op. cit. above; Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship, pp. 237-243. For Boethius' influence on Dante see Moore, Studies in Dante, I: 282-288.

Bradwardine, Thomas:-Died 1349. Author of the De Causa Dei, mentioned NPTale 422; the work was ed. London 1618. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 382-3.

Caecilius Balbus: Sententiae
Cassiodorus: Variarum

Used in the original of the Melibeus, see ed. by Sundby as cited under Albertanus Brixiensis above, and Skeat V passim under Melibeus.

Cato: The so-called Disticha of "Dionysius Cato" (4th century?), one of the most popular handbooks of the Middle Ages, is frequently alluded to by Chaucer, see list of refs. Skeat VI : 385. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 358-61.

Text ed. by Hauthal, Berlin 1869. The old Provençal has been discussed by Tobler, diss. Strassburg 1897 pp. 104. For notes on the popularity of the work in the Middle Ages see Manitius in Philologus 51 164-171. Burgh's 15th century English version of the work is ed. by Foerster, Archiv 115: 298323, 116: 25-40.

Charlemagne-saga:-Ganelon is referred to BoDuchess 1121,MoTale 399, NPTale 407.

Cicero:-B. C. 106-43. According to Lounsbury, Studies II: 271-3, Chaucer refers to Cicero (Tullius) in the Frankl. prol. and in Scogan; but all he seems to have known of Ciceronian texts are the Somnium Scipionis (see under Macrobius below) and the De Divinatione as used in the NPTale. Skeat VI: 385 adds to this a number of citations in Melibeus, received of course from the original. For the WBprol. see Skeat V : 312. See Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship pp. 623-27.

Claudian:-Close of the 4th century. Lounsbury, Studies II : 254-8, says that Claudian is twice mentioned by Chaucer in the HoFame and once in the Merch Tale, with reference to his De Raptu Proserpinae; according to Skeat V: 70, a passage of the KnTale is from Claudian; one bit of the PoFoules is transl. from him, see Lounsbury, Studies II: 257, Skeat I: 509; and he is mentioned LGW prol. 280.

Claudian's works are ed. Hirt, Monumenta Germanica, Berlin 1892, and Koch, Leipzig (Teubner) 1893.

Constantinus:-About 1080. His work De Coitu and himself are

alluded to Merch Tale 566-67; Tyrwhitt in his note on the passage says his works were printed at Basel in 1536. His name appears Gen. Prol. line 433.

Corinne :-Mentioned in Anelida 21, see Skeat I:531; Lounsbury, Studies II : 403-5. I have queried if a MS could have given Chaucer Corinnus instead of Corippus; see Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship 436; but there appears no evidence of Corippus' influence.

Chrysippus, as alluded to in WBprol. 677, Tyrwhitt could not identify; Skeat V: 309 says Chaucer caught the name from Jerome's treatise Adversus Jovinianum.

Dares Phrygius and Dictys Cretensis:-A supposed Greek and a supposed Phoenician writer upon the Trojan war, the former from the Trojan, the latter from the Greek point of view. Latin works professing to be translations of these histories, Dares in 44 short chapters, Dictys in six books and about twice as long as Dares, have come down from perhaps the sixth century, and are the ultimate sources of the Trojan legend as known to the Middle Ages. They served as basis for the work of Benoît de Sainte-More (q. v.), upon whose poem the Historia Trojana of Guido delle Colonne (q. v.) was founded.

See Ward's Catalogue of Romances I:9-26; Lounsbury, Studies II: 305 ff.; Skeat I: 489-90, III: 277; Morley, Eng. Writers VI: 118; Warton-Hazlitt II : 127, III :81. Editions of both, according to Ward, in Valpy's Delphin Classics, London 1825; of Dictys by Dederich, Bonn 1833, and by Meister, Leipzig (Teubner) 1872; of Dares by Dederich, Bonn 1835, and by Meister, Leipzig (Teubner) 1873. See Koerting, Dictys und Dares, Halle, 1874; Griffin, Dares and Dictys, diss. Johns Hopkins, 1907; and other references under the Troilus, Section IV here. Chaucer alludes to Dares and Dictys in the Book of the Duchesse line 1070, the Troilus I: 146, V: 1771, the House of Fame line 1467; but his allusions do not imply knowledge of their text rather than of their later imitators, says Lounsbury, Studies II: 314.

