xiv Schmitz (Dr. F.), Halosphæra, a New Genus of Unicellular Schott (C. A.), Magnetic Storm of May 14, 1878, 288 Schwendler (Louis), Experiments in Electric Lighting, 230; Science and Teaching, the Liberty of, Prof. Ernst Haeckel, 113, Science and War, Signalling by Sunshine, H. Baden Pritchard, Science in Lancashire and Cheshire, 322 "Science Index," 473 "Science News," 60, 232 Science Teaching in Elementary Schools, Dr. Gladstone on, 181 Scientific Societies, the Association of Local, J. Clifton Ward, Scientific Terms, on the Use of Historical National Names for, SCIENTIFIC WORTHIES, XIV., Louis Agassiz, 573 Smyth (Prof. Piazzi), Weather, Past and to Come, 338; Illu- Smyth (R. Brough), "The Aborigines of Victoria," A. H. Snow Flakes, Frank E. Lott, 529 Society Islands, Volcanic Eruptions in the, Rev. S. J. Whitmee, : Solar Eclipses of July 29, 1878, at Watson's Station, 14; of Sopwith (Thomas, F.R.S), Death of, 279 Sorby (H. C., F.R.S.), the Structure and Origin of Limestones, Sound, New Methods for Determining the Velocity of, 85, 86; South America, Clark's Journey to, 312; Dr. Edwin K. Heath's Spain Campion's "On Foot in Spain," 288; Mathematics in, 407 Speaking-Trumpets, Wm. Chappell, 5 Scotland, a Mounta n Meteorological Observatory for, 237, 255, Spectroscope, New Method of Adjusting the Collimator of the, Scudder (Samuel H.), the Early Types of Insects, 584 Sea, Commercial Products of the, P. L. Simmonds, 3; the Spectrum Analysis: Studies in, Professors Liveing and Dewar, Sea-Depths, the Measuring of, 474 Sea-Water, Constituents of, 257 Secular Cooling of the Earth and the Formation of Mountains, G. H. Darwin, 313 Sedgwick Memorial Museum, Cambridge, 115 Seebohm (Henry), on the Natives of Arctic Siberia, 547 Seeds, Transportation of, Consul E. L. Layard, 527; Arthur Seefeld (Tyrol), Earthquake at, 207 Severn (Walter), Intellect in Brutes, 291 Sewerage and Drainage, Alfred S. Jones, 53 Shakespeare's Colour Names, J. J. Murphy, 197; A. Craig- Shantung, China, Cotton Growing in, 351 Sharks, Prof. Pietro Pavesi on Selachi, 384 Sharpe (R. Bowdler), Legge's "Birds of Ceylon," 505 Shaw (J.), Ice Pearls, 508 Sheep as Beasts of Burden, 257 Shetland, Earthquake in, 396 Ships' Magnetism, on Gaussin's Warning regarding the Sluggish- ness of, Sir Wm. Thomson, F. R.S., 127 Shoolbred on Electric Lighting, 379 Shortia galicifolia, Re-discovery of, 232 Siberia, Arctic, the Natives of, 547 Siemens (Dr. C. W., F.R.S.), on Measuring and Regulating Simmonds (P. L.), "Commercial Products of the Sea," 3 of, Sir Wm. Thomson, F. R.S., 161 Sinclair (W. F.), Irish Bog Oak, 74 Singapore, Zoological Gardens, 46; Value of Land in, 351 Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, 401 Six-Fingered Family, a, 197 Skate, an Intelligent, 160 Skeleton, Discovery of a Human, in New Jersey, 160 Skin, on the Anatomy of the, Dr. George Thin, 307 Sleet, Extraordinary Fall of, in France, 301 Smiles (Dr. Samuel), "Robert Dick," Prof. Arch. Geikie, Smith (E. J. A'Court), Rats and Water Casks, 529 Smith (Fredk.), the Power of Stupefying Spiders possessed by Smith (Dr. R. Angus, F.K.S.), Absorption of Gases by Char- Smith (Robert H.), Force and Energy, 194, 217, 242 163; Researches on the Absorption of the Ultra-Violet Rays Sperm Whales on European Coasts, 76 Spiders, the Power of Stupefying, possessed by Wasps, 32, 54 Spottiswoode (Wm., F.R.S.), Proposed Testimonial to, 107; Stanford's Map of Zululand, 438 Stanley (W. F.), Mathematical Drawing Instruments, 128 Statistical Society, 116, 182, 547, 596 Steam-Engine, the Growth of the, Prof. R. H. Thurston, 381 Stethoscope, the Microphone as a, 146 Stevenson (Thomas), Carrier-Pigeons, 5; Early Experiments in Stewart (Dr. James) on Lake Nyassa, 438 Stewart (Prof. Balfour, F.R.S.), the Inequalities of the Diurnal Stilling (Dr. Benedikt), Death of, 350 Stoffkraft (Hermann), Paradoxical Philosophy," 193; the Stone Period in Russia, 132 Stoney (G. John-tone, F.R.S.), Receiving Telephones, 71 Storms in the United States, Prof. Loomis on, 270 Sumatra, Carl Boch's Exploration of, 77 Sun Preliminary Note on the Substances which produce the Sun-Spots, Atmospheric Pressure, and the Sun's Heat, J. Allan Swedish North-West Passage Expedition, 77, 102, 222, 247, Swift (Prof Lewis), Intra-Mercurial Planets, 96 Switzerland: H. Christ on the Plants of, 130; Elementary In- : Sydney the University of, 47; proposed Zoological Station at, Synchronised