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For the influence of Dante upon Chaucer see under HoFame, Section IV here; under PoFoules, Section IV here; see also ten Brink, Studien 78, 125, Hist. Eng. Lit. II: 103; Kissner op. cit.; Lounsbury, Studies II: 236 ff.; Koeppei in Anglia 13:184-86; Tatlock in Mod. Phil. 3: 367-72; Torraca, Jour. Compar. Lit. I :82-84; Toynbee ibid. 345-65, Mod. Lang. Review 1:9 ff. General works upon the influence of Dante in English literature are:

Dante and the English Poets from Chaucer to Tennyson. Oscar Kuhns. N. Y. 1904. Rev. Nation 1904 II : 279, not favorably.

Dante in English Literature from Chaucer to Cary. Paget Toynbee. According to the Nation, 1907 I: 519, the publication of this work is delayed by the discovery of a mass of new material.

The article on Dante in Chaucer and his Followers, by Plumptre, in Contemp. Rev. 40:859-864 (1881) is of little value.

Skeat omits remark upon several lines derived from Dante: some of these are pointed out by Cary, viz., LGW 2638 from Inferno 7: 64; MoTale 487 from Inferno 5:56; HoF 201 ff. cp. Purgatorio 28:9 ff.; Troilus 5: 549 cp. Purgat. 23:31; Troilus 3: 1693-4 cp. Parad. 19: 8; HoFame 505-6 cp. Parad. 1: 62-3; BoDuch. 880 cp. Inferno 4: 84. The line Kn. Tale 903, often repeated by Chaucer, is by Toynbee paralleled with Inferno 5: 100. And note the transl. of Troilus 2: 64-66 from Purgat. 9: 13-15 (Koeppel, Anglia 13: 184). It is very probable that a close investigation would show many more echoes of Dante in Chaucer than have yet been pointed out; but it is remarkable that, with the exception of the Ugolino story and the invocation to the Virgin (of the Prioress' Tale), the usages of Dante by Chaucer appear in scattered lines and phrases, often of small interest. They might be classified, so far as our research has yet gone, into:-Invocations, cp. HoFame 2: 10 and Inferno 2: 7; Prioress' Tale and prol. to Second Nun's Tale with Parad. 33: 1-12, 16-21; HoFame 3: 1-19 and Parad. I: 13-27 (ten Brink); the address to Virgil, LGW Dido 1-3 and Purgat. 22: 66. Descriptions,-the approach of twilight, Inferno 2: I and PoFoules 85; the approach of dawn, Purgat. 1-19 and KnTale 635; flowers, Troilus 2: 967 and Inferno 2: 127 (but Cary says cp. Filostrato 2: 80); the song of Procne, Troilus 2: 967 and Purgat. 9: 13 (E. P. H.). Mere phrases, Troilus 5: 549 and Purgat. 23: 31; Troilus 3: 1693 and Parad. 19: 8; LGW 2638 and Inferno 7: 64; MoTale 487 and Inferno 5: 56 (but Toynbee says cp. Orosius). Note also longer bits;-on envy, LGW prol. 358 and Inferno 13:64; on gentilesse, WBTale 269 and Purgat. 7: 121; and see the extracts in the PoFoules from Dante, 127 ff., 169 ff. With line 155 ten Brink, Studien p. 126 suggested a Dante likeness which he could not exactly parallel, see Klaeber, Das Bild bei Chaucer p. 156, for ref. to Parad. 24:41. Outside this last possibility, the usage of Dante by the PoFoules is noticeably of the Inferno, and of Cantos 1, 2, and 3, the early parts of them. When we remark the apparent preference of the Troilus and the HoFame for the Paradiso and the Purgatorio, an interesting question might arise regarding Chaucer's different taste at different times, or his varying access to books. I have previously suggested the query if the whole Divina Commedia were known to Chaucer. The relation of Dante

and Chaucer is yet to be investigated; and a necessary prelude to such inquiry is the investigation how far Dante MSS were available in England in the fourteenth century, and what knowledge or opinion of Dante existed among Chaucer's contemporaries. See notes on "Dant in English" under House of Fame, Section IV here.

Verbal comparison between Chaucer and Dante may be facilitated by use of Fay's Concordance to the Divina Commedia, Boston 1888. The standard eds. of Dante are that of the Commedia by Scartazzini, Leipzig 4 vols., 1874-90 and in 1 vol. Milan 1896, or that by Moore of the complete works, Oxford 1894 and later. Cary's verse transl. is accessible in the Bohn Library with all the original notes; Norton's prose, in 3 vols., Boston 1891-92. Moore's Studies in Dante, 3 vols., London 1896 ff., includes in the first volume valuable information as to Dante's indebtedness to earlier writers, which might serve the Chaucer student tracing the connection of Dante and Chaucer with Virgil or Boethius.