"Daun Burnel the Asse", see under Speculum Stultorum below.

"English Gaufride", mentioned HoFame 1470, is Geoffrey of Monmouth, 12th century, author of the Historia Regum Britanniae. See Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, 1906, pp. 37-39.

Exempla :-Short stories used to "point a moral" were in the Mid

dle Ages styled exempla, and collected for the use of clerics as adjuncts to sermons. See Miss Petersen's Sources of the Nonne Prestes Tale, pp. 97-100 note, and refs. given ibid., viz., Exempla of Jacques de Vitry, ed. T. F. Crane, London 1890, Herolt's Promptuarium Exemplorum, 1492, Thomas of Cantimpre's Speculum Exemplorum, 1487, Flores Exemplorum, Cologne 1656, Magnum Speculum Exemplorum, Cologne 1747, also Holkot's Super Libros Sapientie and his Moralitates in Usum Predicantium, 1580; Bromyard's Summa Predicantium, 1518. The Friar's Tale and the Pardoner's Tale find partial analogues in such collections; and Miss Petersen remarks that Chaucer's use of example-books offers an interesting field for speculation. See Crane's art. Exempla, in Johnson's Cyclopedia.

Florilegia :—Anthologies, or collections of extracts from favored authors, must have been made with especial zeal in the Middle Ages, when books were scarce and the respect for antiquity immense. The subject has not been historically treated, so far as I know, but I note a few facts.

Keller and Holder, in their ed. of Horace, mention several Florilegia which contained abundant extracts from his writings; e. g. that which is in MS in the library of Notre Dame Cathedral, the Florilegium compiled by Nicholas Cusanus in the 12th century, the Florilegium Veronense, and Florilegium Basiliense. The Florilegia of Göttingen and of Saint Omer are alluded to in Bibl. de l'École des Chartes 60: 569 ff.

Earlier florilegia in MS are enumerated by Manitius in his Analekten zu Horaz, see pp. 35, 57, 75, 105. And a Greek one compiled by Stobaeus in the 5th century is ed. Meineke, Leipzig 1855-56, 4 vols.

Later and better known anthologies are the Fiore di Filosofi, formerly ascribed to Brunetto Latini; this collection, according to Gröber, Grdr. II: 3, p. 43, is based upon Vincent of II:3, Beauvais. Vincent's extracts, in the Speculum Historiale, are sometimes extensive, including hundreds of lines from Seneca or Ovid, 40 from Horace's Ars Poetica alone; but sometimes very small, e. g. Persius.

These collections took a moral rather than literary turn: cp. the Fiore di Virtù discussed in Studi di filol. roman., vol. VI, or Les dits moraux des philosophes, transl. by Earl Rivers and printed by Caxton, see Blades pp. 189-91. Or note the Adagia of Erasmus, see Emerton's Erasmus, chap. IV.

It is very possible that some of Chaucer's Latin bits, especially those from Horace and Juvenal, perhaps from Claudian, may have reached him in such a way, or through works like John of

Salisbury's Polycraticus and Epistles, strewn with citations almost as liberally as is Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, which Thackeray makes his hackwriter use (Pendennis ch. 33) as a repository of classical quotations. Further, the citation of lines by grammatical and prosodical writers like Isidor of Seville or the writers of Ars Dictandi, the commentators on the Eclogues of Theodulus, etc., must not be forgotten as the possible means of transmission of many a stray quotation which in the Middle Ages hardened into a proverb. See Skeat II : lii,... III: 278. See Moore, Studies in Dante, I: 205.

Florus, L. Annaeus:-Of the 2d century, author of an Epitome de Gestis Romanorum, used by Chaucer for some details in the Cleopatra of the Legend of Good Women. See Skeat III : xxxvii, 313; Lounsbury, Studies II: 288.

