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Chaucer. Lounsbury, Studies II : 395-7, is more cautious. Flügel, in Anglia 18 : 133-140, Ueber einigen Stellen aus dem Almagestum des Cl. Ptolemei bei Chaucer und im Rosenroman, cites the original of the Chaucerian passages from a version of the Almagest printed at Venice in 1515, and censures Skeat, p. 135. See further Boll, Anglia 21:222 ff.

Ptolemy's Almagest is also quoted in Les Lamentations de Matheolus, see ed. Paris 1892, I: 107.

Science-See Lounsbury, Studies II: 389-399.

"Secree of secrees", CYTale 894:-The Secreta Secretorum termed Aristotle's; see Skeat V: 433.

Seneca: Of the first century. Chaucer gives an account of his death in the Monk's Tale lines 505 ff., and mentions him and his moral wisdom in various other passages, see Skeat's list VI: 388. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 267-271; Hauréau in Notices et Extraits 33: 208, 227.

Seneca's works are ed. Haase, Leipzig 1887-92.

Senior-Alluded to CYTale 897; see Skeat V: 433; Lounsbury, Studies II: 392.

Simeon:-See Metaphrastes ante.

Speculum Stultorum:-By Nigel Wireker, canon of Canterbury, who flourished about 1190. The work is cited by Chaucer, under the title of Daun Burnel the Asse, in the Nun's Priest's Tale lines 492 ff. The Latin is printed by Wright, AngloLatin Satirical Poets, Rolls Series, I: 3 ff. See Herford, Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century, chap. VI; see Lounsbury, Studies II: 338-40; Skeat V:256; Ward, Cat. of Romances II : 691, 695; Dict. of Nat. Biog. under Nigel.

Statius-Of the first century. His Thebais is frequently referred to by Chaucer, especially in the Knight's Tale, see notes by Skeat V: 61, 62, 63, 79, 80-81, 82, 87, 92, 93; also mentioned in Anelida lines 530-1, in Mars 504, in Pity 62, in House of Fame 1460, in Troilus V: 1792; and evidently alluded to in Troilus II: 108 ff. The Thebais is ed. Leipzig (Teubner) 1876-98, 3 vols.

One phrase apparently derived from the Thebais, the shippes hoppesteres of Kn. Tale line 1159, has occasioned much annotation. See under Knight's Tale, Section III G here.

Suetonius:-Of the first century. Author of a history of the twelve Caesars. He is referred to twice in the Monk's Tale, for the lives of Nero and of Julius Caesar, lines 475, 730. See Skeat V: 242, 244-5; Lounsbury, Studies II: 284-6.

Suetonius is ed. Roth, Leipzig (Teubner) 1891.

Tertullian :-One of the Latin Fathers, died 230. Referred to WBprol. 676; see Lounsbury, Studies II: 289-291; Skeat V: 309. Tertullian's works are ed. Oehler, Leipzig 1863, 3 vols.; also in Patrologia and in Corp. Script. Lat. xx (1890).

Thebes Saga-Lowes, Publ. Mod. Lang. Assn. 20:850-51, points out that the material of Boccaccio's Teseide was used by Chaucer in "both forms of the Knight's Tale", in the Ariadne of the Legend, in the PoFoules, in the Anelida, and in Troilus. Cressida, in Troilus II: 84, 100 ff., is evidently reading Statius' Thebaid; for question as to use of this work or of Boccaccio, see refs. under Statius ante; see Tatlock, Devel. and Chronol. of Chaucer's Works. Chaucer's refs., outside Anelida 53-63, KnTale passim, HoFame 1461, Troilus as cited and V:601-2, are in Mars 245 ff., MLTale 102, 191, WBProl. 741, Merch Tale 472, 476, MancTale 12-14. See Constans' ed. of the Roman de Thèbes, Paris 1890; Lydgate's Story of Thebes as noted Section V here.

Theodulus-His Ecloga (ed. Beck, diss. Marburg 1836) was a schoolbook in Chaucer's time; for traces of influence on the House of Fame see Holthausen in Anglia 16:264-66.