1

There has been very little discussion of Dante's prosody; but see the paper by Tozer appended to Moore's Textual Criticism of the Divina Commedia, 1889, at pp. 713-723; see also Bartsch in the Jahrbuch of the Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft, 1871, pp. 303-367, and H. Zehle's diss. on Laut und Flexionslehre in Dante's Divina Commedia, Marburg 1885. Tozer's essay treats Dante's lines as accentual. L' Intelligenza, an Italian allegorical poem of the early 14th century (?), of uncertain authorship. See Gaspary. Gesch. der ital. Litt., ed. 1885, I: 205 ff.; and G. Bellrich, Die Intelligenza, Breslau 1883, severely reviewed by Kölbing in Archiv 86:86. Koeppel, Engl. Stud. 20: 156-58 (1895) pointed out Chaucer's use of a bit of this poem in Troilus II: 19 ff.

Petrarch, Francesco, 1304-1374:-Author, in his earlier years, of sonnets and poems to "Laura”, upon which his fame now rests, although he himself laid far more stress on the Latin verse of his maturity and on his Ciceronian correspondence with friends. Chaucer refers to Petrarch by name in the Monk's Tale 335, the Clerk's prol. 31 and Clerk's Tale 1191. Note also under Lollius in (4) below. Petrarch's Latin transl. of Boccaccio's story of Griselda, which Chaucer used for the Clerk's Tale, is accessible in Ch. Soc. Orig. and Anal. pp. 151-172, but is unfortunately reprinted from the Basel ed. of 1581 instead of from MSS. See G. L. Hendrickson in Mod. Phil. 4 : 179, and under Clerk's Tale here. Other borrowings from Petrarch are in the Troilus, I: 400 ff., see Skeat II: 464; Lounsbury, Studies II: 224.

The question of a possible meeting between Chaucer and Petrarch has been warmly discussed; see under Clerk's Tale, Section III G here.

On Petrarch see Koerting in vol. I of his Gesch. der ital. Lit., 1878; Zumbini, Studij sul Petrarca, 1895; Robinson and Rolfe, Petrarch, N. Y. 1898; de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'Humanisme, Paris, 1892. The best ed. of the Canzoniere is that by Mastica,

1896. The Latin Epistolae Familiares are ed., with transl. into Ital., by Fracassetti, Florence 1859-63; the eds. of the Opera, Basel 1554 and 1581, are very faulty.

Villani:-In N. & Q. 1897 I: 205, 369, it is said that Villani's Chronicle was used for the Ugolino story, as well as Dante. See under Monk's Tale in Section III G below.

(4) Chaucer's Use of Latin and Anglo-Latin Writers

(With notes on some writers merely referred to by Chaucer, and on his knowledge of Greek and Science.)

Aesop:-Chaucer twice refers to stories which are narrated by Aesop; in Kn. Tale 319-22 and in Truth line 12. The third allusion cited by Skeat VI: 384, in Troilus I: 257, seems merely proverbial. There is apparently another allusion in WB prol. 692. Chaucer does not mention Aesop by name.

Agaton-Referred to in LGW prol. 526; see Skeat III : xxxii; Lounsbury, Studies II: 400; Sandras, Étude p. 115, and for the same explanation Toynbee in Mod. Lang. Quart. 1:5.

Alanus de Insulis, or Alain de l'Isle:-Died 1205. Two of his works, the De Planctu Naturae and the Anticlaudianus, were known to Chaucer; the former is referred to and used in PoFoules, the latter is referred to in HoFame 986. Hales, Acad 1881 II: 384, pointed out the imitation by Chaucer in the PoFoules, and cited the passage. Skeat I:74 prints the Latin of that portion from the text of Wright, see below.

The works of Alanus are printed in the Patrologia vol. 210, and the two above-mentioned are printed by Wright, AngloLatin Satirical Poets, Rolls Series, II : 268.

See Lounsbury, Studies II : 344-352; Koeppel, Archiv 90: 149151; Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship 531-2.

See O. Leist, Der Anticlaudianus, Seehausen, 1878.

Albertanus Brixiensis, or Albertano of Brescia :-Died ca. 1270. His Liber Consolationis et Consilii, in a French version by Jehan de Meung, was used by Chaucer for the tale of Melibeus ; his De Arte Loquendi et Tacendi is referred to in the MancTale, see Skeat V: 442-3; his De Amore et Dilectione Dei is referred to in the Merch Tale, see Skeat V : 355, 358. See in general Skeat III: 426-7, Koeppel in Archiv 86: 29-47.

The Liber Consolationis was ed. for the Chaucer Society by Sundby, 2nd Series, No. 8; the De Arte Loquendi is printed as

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Appendix 2 to Sundby's Brunetto Latini's Levnet og Skrifter,
Copenhagen, 1869, accessible in an Italian transl. by Renier,
Florence 1884; the De Amore is cited by Koeppel, Archiv
86: 29-47, q. v., from MS.

