distant 120 stadia from Pharæ. (Pausan. loc. cit. Strab. VIII. p. 386. Steph. Byz. v. Tpiraía.) Its remains are generally supposed to correspond with those observed by modern travellers at Goumenitza, where there is a Palaio Castro. These ruins, which are very extensive, are sometimes called St. Andrea, from a church dedicated to that apostle in the immediate vicinity". Leontium is ranked by Polybius among the twelve Leontium. original Achæan cities, though mention of it occurs in no other writer. (II. 41, 8.) We collect further from this historian, that it was situated between Pharæ and Elis, since Euripidas, the Elean general, after ravaging the territory of the former city, is said to have retired to Leontium. (V. 94, 5. Cf. XXVI. 1, 8.) The ruins of this town should therefore be sought near mount Scollis, and to the southwest of Pharæ, probably at Gifto Castro or Portes. According to Stephanus, Byz. (v. Ekóλλs.) there Scollis. was an Achæan town named Scollis; and in Lapiè's map its ruins are laid down at Colonnes, a little below the monastery of Maritza; but these more probably belong to Leontium. I shall conclude this section with a list of some few Achæan towns, to which no position can be assigned in the topographical tour of the province. Thrius. Anace, a town of Achaia. (Steph. Byz. v. 'Aváky.) Anace. Aschium. (ibid. v. "Aoxelov.)-Thrius, which stood Aschium. near Patræ. (ibid. v. Opious.)—Pella. (ibid. v. Пéλλ¤.) Pella. Πέλλα.) -Politea. (ibid. v. Пloλreía.)-Tarne. (ibid. v. Táp.) Politea. —Tenium. (ibid. v. Tývezov.)—Tromilia was an A-Tenium. chæan town, famous for its cheese of goats' milk, s Gell's Itiner. of the Morea, p. 135. Tromilia. Scyros. Scioessa mons. according to Simonides, whose verses are quoted by Athenæus. (XIV. 76.) Ενταῦθα μέντοι τυρὸς ἐξ ̓Αχαΐας Τρομίλιος θαυμαστὸς, ὃν κατήγαγον. Diodorus Siculus informs us that Scyros was an Achæan town taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, together with Bura; but, as no such place is known to have existed in the province, Wesseling conjectured that the passage must refer to Sciros, a town of Arcadia; (Steph. Byz. v. Ekipos.) but that was on the borders of Laconia, and cannot therefore reasonably be connected with Bura. I should rather suppose the name of Scyros to be corrupt, and that we ought to read Olurus. (Diod. Sic. XVIII. 787.) In Thucydides mention is twice made of Achæa ('Axaía,) as having been taken by the Athenians before the Peloponnesian war, but restored in the first treaty concluded after its commencement. (I. 115. IV. 32.) I conceive it to be a town, from its being named in conjunction with places of that description; and it is hardly possible to imagine, that, if the country itself had been meant, the historian would in so cursory a manner have alluded to the occupation of a Peloponnesian province by the Athenians. There seems to be no variation in the MSS. and as the name occurs twice, the supposition of an error is less admissible. Plutarch however, in his life of Pericles, seems to have understood it of the country. Pliny states that there were nine mountains in Achaia, of which Scioessa was the most celebrated. (IV. 5.) SECTION XVII. ELIS. Origin and history of the Eleans-Division of the province into Elis properly so called-Pisatis and Triphylia-Topography of these several districts. AT the period of the Peloponnesian war, the name of Elis was applied to the whole of that northwestern portion of the peninsula situated between the rivers Larissus and Neda, which served to separate it from Achaia and Messenia. (Strab. VIII. p. 336.) But in earlier times, this tract of country was divided into several districts or principalities, each occupied by a separate clan or people. Of these the Caucones were probably the most ancient, and also the most widely disseminated, since we find them occupying both extremities of the province, and extending even into Achaia. (Strab. VIII. p. 342.) Strabo affirms, that according to some authors, the whole of Elis once bore the name of Cauconia. (VIII. p. 345.) Next to these were the Epei, who are placed by Homer in the northern part of the province, and next to Achaia: Ἡ δὲ Φερὰς ἐπέβαλλεν, ἐπειγομένη Διὸς οὔρῳ, ODYSS. O. 296. Pausanias, who seems to have regarded them as indigenous, derives their name from Epeus son of En dymion, one of the earliest sovereigns of the country; on his death his brother Etolus succeeded to the crown; but, as he was shortly after forced to fly his country for an involuntary crime, the sovereignty devolved on Eleus, descended also from Endymion, and who gave his name to the Elean people. (Eliac. I. 1.) The former appellation still however continued to predominate, as we may infer from the poems of Homer, who mentions Elis as a district of the Epei, without ever naming the Elei. Strabo also states that Elis did not become the capital of the country till after the Persian war, at which period it was formed into a city by the union of several smaller towns. (VIII. p. 337.) Prior to the siege of Troy the Epei are said to have been greatly reduced by their wars with Hercules, who conquered Augeas their king, and the Pylians commanded by Nestor. They subsequently however acquired a great accession of strength by the influx of a large colony from Etolia, under the conduct of Oxylus a, and their numbers were further increased by a considerable detachment of the Dorians and Heraclidæ. (Strab. VIII. p. 354. Pausan. Eliac. I. 3.) Iphitus descended from Oxylus, and a cotemporary of Lycurgus, reestablished the Olympic games, which, though instituted, as it was said, by Hercules, had been interrupted for several years. (Pausan. Eliac. I. 4.) The Pisatæ having remained masters of the city of Olympia from the first celebration of the festival, long disputed its possession with the Eleans, but they were finally conquered, when the a For an account of the various traditions respecting this chief see Pausanias, Eliac. I. 4. temple and presidency of the games fell into the hands of their rivals. The preponderance obtained by the latter is chiefly attributable to the assistance they derived from Sparta, in return for the aid afforded to that power in the Messenian war. From this period we may date the ascendancy of Elis over all the other surrounding districts hitherto independent. It now comprised not only the country of the Epei and Caucones, which might be termed Elis Propria, but the territories of Pisa and Olympia, forming the ancient kingdom of Pelops, and the whole of Triphylia, which, according to Strabo's view of the Homeric geography, constituted the greater part of Nestor's dominions. (Strab. VIII. p. 355.) The Eleans were present in all the engagements fought against the Persians, and in the Peloponnesian war zealously adhered to the Spartan confederacy until the conclusion of the treaty after the battle of Amphipolis, when an open rupture took place between this people and the Lacedæmonians, in consequence of protection and countenance afforded by the latter to the inhabitants of Lepreum, who had revolted from them. (Thuc. V. 31.) Such was the resentment of the Eleans on this occasion, that they imposed a heavy fine on the Lacedæmonians, and prohibited their taking part in the Olympic games. They also made war upon Sparta in conjunction with the Mantineans, Argives, and Athenians, and it was not till after the unsuccessful battle of Mantinea that this confederacy was dissolved. (Thuc. V. 81.) The Lacedæmonians, on the other hand, revenged those injuries by frequent incursions into the territory of Elis, the fertility of which presented an alluring prospect of booty to an invading army. They |