utility rather than fame.

EDWARD SMEDLEY, 1789-1836, graduated at Cambridge with distinguished honors in 1809. He wrote with great ability, both in prose and verse. At the time of his death, and for several years before, he was editor of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. He contributed also articles on French Biography, and on English and Roman Literature, to the Penny Cyclopædia. Death of Saul and Jonathan, Jephtha, The Marriage of Cana, and Saul at Endor, were Seatonian Prize Poems. Some of his other poems are Jonah, and Prescience or the Secrets of Divination. Mr. Smedley wrote also Religio Clerici, Sketches from Venetian History, History of the Reformed Religion in France, History of France. After his death, his Poems and Correspondence, with a Memoir, appeared.

Lady Stanhope.

LADY HESTER STANHOPE, 1766-1839, was the daughter of Charles, third Earl of Stanhope, and niece of William Pitt.

When about twenty years of age, Lady Stanhope took up her residence with her uncle, and assisted him in his correspondence, until his death in 1806. In 1810 she turned her back upon England in disgust, and began an oriental tour, settling down in her villa, on Mount Lebanon. Here she assumed the manners, costume, and partially, at least, the religion of the Arabs. She was regarded with superstitions reverence by the surrounding Bedouins, and received the title of Queen of the Wilderness. She was visited in her retirement by several distinguished travellers, among them Lamartine. Her Memoirs, as related by Herself in Conversation with her Physician, were published in 1845. The completion of these memoirs, under the title The Seven Years' Travels of Lady Hester Stanhope, appeared in 1846.

MARIA JANE JEWSBURY, 1800-1833, was one of the pleasing lady writers of this period.

Miss Jewsbury was a native of Warwickshire. She was married, in 1833, to the Rev Wm. Fletcher, missionary to India, and died soon after arriving at Bombay. Besides

many articles contributed to the London Athenæum and never collected, the following works have been published in book-form: Phantasmagoria, or Sketches of Life and Literature, Letters to the Young, Lays of Leisure Hours, and Three Histories.

MR. and MRS. HOFLAND.-Thomas Christopher Hofland, 1777-1843, was a well-known landscape painter, and an enthusiastic disciple of Izaak Walton. Besides his celebrated illustrated Description of White Knights, a country-seat of the Duke of Marlborough, he published, in 1839, The British Angler's Manual, pronounced to be the most comprehensive work on the subject.— Mrs. Hofland, 1770-1844, wife of the preceding, furnished the letter-press of her husband's Description of White Knights. She published, in 1805, a small volume of Poems, and subsequently a series of about seventy Novels and Tales, which were widely read, and reached the enormous circulation of three hundred thousand.

HON. AND REV. WILLIAM HERBERT, D. C. L., 1778-1847, son of the Earl of Carnarvon, gained distinction as a scholar and a writer.

Herbert was educated at Eton and Oxford. He began his career as a Doctor of Medicine, and had distinguished success. He then entered Parliament, and, after a brilliant career in the House of Commons, took holy orders. His literary labors were divided between classical scholarship and works of a more general character. Among the latter may be named the following: Select Icelandic Poetry, translated from the original, with Notes; Helga, a Poem, in 7 cantos; Hedin, or The Spectre of the Tomb, a tale from Danish history; The Wizard Wanderer of Jutland, a Tragedy; Julia Montalbin, a Tale; The Guabiba, a Tale; Attila, the King of the Huns, or The Triumph of Christianity, an Epic Poem; Attila and his Predecessors, an Historical Treatise; Christian, a Poem; Miscellaneous Works, 2 vols. He was one of the early contributors to the Edinburgh Review.

Shoberl.

FREDERICK SHOEERL, 1775–1853, was a very fertile writer of this period.

Shoberl was a native of London, and was educated at the Moravian School at Fulneck, Yorkshire. He was a prolific writer, his works, original and translated, numbering between thirty and forty. Besides this, he was largely engaged in periodical literature, both as proprietor and contributor. Of his original works, the following may be named: The World in Miniature, 12 vols.; History of Persia; Present State of Christianity; History of Our Times; Frederick the Great; Spirit of Popery, etc. Among his translations, chiefly from the German and the French, the following are worthy of note: Essay on Solitude, from Zimmerman; Travels in Greece, from Chateaubriand; Travels in the Caucasus, from Klaproth; Studies of Nature, from St. Pierre, 4 vols., 8vo; History of the French Revolution, from Thiers, 5 vols., 8vo, etc.

