ponnesus, as may be seen from Polybius V. 91, 8. and Diodorus XV. 473. (Cf. Scymn. Ch.)

rium Juno

On the Corinthian gulf we have to notice, north Promontoof Lechæum, the promontory of Juno Acræa, which, nis Acres. as it appears from Livy, was seven miles from Corinth, nearly opposite to Sicyon, on the other side of the gulf. (XXXII. 23.) Apollodorus speaks of an altar sacred to Acræan Juno. (Bibl. I. 9, 28.) This spot seems to have once belonged to the Megareans, since Plutarch mentions the Heræans, who were doubtless the inhabitants of a town or district in the vicinity of the temple, as a Megarean clan. (Quæst. Græc. Cf. Xen. Hell. IV. 5, 5.) Strabo says it was the seat of an oracle, and that it stood between Lechæum and Pagæ. (VIII. p. 380.) The promontory which this geographer calls Olmiæ, is doubt- Olmia less the headland referred to by Livy. The modern rium. name is Cape Malangara. On this coast was Enoe, a small Corinthian fortress, as we learn from Enoe. Strabo (loc. cit.) and Xenophon. The latter states that it was taken on one occasion by Agesilaus. (Hell. IV. 5, 5.) Near it was another fortress, also captured by Agesilaus in the same expedition, together with a quantity of cattle kept there for the supply of the city; it was named Piræum, and must Piræum. not be confounded with the Piræus Portus above

mentioned. (Cf. Ages. 2, 18.)

promonto

Chalcis was a small maritime town of the Corin-Chalcis. thians, situated towards Sicyon, as appears from Thucydides, who reports, that it was taken by an Athenian fleet under Tolmides, before the Peloponnesian war. (I. 108.)

In the interior of Corinthia, we must notice Tenea. Tenea, said to have been colonized by some Trojan

captives, brought from Tenedos by the Greeks. (Pausan. Corinth. 5.) Aristotle, who is cited by Strabo, ascribed to the Tenedians and Teneatæ a common origin. Tenea was further celebrated as the place where Edipus was brought up, by his supposed father Polybus; and its inhabitants could boast, that the greater portion of the colonists who followed Archias to Syracuse were their fellowcitizens. This small town became latterly so prosperous, that it assumed a government of its own, distinct from that of Corinth; and having wisely submitted, in the first instance, to the Roman power, it was preserved from the destruction which overwhelmed that unfortunate city. (Strab. VIII. p. 380.) Tenea was sixty stadia from Corinth, and possessed a temple of Apollo, of some celebrity. (Pausan. Corinth. 5. Strab. VIII. p. 380.) The name was sometimes written Tevéa. (Steph. Byz. in v.) Stephanus informs us, that Tenea was on the road to Mycenæ. (v. Tevéa.) This route, as we learn Contoporia from Polybius, was called the Contoporia. (XVI. 16.) Athenæus also quotes a passage from the commentaries of king Ptolemy, in which mention is made of the Contoporia. (II. p. 43.) In Lapiè's map, the ruins of Tenea are laid down at Courtese, which, according to Dodwell, is Cleonæ, whereas he places Tenea at Agio Basili', but this last village is further from Corinth than Courtese, whereas Tenea was nearer to that city than Cleonæ.

via.

Oneium.

Oneium was a fortress, situated in the chain of the Oneian mountains, and commanding the pass which led through them. (Xen. Hell. VI. 5, 4, 2.

Class. Tour, t. II. p. 206.

VII. 1, 4. Cf. Thuc. IV. 44.) This place must be sought for in the mountains above Mertese, and near the village of Hexamili Apano.

Asæ and Mausus were two large and populous Asæ. villages, belonging to Corinth, as we learn from Mausus. Theopompus, cited by Steph. Byz. vv. 'Arai et Μαυσός.

Petra was a Corinthian borough or village, of Petra. which Eetion the father of Cypselus was a native. (Herod. V. 91.)

Coronea, a place between Corinth and Sicyon. Coronea. (Steph. Byz. v. Kopávesa.)

SECTION XVI.

A CHAIA.

History of the Achæans and the Achæan league-Boundaries of Achaia including Sicyon and its territory-Description of that city and the other Achæan towns.

ACHAIA, as we learn from the concurrent testimony of ancient authorities, was first called Ægialus, either from a hero of that name, or, more probably, from the maritime situation of the country. Αἰγιαλόν τ ̓ ἀνὰ πάντα, καὶ ἀμφ' Ελίκην εὐρεῖαν.

Il. B. 575.

(Strab. VIII. p. 383. Pausan. Achaic. 1.) The Ægialees, its earliest inhabitants, were a Pelasgic race, as we are informed by Herodotus, (VII. 94.) but these being afterwards blended with a large Ionian colony from Attica, the name of Ægialus was lost in that of Ionia. (Strab. VIII. p. 383.) This people remained in quiet possession of the country, until they were invaded by a large body of Achæans, who came from Laconia under the command of Tisamenus, the son of Orestes; when, finding themselves unable to resist their assailants, they quitted the Peloponnesus, and settled on the shores of Asia Minor, where they, in conjunction with the descendants of Codrus, founded the twelve cities of Ionia. (Herod. I. 145. VII. 94. Strab. VIII. loc. cit.) The Achæans being thus left masters of the conquered country, again

changed its name to that by which it is now known in Grecian history, still retaining, however, the ancient division of twelve cities, which the Ionians had probably themselves derived from their Pelasgic predecessors. (Herod. loc. cit. Strab. VIII. p. 384.)

The Achæans adopted, at first, a regal form of government, which lasted, according to Polybius, from the time of Tisamenus to that of Ogygus; but, the sons of the latter having become odious, on account of their tyranny, a democracy was substituted in its stead throughout the twelve cities, which were united to each other by federal laws and institutions. (II. 41.) Under this free and well constituted political system, the Achæans enjoyed an uninterrupted course of prosperity and peace, till the time of Philip and Alexander. It is true, that they neither shared in the glory so amply reaped by other states at Thermopylæ, Salamis, and Platæa, (Pausan. Achaic. 6.) nor could they boast of victories obtained in those contests, in which Greece was so repeatedly divided against itself; but they preserved meanwhile a state of calm and tranquillity unknown to their turbulent neighbours, and which forms a happy contrast to the fierce conflict raging around them. Such, indeed, was the reputation acquired by the Achæans, for the wisdom and soundness of their institutions, from the earliest period, that when the principal cities of Magna Græcia, long distracted by violent factions and civil wars, sought a remedy for these evils, they applied to the Achæans for counsel in their distress, and were finally led to adopt a federal system of government, formed upon the model of theirs. These characters of equity and moderation are further evinced by the circumstance