"Theophrast" :-Theophrastus, a disciple of Aristotle, died B. C. 287, was author of a treatise entitled the Liber de Nuptiis; this is lost, but a fragment is preserved in the work of Jerome against Jovinian referred to above. Chaucer used nearly all of the existing text, in the WBprol., see lines 235-378, in the Merchant's Tale, see lines 49-62, in the Manciple's Tale, see lines 43-59. See Skeat's notes V: 296, 298-9, 308, 354, 439; see Lounsbury, Studies II : 366.

The treatise is printed-a fragment-in Jerome as noted.

Thetbaldus:-See under Physiologus ante.

Trophe:-See under Lollius above.

Trotula:-Referred to in WBprol. 677. See Hamilton in Mod. Phil. 4377.

Troy-saga:-Chaucer's usages of the legend of Troy are (1) the story of Dido as told in the Legend of Good Women; (2) the

summary of part of the Aeneid in HoFame 151-382, 427-465; (3) the story of Troilus and Cressida, from Boccaccio's Filostrato. Otherwise Chaucer's refs. to personages of the Troystory are but mere mentions; see the description of the story of Troy as wrought in windowglass, BoDuch lines 326 ff.

Troilus is but mentioned in Homer's version of the tale of Troy. His celebration as a hero is made by Dares and Dictys, see above, whose rendition of the Troy-legend seems to be the ultimate source of the medieval versions, e. g., those of Benoît de Sainte More and of Guido delle Colonne, q. v. The De Bello Trojano of Joseph of Exeter, fl. 1190, is supposedly a rendering of Guido's prose. The Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy, ed. Panton and Donaldson for the EETS, is based on Guido, and the Troy Book of John Lydgate abounds in refs. to Guido as its source. Boccaccio's Filostrato may owe something to Guido, although the relation is not yet worked out; and the possible debt of Chaucer to Guido is still disputed; see under Troilus, Section IV here.

See Ward, Cat. of Romances, I:1 ff.; Dunger, Die Sage vom trojanischen Kriege in den Bearbeitungen des Mittelalters und ihre antiken Quellen, Leipzig 1869; Greif, Die mittelälterlichen Bearbeitungen der Trojanersage, Marburg 1886; Gorra, Testi Inediti di Storia Trojana, Turin 1887; Joly, Benoît de Sainte More et le Roman de Troie, Paris 1871; ten Brink, Hist. Eng. Lit. I 168, II: 87 ff.; Lounsbury, Studies II : 305 ff.; Skeat, introd. to Troilus, vol. II of Oxford Chaucer; Taylor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, chap. III. Work on the sources of Chaucer's Troilus, by Dr. Young of Harvard University, is forthcoming.

:

Tullius, see under Cicero ante.

Valerius Flaccus :-Of the first century B. C. Traces of the influence of his Argonautica are perhaps to be seen in Troilus V8, see Skeat II: 495; and in LGW (Hypsipyle) line 1453, see Skeat III: 326. Cp. Tatlock, Devel. and Chroñol.,

P. 100.

The Argonautica is edited by Baehrens, Leipzig (Teubner) 1875. See W. C. Summers, A Study of the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus, Cambridge 1894; Schenkl, Studien zu den Argonautica des V. F., in Wiener Sitz. ber. 68 : 271-382 (1871). Valerius Maximus:-Of the first century. Author of the De Factis et Dictis Memorabilium, referred to, though not by name, in WBProl. 642, see Skeat V: 307, and used in WBTale 309, see Skeat V: 320. "Valery" is mentioned LGW prol. 280, and Monk's Tale 730; see Tatlock cited just above.

See Lounsbury, Studies II: 273-6; Miss Petersen on the

NPTale p. 110 note. The De Factis is ed. by Kempf, Leipzig (Teubner) 1888.

“Valery”, see under Walter Mapes above, and Tatlock, Devel. and Chronol., p. 100.

Vincent of Beauvais :-Of the 13th century. Author of an enormous and widely read compendium of knowledge entitled the Speculum Majus; this is in three parts, the Speculum Naturale, Speculum Doctrinale, Speculum Historiale. The last of these, termed by Chaucer the "Storial Mirrour", is referred to LGW prol. (A-version) 307, and is perhaps used WBTale 339 ff., see Skeat V: 321; NPTale 344, see Skeat V: 255. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 375-381.

