The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

1-kiloton 1-megaton absorption air blast air burst altitude amount atmosphere atomic attenuation base surge beta particles blast wave buildings burns centimeter contaminated crater curves damage debris decay decrease delayed fallout depth detonation distance from ground dose rate dynamic pressure early fallout earth effects electron density emitted energy yield Eniwetok equation exposure factor feet Figure fire fireball fission products gamma radiation gamma rays given ground zero height of burst increase initial nuclear radiation injury ionization isotopes kilotons loading material megaton neutrons Nevada Nevada Test Site nuclear explosion nuclear weapon nuclei occur peak overpressure percent photon positive phase pounds per square produced radiation dose radioactive cloud radius range region rems result roentgens scaling shielding shock front shock wave square inch strontium-90 structure surface burst temperature tests thermal energy thermal radiation tion TNT equivalent underwater velocity walls weapon residues wind X-rays