WILLIAM HONE, 1779-1842, a London publisher, and subsequently an Independent minister in Eastcheap, published several curious works. Among these were The Apocryphal New Testament, and many political pieces. One of the latter, The Political House that Jack Built, ran through fifty editions. Hone is generally known, however, by his three miscellaneous publications, The Every-day Book, The Table Book, and The Year Book. All three-but especially the first-are amply characterized in Lamb's lines:

"I like you and your book, ingenious Hone,

In whose capacious, all-embracing leaves,

The very marrow of tradition's shown

And all that History - much that Fiction — weaves.

"By every sort of taste your work is graced;
Vast stores of modern anecdote we find,
With good old story quaintly interlaced: —

The theme as various as the reader's mind.

"Dan Phoebus loves your book: trust me, friend Hone;
The title only errs, he bids me say;

For, while such art, wit, reading, there are shown,
He swears 't is not a work of every day."

CHARLES ARMITAGE BROWN has written an exceedingly ingenious and able book on Shakespeare's Autobiographical Poems, being an exposition of the Sonnets, and undertaking to show what light they throw upon the personal character of Shakespeare.

Classical Literature.

Several scholars and writers of this period acquired distinction by their labors in the promotion of classical literature. Among these, the following may be named:

THE VALPYS. - RICHARD VALPY, D. D., 1754-1836, was born in the Isle of Jersey, and educated at Oxford. He was for nearly forty years Head Master of the Reading Grammar-School. He published Poetical Blossoms, and Sermons, besides numerous school-books. The latter were Latin Grammar, Vocabulary, First Exercises, and Dialogues; Greek Grammar, and Delectus; New English Reader; Mythology. — Rev. F. E. J. VALPY, youngest son of Richard, and his successor in the Reading GrammarSchool, published Greek Vocabulary, Exercises, Delectus, Second Delectus, Etymology; Latin Delectus, Second Delectus, Etymology; Gradus ad Parnassum. - ABRAHAM J. VALPY, 1786-1854, second son of Richard, was educated at Oxford, and was a thorough classical scholar. He wrote little, but was so extensively known by his classical publications that a note of him and of his work seems proper. His chief publications were: An Edition of Delphin Classics, in 141 vols., 8vo; Stephens's Greek Thesaurus, 8 vols., fol.; The Classical Journal, from 1810 to 1829, 40 vols.; Family Classical Library, 52 vols.; Shakespeare, with Plates, 15 vols.; and annotated editions of many other authors. chiefly Greek and Latin. His two heaviest undertakings, The Delphin Classics and The Greek Thesaurus of Stephens, were criticized with merciless severity by Bishop Blomfield in the London Quarterly Review. - REV. EDWARD VALPY, 1763– 1832, brother of Richard, was educated at Cambridge; assisted Richard several years 'n the school at Reading; and became Master of the Grammar-School at Norwich. He published an edition of the New Testament with Notes; also, of The Septuagint, and of Homer's Iliad; Rules and Exercises for an Elegant Latin Style: A Concise View of the Doctrine of the Greek Article, being an abridgment of Middleton's work.

GEORGE DYER, 1755-1841, antiquary and divine, was a native of London. He was a clergyman of the Baptist Church, and preached for some time in Oxford. Afterwards he went to London and employed himself chiefly in literary pursuits. He labored for eleven years on Valpy's edition of the Classics, 141 vols., 8vo, a large part of the

work on them being done by him. He edited the Greek Testament and two Plays of Euripides. He wrote A History of the University of Cambridge, 2 vols., 8vo; Poems and Critical Essays on Poetry, 2 vols.; Poetics, 2 vols., etc.

EDMUND HENEY BARKER, 1788-1839, was a classical scholar, whose indefatigable labors and somewhat ponderous erudition made him alternately the butt and the marvel of his age. He undertook a revised edition of Stephens's Thesaurus of the Greek Language. The work was so swelled by the indiscriminate additions of the editor that it reached on completion the enormous size of eight folio volumes of compact, closely printed matter. This vast work is comparatively worthless for the want of condensation and method. What one wants to find may be there, but it is next to impossible to find it. Mr. Barker contributed largely to the Classical Journal, and edited various works.

CHARLES JAMES BLOMFIELD, 1786-1857, Bishop of London, was very eminent as a classical scholar. Bishop Blomfield's learned contributions to the Museum Criticum, and his editions of Eschylus and Callimachus, have given him a permanent place among the great scholars of whom England has to boast. Of like character are his occasional articles on classical subjects in the London Quarterly, such as his famous review of Barker's edition of Stephens's Thesaurus, demolishing at a blow the painful labors of ten tedious years. Blomfield is another proof, if any were needed, that profound and critical learning is no bar to excellence in writing good English and on common subjects. Besides these learned labors which have been named, he addressed himself to the popular wants in works of a miscellaneous character connected with his sacred calling. Among these may be named A Dissertation upon the Traditional Knowledge of a Promised Redeemer; Lectures on the Gospel of St. John; Lectures on the Acts of the Apostles; A Letter on the Present Neglect of the Lord's Day; Manual of Family Prayers; Private Devotion.

