His extensive knowledge of the subject, joined to rare soundness of judgment, gave him remarkable success as an editor, in correcting texts which had become corrupt, as well as in elucidating by apt comment passages which were obscure. He edited most of the early dramatists, -Greene, Webster, Shirley, Beaumont and Fletcher, Marlow, Peele, and lastly Shakespeare.

J. Payne Collier.

JOHN PAYNE COLLIER, 1789 Shakespeare critic and editor.

has attained great celebrity as a

Mr. Collier began his career as a student of law, but was drawn away from that profession by his love for letters, and he has zealously devoted himself to the latter now for nearly half a century. Besides contributions to magazines and reviews, he has published the following works: The Poetical Decameron, or Ten Conversations on English Poets and Poetry; History of English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shake speare; An Edition of the Works of Shakespeare, with the Various Readings, Notes, a Life of the Poet, and a History of the Early English Stage; Memoirs of the Principal Actors in the Shakespeare Plays; Shakespeare's Library, a collection of the ancient romances, novels, legends, poems, and histories used by Shakespeare as the foundation of his Dramas; Extracts of the Registers of the Stationers' Company, of Books entered for publication, 1555–1570. These various works filled his time for a period equal to an ordinary lifetime. His edition of Shakespeare contains the gar nered fruit of thirty years of labor.

In 1852, when the veteran critic was reposing upon his laurels, he made a supposed discovery, the publication of which threw the whole Shakespeare world into commotion. He had purchased at a second-hand bookstall an old volume of Shakespeare, which on examination proved to be a copy of the Folio of 1632, and the margin of which was thickly besprinkled with emendations in manuscript. These emendations Mr. Collier believed from internal evidence to have been made at a very early date, and if so, to be of great value in determining the true text of Shakespeare. The publication led to an exciting controversy, in which Mr. Collier got some pretty hard rubs. The question in regard to the value of this Annotated Folio is even yet not entirely settled.

Other Archeologists.

The number of able and learned men who have devoted themselves to this department of literature is very large. In addition to the names already given, a few others will be briefly mentioned.

WILLIAM J. THOмS, 1803 —, was born at Westminster. He has been Secretary of the Camden Society, a clerk in Printed Papers Department of the House of Lords, and Deputy Librarian of the House of Lords, etc. His positions and occupation have been such as to give him facilities for literary and antiquarian research. He has published A Collection of Early Prose Romances, 3 vols., 8vo; Lays and Legends of France, Spain, Tartary, and Ireland; Lays and Legends of Germany; Anecdotes and Traditions Illustrative of Early English History and Literature; Caxton's Reynard the Fox; Gammer Gurton's Pleasant Stories of Patient Grissel; The Book of the Court, etc. Mr. Thoms originated in 1849, and still continues (1872) to edit, Notes and Queries, of which more than 40 volumes 4to have now been issued, besides 3 volumes of Indexes at different periods.

SAMUEL SHARPE, a learned archæologist, has written a number of valuable works:

Egyptian Inscriptions from the British Museum; Rudiments of a Vocabulary of the Egyptian Hieroglyphics; Early History of Egypt; History of Egypt under the Romans; History of Egypt from the Earliest Times till the Conquest of the Arabs; Chronology and Geography of Ancient Egypt; Egyptian Mythology and Early Christianity; History of the Hebrew Nation and Literature; Texts from the Holy Bible explained by Ancient Monuments, etc. Mr. Sharpe has also made a Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures of the Old Testament, and of Griesbach's New Testament, being a revision of the authorized version.

THOMAS WATTS,

Thomas Watts.

1869, connected his name indissolubly with

the growth of the Library of the British Museum.

From the position of mere assistant, Mr. Watts rose to that of Superintendent of the Reading Room and Keeper of the Printed Books. His wonderful linguistic talentshe was reputed to be familiar with all the Indo-European languages and many of the Semitic and other groups-rendered his services in collecting and cataloguing the library simply invaluable.

It was Mr. Watts's aim for many years to render the department of foreign literatures as complete as possible, and in this he to a great extent succeeded. In ten years, from 1851 to 1860, no less than 80,000 volumes were ordered at his suggestion, and in order to make the selection it was necessary to examine at least 600,000 book-titles in catalogues. At this day the British Museum has probably the best German library outside of Germany, the best French outside of France, and so on through the great group of European countries.

No one who has not himself some experience in selecting books and libraries can form even an approximate idea of the labor, and nice, quick judgment involved in such an undertaking. Not only must the selector be familiar with the authors themselves and their relative merits, he must know which editions are the best, the prices of old and second-hand books, of rare books, anonymous and pseudonymous works, scattered, uncollected publications. In short, the management of a library is a science by itself, and Watts was one of its most distinguished representatives.