The Speculum was printed at Venice in 1494. The Historiale contains, besides masses of legends, miracles, and martyrdoms, curious accounts of Mahomet and of the Tartars, etc., lists of brief quotations from classical and patristic writings. Among others, Plato, Aristotle, Cato, Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Juvenal, Quintilian, and Claudian are thus excerpted, often very liberally, but usually with preference of "moralitees."

Vinsauf, Geoffrey de:-English? Flourished about 1200; author of a treatise on the art of poetry entitled the Nova Poetria, to which Chaucer refers NPTale 527-34. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 341-2; Skeat V: 257; Dict. Nat. Biog. under Vinsauf.

The poem is printed by Leyser, in his Hist. Poetarum et Poemarum Medii Aevi, Halle 1721, and separately Helmstedt 1724. There are many MSS in English libraries, e. g., three among the Laud MSS, two among the Digby, one Bodley, and one Selden copy, all in the Bodleian; two in the library of Balliol College and three in Corpus Christi College, Oxford; two in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, R 3, 29 and R 3, 51,-etc.

Virgil:-Died 19 B. C. Virgil is mentioned by Chaucer in HoFame 378, 449, 1244, 1483; in LGW (Dido) 924, 1002; in Troilus V: 1792, and in Friar's Tale 221. According to Lounsbury, Studies II: 250, Chaucer seems to have known only the Aeneid; this he partly summarizes in HoFame book I, and uses the story of Dido for the Legend.

It is a somewhat remarkable fact that more lines and phrases of Virgil do not appear in Chaucer. On Virgil and his influence see: Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship; Moore, Studies in Dante, vol. I; Comparetti, Virgil in the Middle Ages, Lond. 1895.

Vulgate-See under Bible ante.

D. Editions of the Works or Poems

Introduction: On the Text of Chaucer

The gradual establishment of the canon has been, as described above, the work of many years. The so-called editions of Chaucer of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as that of 1721, made no critical examination of the works which tradition or the editor's own verdict had connected with Chaucer's name; and each one of them added to the mass of spurious material printed in its predecessor. It has been the labor of Tyrwhitt, Bradshaw, Hertzberg, and Furnivall to separate the chaff from the wheat and present the evidence as to Chaucer's authorship or non-authorship of each poem.

Other tasks have been undertaken and wholly or partly accomplished in these years; the destruction of the legendary biography of Chaucer built up in the sixteenth century, and the substitution for it of the documentary evidence existing in English archives as to the poet's appointments, pay, and official missions. And, also, the foundations have been laid, by the establishment of the Chaucer Society in 1868, for the working-out of the text of Chaucer as it may have read in his own lost manuscript copies. This Society has reproduced, in parallel columns for purposes of comparison, and with diplomatic exactitude, the literal text of a large proportion of Chaucer's work as it stands in the existing manuscripts.

Since the founding of the Society the number of editions of the poet has greatly increased, keeping pace with the growing interest in Chaucer himself and with the widening study of the English language and of the Middle Ages. Editions both before and after this date have been of various types, and, barring out those which are popularized, modernized, or expurgated, we may distinguish three ways of presenting the Chaucerian text.

(1) The exact reproduction of some one manuscript. In such a treatment the "editing" is shown in the annotations, the suggested emendations, and in the appending of the noteworthy divergent readings of other MSS. Such an edition, nominally, was that of Thomas Wright, of the Canterbury Tales, in 1847-51.

(2) The building-up of a composite or "eclectic" text. Some or all MSS lie before the editor, and he selects now from one, now from another, according as he considers the text better. One MS may be followed for several lines, and then, when its reading seems confused or harsh to the editor, recourse may be had to another manuscript, and that manuscript's version of a line or a word may be incorporated in the edition. The resultant text is, of course, smooth and musical, for artificial selection has been exercised with that end in view; but every student should understand that it is obtained by an intrusion of the editor's personal judgment between

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