Clocks, 55 Szuchuen, Baber's Journey in, 298. Tait (Prof. P. G.), Leibnitz's Mathematics, 288, 384; the Law Tait (Thos. S.), the Microphone, 146! Tait and Steele's Dynamics of a Particle, 94 Tanganyika Expedition, 15 Tasmania, Gold in, 545 Tasmanian Races, R. Brough Smyth, 549 Taxidermy, Ramsay's Hints on, 61 Taylor (Herbert), Duplexing the Atlantic Cable, 52 Teas of Japan, 423 Teal (J. J. H.), Vacuum Tube Phenemena, 482 Technical Education: The London Institute for the Advance- Tegetmeier (W. B.), “Moore's Columbarium,” 474 Telegraphy: Museum at Berlin, 17; Schwendler's Instructions Temperature, Underground, 303; Sense of, and Sense of Force, Temperature-Equilibrium, Life in the Universe and the Ten- Termites kept in Captivity by Ants, Henry O. Forbes, 4 Tête D'Or, Meteorological Observatory at, 491 Thatcher (Charles R.), Death of, 16 Theriodont Reptile, 283 Thermal Conductivity of Water, J. T. Bottomley, 547 Thermal Phenomena produced by the Passage of Electricity Thibet, the Beasts of Burden of, 375 Thin (Dr. George), on some Points Connected with the Thompson (G. S.), the Weather, 148 Thompson (Prof. Sylvanus P.), a Study in Magnetism, 79; His Thomson (Sir Wm., F.R.S.), on Gaussin's Warning Regard- Thomson Electrometer at the Montsouris Observatory, 560 Thunderer, the Bursting of the Gun on Board the, 294, 333, 414 Tiger, the Size of the, Sir J. Fayrer, F.R.S., 9 Tilden (Dr. W. A.), the Dissociation of Sal Ammoniac, 314 220 "Tit-tat-to," Automaton for Playing, 352 Tokio, Astronomical Observatory at, 159 Torpedo, Electricity of the, Dr. François Franck, 295, 320 Tortoises, Gigantic Land, Alexis A. Julian, 30; Dr. Jeffries Toughened Glass, G. C. Druce, 5 Trajectory of Molecules, on the Illumination of Lines of Tri-Methyl-Sulphine, the Action of Heat on Salts of, 3797 Tuning-Forks, the Determination of the Rate of Vibration in, 401 Tunnel, the Longest, in the World, 509; the Channel, 592 Turkestan, Russian, and the Moscow Anthropological Exhibi Turnip Seeds, Experiments on, 159 Turtle, Green, the Skull of the, Prof. Parker, F.R.S., 593 Tyson (Capt.), Polar Expedition in the Florence, 15, 43, 123 Underground Temperature, 303 Ungulata, the Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres in, V. United States: the Geological Survey, 130, 518, 559; Annual University and Educational Intelligence, 22, 46, 62, 87, 115, University College of Wales Magazine, 87 University Education for Women, 353 Unscientific Art, 384; John W. Buck, 460, 508; Chas. Coppock, Unseen Universe-Paradoxical Philosophy, W. A. T. Hallowes, Unwin (W. C.), Wind-Pressure, 72 Urns, Roman, a Curious Discovery in Connection with, 396 Utrecht, Prize Competitions of the Society of Arts of, 592 Vacuum Tube: Experiment with, H. A. Cunnington, 458; 482 Vacuum Tubes, End-on, in Spectroscopy, 400, 458. Werdermann Electric Light, 16, 37, 44, 491 West Indies, Mr. F. A. Ober's Exploration of, 100 Variable Stars: Observed by Scheiner in 1612, 245; Algol, Whale at the Jardin des Plantes, 561 298; Mira Ceti, 510; x Cygni, 531 Veitch (Prof. J.), Prof. Huxley's Hume, 453 Velocity of Sound in Air, Measuring the, 529 Venice, Prizes of the Istituto Reale Veneto, 376 Ventoux, Proposed Meteorological Observatory on the Top of, Venus and Mercury, Relative Brightness of, 23 Vesuvius: the Flow of Lava from, 60; the Recent Eruption and Victoria: Prodromus of the Zoology of, 160; the Aborigines of, Vienna: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 68, 188, 236, 284, 404, Vines (S. H.), the Chemical Composition of Aleurone Grains, Vinot (M. Joseph), his Lectures on Astronomy, 231 Virginia, U.S., Discovery of Caves in, 160 Viscosity of the Earth's Mass, G. H. Darwin, 292 Vivisection Question in Germany, 544 Volcanic Eruptions in the Aleutian Isles, 45 Volcanic Phenomena and the Microphone, 207 Voltaic Action, the Contact Theory of, Profs. Ayrton and Perry, Vowel Sounds, the Synthetic Examination of, Preece and Stroh, Voyageur, Manuel du, Kaltbrunner's, 71 Vulcan and Bode's Law, B. G. Jenkins, 74 Wallace (A. R.) and Epping Forest, 16; Remarkable Local ་་ Waltenhofen (Prof. von), on the Magnetic Properties of Pow- Ward (James), Physiology of the Nervous System of the Cray- Ward (J. Clifton), the Association of Local Societies, 165 Washington and Paris, Comparison of the Longitude of, 438 Water-Drops and Electricity, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., 486 Water-Rat, Intellect ia a, 