Mr. Watts was not satisfied with his labors as a librarian. He found leisure for numerous and valuable contributions to the reviews and critical journals. His sketch of the History of the Welsh Language and Literature, which appeared originally in Knight's English Cyclopædia, was reprinted separately in 1861. To this Cyclopædia he furnished no less than one hundred biographical sketches. In 1839 he published a letter to Panizzi, then Keeper of the Printed Books in the Museum, in which he showed conclusively that "The English Mercurie,” reputed to be the earliest English newspaper, was a forgery. A collection of reprints of articles and contributions by Watts was published in 1868, under the title of Essays on Language and Literature. This contains the well-known sketch of Cardinal Mezzofanti, the wonderful linguist. JOHN PINKERTON, 1758-1821, a native of Scotland, was a prominent scholar and antiquarian, and the author of numerous works that exhibit a wonderful mixture of information and rubbish. He published some occasional poems, and edited a volume of Scottish Tragic Ballads, a few of which were really of his own composition. His Dissertation on the Origin of the Scythians is of little value, and is remarkable for its bitter anti-Celtic views. His History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary is tiresome in style but valuable for the matter that it contains. His Modern Geography and his Collection of Voyages and Travels are also important works.

THOMAS JOSEPH PETTIGREW, 1790-1865; a native of London; noted as a surgeon and an antiquarian. Besides his special medical works, he published a History of Egyptian Mummies, Medical Portrait Gallery, Chronicles of the Tombs (a collection of epitaphs), Life of Lord Nelson, Inquiry into the Death of Amy Robsart. Dr. Pet tigrew was a member of many scientific and antiquarian societies.

WILLIAM MARTIN LEAKE, 1777-1860, (Colonel in the British army,) was distinguished for his archæological researches in Greece. The best known of his works are: Researches in Greece; Historical Outline of the Greek Revolution; and Travels in the Morea.

SIR CHARLES FELLOWES, 1799-1860, an English traveller and antiquary, was particularly celebrated for his explorations of Asia Minor. He discovered the ruins of several ancient cities, among others, those of Xanthus the ancient capital of Syria. As agent of the British Museum, and by permission of the Turkish Government, he led a party of explorers to the valley of Xanthus and brought away a large collection of marbles and works of art. He wrote Travels and Researches in Asia Minor; A Journal kept during a Second Excursion in Asia Minor; An Account of the Xanthian Marbles in the British Museum; Account of the Trophy Monument at Xanthus; Coins of Ancient Syria.

REV. JOHN A. GILES, LL. D., 1802, a graduate and Fellow of Oxford, has distinguished himself both in classical and in old English editorship, and has contributed largely to antiquarian and historical literature. His chief classical and editorial works are: An English-Greek and Greek-English Lexicon, 8vo; Scriptores Græci Minores, 12mo; Patres Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, 35 vols., 8vo; and The Entire Works of Venerable Bede, 12 vols., 8vo. He has written the Life and Times of Alfred the Great; Life and Letters of Thomas à Becket; History of the Ancient Britons; History of the Town and Parish of Bampton; Lives of the Abbots of Weremouth and Yarrow.

VI. THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS.

John Henry Newman.

The Very Rev. John Henry Newman, D. D., 1801 is an acknowledged leader among the great English theologians of the present day. His eminent abilities as a thinker and a writer are recognized equally by those who dissent from his opinions and those who agree with him.

Newman was born in London. He was the eldest son of an English banker, his mother being a descendant of a family of French Protestant refugees. He was educated at the Rev. Dr. Nicholas's school at Ealing, and subsequently at Trinity College, Oxford, where he gained a scholarship in 1818. In 1822 he was elected Fellow of Oriel. In 1824 he took the orders of deacon and priest in the Established Church, and, in the following year, by appointment of Dr. Whately, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin, became Vice-Principal of Alban Hall, which office he resigned for a Tutorship in his College in 1826.

About this time Newman preached his first University Sermon, and in 1827-8 he was one of the Public Examiners for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In his rela

tions with certain of his friends, and, more particularly, with the Rev. John Keble and Richard Hurrell Froude, we discern the first elements of the remarkable theological movement in the Church of England, afterwards called Tractarian, in promoting which Dr. Newman played so prominent a part. In 1828 he became Vicar of St. Mary's, where he delivered the Parochial Sermons, which largely contributed to the development of the nascent Oxford school of opinion. He was one of the select University Preachers from 1830 to 1832, and, after a diligent reading of the Fathers, had, in the latter year, completed the work entitled The Arians of the Fourth Century, the publication of which he deferred till he had made a tour through the south of Europe with Mr. Froude. At Rome he began the Lyra Apostolica, which appeared monthly in the British Magazine, conducted by Mr. Hugh Rose.

On his return to England, Newman wrote the first of the celebrated series of Tracts for the Times. The leading principles of these were the recognition of “dogma" as opposed to "liberalism" in theology, the acknowledgment of "a visible church with sacraments and rites which are the channels of invisible grace," and the maintenance of the notion of an "Apostolical succession of ministry" in the Establishment. Presently Dr. Pusey furnished a Tract on Fasting, and by the publication of an elaborate Treatise on Baptism, and the starting of the Library of the Fathers, gave the new opinions a certain position. Other advocates of the doctrines were Mr. William Palmer, of Dublin and Worcester College, and Mr. Arthur Perceval. Dr. Newman's Church of the Fathers was one of the earliest productions favoring the move

ment.