See the ed. of the Melibeus in Maetzner's Altenglische
Sprachproben; Skeat as above; Lounsbury, Studies II : 384.

Albricus-Of the 13th century. Author of a brief treatise entitled De Deorum Imaginibus, which is perhaps used in KnTale, see Skeat V:78, 82, and in HoFame lines 130-133. According to Lounsbury, Studies II: 381-2, Albricus' work is printed in Van Staveren's Auctores Mythographi Latini, Leyden 1742.

Alexander-saga :-The legend of Alexander is alluded to in HoFame 915, MoTale 641 ff. In the WBprol. 498 a passage of the Alexandreid, a Latin poem by Philippe Gualtier, is mentioned. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 303-5.

Almansor:-A marginal note in the Ellesmere MS to WBprol. 613 refers to a work recognized as Almansoris Propositiones; no date given by Skeat V: 306, 310, but ref. to a print of 1641.

Ambrose :-Died ca. 397. Referred to in the ParsTale, see Skeat V: 448. Works ed. Patrologia vols 14-17.

Anselm-1038-1109. Cited Pars Tale, see Skeat V: 450. Works ed. Patrologia vols. 158-159.

"Arnold of the Newe Toun"-Arnoldus Villanova, died 1314:-His Rosarium Philosophorum, a treatise on alchemy, is quoted CYTale, lines 875-6. See Skeat V: 432; Lounsbury, Studies

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The Rosarium is printed in Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum of 1632.

Arthur-saga:-The legend of Arthur is alluded to at the opening of the WBTale and in the SqTale line 95. Lancelot is referred to in the SqTale 287, NPTale 392. Tristan and Isolde are mentioned HoFame 1796, PoFoules 290, LGW prol. 254; see also the poem To Rosemounde, Section V here.

Some of these refs. seem commonplaces in imitation of the lists of characters so frequent in the Middle Ages. For a misunderstanding of the word Isolde by annotators see Section VI G here. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 304-5.

Augustine of Hippo:-354-430. Chaucer alludes to brief passages of Augustine's writings in LGW 1690, in DoctTale 117,

Pars Tale 100, 150, 183, 303, 484, 535, 562, 678, 694, 741, 1020; these refs. are according to Skeat VI: 384; see Miss Petersen as cited on the sources of the ParsTale, Section III G here. Augustine is also alluded to in Melibeus line 2833 and Prol. 187-88. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 297-99.

etc.

The works of Augustine are accessible Patrologia vols. 32-47,

Aurora, see Petrus de Riga.

Bernardus Silvestris :-Of the 12th century. Author of the Megacosmos and Microcosmos, the former of which is used MLTale 197 ff.

Skeat V: 147 mentions an ed. of the work by Barach and Wrobel, Innsbruck 1876, and a MS Bodley 1265. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 385; Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship 514-16. Bible:-See the list of Chaucer's uses of the Vulgate in Skeat VI: 381-84. A paper on the Bible in Chaucer, by Charles * Noble, is in the Faculty Corner, Grinnell, Iowa, 1901, PP. 157167, repr. from the Unit, an Iowa College paper, 1898-1901.

A note by Root, Nation 1904 II: 315, is commented on by Lowes, Publ. Mod. Lang. Assn. 19:668-669 footnote.

Boethius :-?470-525. Author of works on astronomy, music, etc., and, while imprisoned by the Emperor Theodoric previous to his execution, of a prose treatise De Consolatione Philosophiae, which was unboundedly popular in the late Middle Ages. It was translated into English by King Alfred and by Chaucer, beside other versions later, see Section IV here. Several of Chaucer's shorter poems are founded upon it, e. g., Former Age, Fortune, Gentilesse; and there are constant allusions to and echoes of Boethius throughout the longer works, cp. the Monk's Tale, the discourse upon predestination in the Troilus, Book IV; see the list by Skeat, VI: 385 and the notes II : xxviii-xxxvii, also in especial Stewart's Boethius, an Essay, Lond. 1891, appendix B. Boethius exerted more influence upon the intellect of Chaucer than any other writer except perhaps Jehan de Meung.

The Opera are in the Patrologia, vols. 63, 64. The best ed. of the Consolatio, by Peiper, Leipzig 1871, is out of print and hard to get; see that in the Delphin Classics, Lond. 1823.

On Boethius see:-Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. Bury IV: 197-204; Ebert, I: 485 ff.; Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders III : 4, chap. 12; Hauréau, Hist. de la philosophie scolastique, 1872, I: 112 ff.; Taylor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, pp. 51-56; Ker, Dark Ages, pp. 103 ff.; Stewart

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