268, 340 Water-Spout on Lake Leman, 256 "Waterton's Wanderings," Rev. J. G. Wood's Edition of, 576 Weather Signs and Clouds, Rev. W. Clement Ley, 178 Weismann (Dr. August), the Migration of Birds, 433, 479 Whales, Sperm, on European Coasts, 76 Wheat Grown in Japan, 86 Wheatstone Laboratory of King's College, London, 594 White (Dr. Buchanan), Discovery of a Crannog in Ayrshire, 32; Whitmee (Rev. S. J.), on Volcanic Eruptions in the Society Wilczek (Count), Expedition to Novaya Zemlya, 298, 372 Wilke (J. F.), Measuring the Height of Clouds, 148 Willigen (V. S. M. van der), "Sur le Magnétisme des Aimants Wilson (Dr. Andrew), Handbook to Map of the Geographical Wilson (A. Stephen), "The Botany of Three Historical Re- Wind-Pressure, W. C. Unwin, 72 Winther (Georg Peter), Death of, 325 Wittstein (Dr. G. C.), the Organic Constituents of Plants and Wolf Fish, the, Dr. Andrew Wilson, 556 Wood (Rev. J. G.), "Waterton's Wanderings," 576 Wurtz (Charles Adolphe), Notice of, 62; on the Constitution of Yarnell (Prof.), Death of, 492 Year Book of Facts in Science and the Arts," 233 Yenissei, Obi and the, Water Communication between, 298 Yucatan, Eastern, Dr. A. Woeikof, 554 Zachariæ (G.), Work on Geodesy, 505 Zoological Gardens, Additions to, 19, 46, 62, 87, 109, 132, 161, Zoological Gardens, Singapore, 46 Zoological Laboratory, Prof. Alex. Agassiz's, 317 Zoological Society, 47, 70, 162, 283, 355, 403, 451, 499, 547 ; Zoological Stations: Naples, 2; at Trieste, 76; on the Island Zoology, Prof. A. Macalister's Class-Books of, 143 Zululand: 491; Stanford's Map of, 438; Geology of, C. E. A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE "To the solid ground Of Nature trusts the mind which builds for aye."-WORDSWORTH THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1878 SANITARY ENGINEERING Sanitary Engineering. By Baldwin Latham. IN Edition. (E. and F. N. Spon, 1878.) Second N the introduction to this book great stress is laid on the necessity for sanitary measures being thoroughly carried out in all towns and dwellings; one might suppose that this was fully admitted on all sides, but we have no doubt that every medical officer of health throughout the country could easily give numberless instances of the greatest possible neglect and callousness on the subject. While all admit the necessity of efficient sanitary works and are generally quite ready to attribute to defective arrangements illness occurring in a neighbour's house or another town, each individual seems to ignore the possibility of a terrible punishment falling on him for his own neglect. He should recollect that the punishment which must sooner or later overtake him cannot be moderated by the clemency of a chairman of Quarter Sessions or the gentler feelings of a jury, but is ruthlessly administered by the inexorable laws of nature. Mr. Baldwin Latham doubtless finding it almost useless to preach to people on the necessity of taking care of their own and their neighbours' health very wisely tries an appeal to them through their pockets, and shows the amount of actual pecuniary saving from improvements in the sanitary condition of a community. The town of Croydon is taken as an instance; in this case the average mortality from 1848-55 inclusive was 24'03 per thousand, while that for the twenty years since 1855, when the sanitary works were nearly completed, has averaged 1956, showing a saving of 4'47 per thousand. But this is not all that is to be looked for; there is evidence that at times the mortality of Croydon proper is considerably increased by an impure water supply, and from the lower mortality of Norwood it appears that a still further improvement could be obtained by the adoption of suitable measures. Multiplying the average saving in the rate of mortality by the population and by the assumed value of VOL. XIX.-No. 471 labour per head taken at 197. 