Subsequently appeared The Prophetical Office of the Church, and an Essay on Justification, both controversial works. The Annotated Translation of the Treatise of St. Athanasius, historico-dogmatic in its nature, employed him for years. From July, 1838, to July, 1841, Newman edited the British Critic, to which periodical he had already been a contributor.

In February, 1841, was issued the famous Tract No. 90, the main drift of which was to reconcile the holding of several doctrines, apparently characteristic of the Roman Catholic Church, with a subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles of Anglican belief. After the storm of indignation which followed the publication of this pamphlet, and in consequence, partly, of what is known as the affair of the Jerusalem bishopric, Mr. Newman retired to Littlemore, where he had previously built a church, and in February, 1843, made “a formal Retraction of all the hard things," as he expresses it, which he had “said against the Church of Rome." In September he resigned the living of St. Mary's, Littlemore inclusive.

He next published Sermons on Subjects of the Day, and An Essay on Ecclesiastical Miracles, and wrote The Life of St. Stephen Harding, and for a short time edited a series of Lives of the English Saints. Becoming more and more imbued with a belief of the views maintained by the Church of Rome, he gave himself to the composition of the learned and thoughtful Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, and before finishing the work, at Littlemore, October 8, 1845, was received into the Catholic communion.

For a while Newman proposed to betake himself to some secular calling. Soon, however, Cardinal Wiseman invited him to Oscott, and in 1846 sent him to Rome. In 1847 he wrote Loss and Gain, a very subjective religious tale, relating the conversion of an Anglican to the Catholic faith, and in the next year came back to England, and was located as Superior of a congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, in Birmingham.

Sermons to Mixed Congregations are the fervid offerings of Dr. Newman's heart on his new shrine. Lectures on Anglican Difficulties, and Lectures on the Position of Catholics in England were two other products of his zeal.

In 1852, Father Newman was appointed Rector of the Catholic University newly created at Dublin. Here he issued Lectures on the Turks, University Education, and Lectures on University Subjects. The Office and Work of Universities, published in book-form in 1856, gives an entertaining picture of the Athenian, Roman, and Mediæval schools, and contains valuable suggestions as to the relations between colleges and universities in modern times. Callista is a sketch of Christianity and Paganism as they existed in Africa in the time of St. Cyprian and the Decian persecution. In 1860 Dr. Newman resigned the rectorship of the University and returned to Birmingham, where, as Superior of the Oratory, he still lives.

In the beginning of 1864 arose a controversy with the Rev. Charles Kingsley, of the Establishment, the most important result of which was the publication of Dr. Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua, containing the long-desired history of his religious opinions. More recently was written A Letter to Dr. Pusey on Devotion to the Blessed Virgin, in reply to some misconceptions put forth by the latter in his Eirenicon. In the winter of 1870 appeared An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent, a work of great ability, treating of fundamental principles of Christian belief. Sermons delivered on various occasions have been printed under a title to that effect, and a collection of his Poems chronologically arranged.

As a writer of the mother tongue, Dr. Newman is, perhaps, unsurpassed for ease and grace of expression, and for general purity of style. He is said to be kindly in his manners, intuitively discreet in his intercourse with others, warm in his friendships, though an ascetic in temperament, upright and charitable. He has had an eventful and singularly important career, and friends and foes alike assign him the position of one of the great leaders of modern thought. His life and writings, while of deep literary interest, constitute, in their theological and philosophical aspect, an era in the history of opinion of a considerable part of the English-speaking race.

Cardinal Wiseman.

THE MOST REV. NICHOLAS WISEMAN, D. D., 1802-1865, the leading English Catholic at the time of his death, was very eminent as a scholar and a writer.

Cardinal Wiseman was of Catholic descent. He was educated at St. Cuthbert's College, near Durham, and in the English College at Rome. In the latter he was successively Professor of Oriental Languages, Vice-Rector, and Rector. He returned to England in 1835, and was raised from time to time in ecclesiastical dignity and office. He became President of St. Mary's College, Oscott, in 1840; Vicar-Apostolic, in 1849; Archbishop of Westminster, and Cardinal, in 1850.

Cardinal Wiseman's writings are numerous, and are held in high estimation. The following are his principal works: Twelve Lectures on the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion; The Real Presence of the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ in the Blessed Eucharist; Lectures on the Principal Doctrines and Practices of the Catholic Church; Lectures on the Offices and Ceremonies of Holy Week; High-Church Claims, or A Series of Papers on the Oxford Controversy; Essays on Various Subjects.

Besides his theological works, and his numerous controversial pamphlets, Cardinal Wiseman published many occasional lectures and essays on subjects connected with literature and art. These lectures and essays showed broad views and generous culture, and gained for the author a lasting place in the respect of his countrymen outside of his own communion. He writes with singular grace and elegance, and his thoughts are often strikingly beautiful.