An ed. was published at Florence in 1524.

Gesta Romanorum:-A collection of anecdotes and stories, historical or pseudohistorical, largely of famous characters, which served as source for many medieval narratives and moral illustrations. There is no proof, according to Lounsbury, Studies II : 317-20, that Chaucer directly used this book, but he refers to "Roman gests" three times, in the Merchant's Tale line 1040, in the MLTale 1126, and the WBprol. 642. See Skeat V : 360-361 for a passage which he considers derived from the Gesta.

On the Gesta see diss. IV in Warton-Hazlitt. See ed. by Oesterley, Berlin 1871.

Godfrey of Viterbo:-Bech, Anglia 5:340, says of LGW lines 1896-8 that the notion of Athens current in the Middle Ages may have come from such a passage as one which he cites from the Speculum Regum of this author.

Greek:-"Like his contemporaries, Chaucer was totally ignorant of Greek. There are some nine or ten quotations from Plato, three from Homer, two from Aristotle, and one from Euripides; but they are all taken at second hand, through the medium of Boethius. The sole quotation from Herodotus in the Canterbury Tales is copied from Jerome." Skeat VI: xcviii.

Plato is mentioned by name in HoFame 759, 931, also in Prol. 741, MancTale 207, CYTale 895 ff. The last is an erroneous attribution to Plato of an anecdote usually connected with Solomon, see Skeat's note. The two other cases in the CT are repetitions of the saying from the Timaeus already transl. by Chaucer in the Boethius III prose 12, line 152. In the Boethius Plato is cited or mentioned seven times.

Aristotle is named HoFame 759, Gen. Prol. 295, SqTale 233. There are three refs. to him in the Boethius, each more than the mere mention which Chaucer gives.

Homer is mentioned in Troilus I: 146, V: 1792, HoFame 1466, FrankTale 715. In HoFame 1477 it is remarked that some assert he made lies in his story. He is thrice mentioned in the Boethius, and one passage, the allusion to Jupiter's two tuns, was disseminated partly by Boethius and partly by the Roman de la Rose deriving from Boethius.

A bit of Herodotus is cited, from Jerome, without the name of either author, in WBprol. 782.

Euripides is twice quoted in the Boethius, once by name, and once as a "tragedien", III, prose 6.

Gregory, Saint and Pope:-554-604. Referred to and cited several times in the ParsTale, see Skeat VI: 386.

Guido delle Colonne :-Of the latter half of the thirteenth century. It was first remarked by Tyrwhitt, note on CT 15147, that the Historia Trojana of Guido (to which Chaucer refers as listed by Skeat VI: 386), was probably a transl. of Benoît de SainteMore's Roman de Troie (see under Sainte-More above). Douce, in his Illustrations of Shakespeare, 1807, restated the fact; but the proofs were not presented until Joly's work of 1871, for which see under Troilus, Section IV here; see ibid. for notes and refs. on the question whether Chaucer used Guido or Benoît. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 309 ff.; Ward, Cat. of Romances I: 35 ff. The Historia Trojana was first printed

1477.

Helowys, Héloise:-Referred to WBprol. 677; see Skeat V: 309, and note that according to Woollcombe, Ch. Soc. Essays part III, the letters of Héloise to Abelard avow the use of Jerome Adversus Jovinianum, which may account for their appearance in the same volume in the Wife of Bath's narrative.

Hermes:-A marginal note to WBprol. 613, in the Ellesmere MS, refers to Hermes in libro fiducie; see Skeat V : 306.

Holkot:-See ante under Exempla, and especially Miss Petersen on the Sources of the Nonne Prestes Tale, pp. 100 ff.

Horace :-Lounsbury, Studies II : 261-4, combats the tendency to ascribe to Chaucer a knowledge of Horace. (The only earlier editor whom I find tracing Chaucerian passages to Horace is Bell, 1854, cp. his ed. III: 240.) Lounsbury gives "only three instances” of such attribution to Horace; the story of Amphion,