THOMAS MITCHELL, 1783–1845, a native of London, and a graduate of Oxford, was one of the eminent Greek scholars of this century. Mr. Mitchell's labors were almost exclusively in one direction, namely, the presentation of the claims of Aristophanes to the English scholar. To this end he published translations of many of the plays of Aristophanes, afterwards followed up by annotated editions of the originals, and also a series of articles upon Aristophanes and Athenian society of that time. He also edited the plays of Sophocles. His translations of Aristophanes rank deservedly high, and show themselves to be the work of one who is thoroughly master of his subject.

Other Lines of Scholarship.

Some of the writers in other lines of scholarship akin to the classical are deserving of mention. Among them are the following:

HENRY FRANCIS Cary, 1772–1844, is known chiefly as the translator of Dante. He was Assistant Librarian in the British Museum, and had a pension from the Government of £200 a year. Works: A Translation of Dante's Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, into English blank verse, with Notes; A Translation of the Birds of Aristophanes, and of the Odes of Pindar; Lives of English Poets, from Johnson to Kirke White, intended as a continuation of Johnson's Lives; The Early French Poets; Odes and Sonnets, etc. Mr. Cary was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey. WILLIAM STEWART ROSE, 1775-1843, a native of Scotland, and a friend of Sir Walter Scott, is well known as a translator from Italian and French. His chief works are a translation of Amadis de Gaul, and Partenopex de Blois, and of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso and Bemi's Orlando Inamorato. These renderings are probably the best that

the English language possesses. In addition to them he published a few original works, among them Letters from the North of Italy, and a volume of rhymes.

HUGH JAMES ROSE, 1795-1838, brother of the preceding, graduated at Cambridge in 1817, and rose to various ecclesiastical dignities, among them that of Professor of Divinity in the University of Durham. He is chiefly known as the projector of A New Biographical Dictionary, 12 vols., 8vo, which was begun by him and completed after his decease. He originated also the British Magazine, and was its first editor; and was for some time the editor of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. His other publications are numerous, but are mostly Sermons or single Discourses.

WILLIAM PETER, 1788–1853, a native of Cornwall, studied at Oxford, was British Consul for Philadelphia from 1840 to 1853. Mr. Peter was a man of ripe scholarship. He translated Schiller's Mary Stuart, Maid of Orleans, William Tell, The Agamemnon of Eschylus, and some miscellaneous Greek and Latin pieces, and also published the Memoirs of Sir Samuel Romilly.

JOSEPH BOSWORTH, LL. D., 1788 —, a well-known philologist, has written some works on popular subjects, but is chiefly distinguished by his labors in bringing knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon language and literature within the reach of ordinary English scholars. His chief publications in this department have been: An AngloSaxon and English Dictionary; An Anglo-Saxon Grammar; and printed editions of various Anglo-Saxon documents, such as King Alfred's Orosius, and his Voyage of Othere and Wolfstan.

GEORGE CRABB, 1778-1854, is widely known by his work on English Synonyms. He was a graduate of Oxford University. He devoted himself to works of a philological character, and though really not possessing very clear ideas on the philosophy of language, yet by his industry he accumulated and has given in his works a valuable stock of materials for use. His works are: English Synonyms; Universal Historical Dictionary; Dictionary of General Knowledge; New Pantheon, or Mythology of all Nations; German Grammar for Englishmen; English Grammar for Germans. "As an etymologist, Mr. Crabb seems to have some dictionary knowledge of many languages; but to be unacquainted with the philosophy, or history even, of language in general. However, with all his incompetency for the office of Synonymist, he has most industriously brought together a mass of materials and observations, which, under judicions selection, in more skilful hands, may hereafter essentially contribute to the science of English literature."-London Quarterly.

ALEXANDER CROMBIE, LL. D., 1760-1842, a Scotch Presbyterian preacher and schoolmaster in London, wrote Etymology and Syntax, containing some acute remarks on English Grammar; Philosophical Necessity; Natural Theology; and Letters on the Agricultural Interest.

Art-Writers.

A considerable number of those who have gained distinction as artists, have written upon topics connected with their profession. Among these the following may be named:

BENJAMIN ROBERT HAYDON, 1786-1846, published Lectures on Fresco; Lectures on Painting and Design; and, in conjunction with Hazlitt, a volume of Essays on Painting and the Fine Arts.

SIR CHARLES L. EASTLAKE, 1793-1865, President of the Royal Academy, wrote Contributions to the Literature of the Fine Arts; Materials for a History of Oil Painting; Translation of Goethe's Theory of Colors, etc.

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