10s. per annum after a deduction of nearly one-half for persons of an unsuitable age for work, the author obtains 413,3957. as the value of the saving from the lessened number of deaths in ten years on an average population of 43,912. The saving in cases of sickness not resulting in death is taken at 17. per case on twenty-five times the number of deaths, that being the estimated ratio of cases of illness to deaths; this gives 98, 150l. as the result, and to this is added the cost of funerals saved, 3,926 at 57. each equal to 19,630, or a total saving of 531,375. It would appear to us more correct to leave out this last item, as the expense though saved for the present must be regarded as a deferred charge and must be incurred sooner or later. The works having cost in this case 267,6657. there remains as a dividend for the twenty years an amount in the aggregate equal to nearly twice the capital. This in the days of discarded gas and failing banks ought, unaided by the arguments of zymotic disease, to persuade the ratepayer to seek an investment in sanitary progress. A great number of very useful tables are embodied in the text; those of the velocity and flow in pipes and sewers from p. 91 to 153 will be found of great service to the sanitary engineer, being calculated over a much greater range than in other books on the subject, and having been extended in the present edition. We should suggest with reference to tables 29, 30, 31 that a very useful addition to make in a future edition would be a table of areas and hydraulic mean depths with other fractional depths of flow besides one-third and one-half full, and that the use of the velocity and discharge tables would be facilitated by giving the corresponding fall in feet per mile side by side with the given rate of inclination expressed in a numerical ratio. A chapter is devoted to the question of the admission of rainfall into sewers; the reasons for its exclusion as far as practicable are stated to be (1) to increase the manurial value of the sewage; (2) to obviate the inconvenience attending the purification of a large and uncertain volume of sewage in times of rainfall; and (3) to give to the streams of the country the natural volume of water due to the rainfall within their collecting area, and the adoption of this course receives but partial B 2 recommendation. We believe the author has omitted by sewage. THE NAPLES ZOOLOGICAL STATION zugleich ein Reperatorium für Mittelmeerkunde. Erste Band, I. Heft. (Leipzig: 1878.) INCE the foundation of the Zoological Station at SIN far the most important reason, viz., the deposit of heavy Mittheilungen aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel, road detritus caused by the admission of storm waters, which retards the free flow of the sewage and retains a mass of decomposable matter in the sewers quite sufficient to account for the abominable effluvium emitted by A the gullies and ventilators of the London system. reason advanced for the admission of surface water into sewers given by the author, and to which much weight is attached, is the fact that it was found by the analyses of Prof. Way that the washings from the streets of London resulting from rainfall were equal in impurity to average If the surface of our streets is permitted to become so filthy that, even when diluted with rain-water, the product is only suited for admission into the sewer, it would surely be better to turn more attention to the collection and carting away of the filth rather than to get it washed away out of sight where its presence will not be remarked until the next dry weather renders it painfully apparent. It is somewhat to be regretted that the author has not devoted a small amount of space to a subject having so important a bearing on the sanitary condition of a town and the successful operation of a system of sewerage as the scavenging of streets, especially when we consider how much improvement in this respect is needed in the metropolis. We believe that in London and other large towns, the saving in the destruction of clothing would at least pay for the proper cleansing of the streets without making any allowance for the saving of time and discomfort in locomotion. The chapters dealing with the properties of materials and the construction of sewers, contain much useful information derived from the author's own experience and other sources, and may be consulted with much advantage by those engaged on works not only of this, but of other descriptions. The much vexed question of sea outfalls and the influence of tidal currents on the selection of site is discussed, but it seems a pity that where ignorance and prejudice demand this mode of disposal, the author should not have laid stress upon the necessity of abstracting much of the solid matters held in suspension, thus much diminishing what is becoming an intolerable nuisance in many sea-side places. In giving so much importance to dilution with tidal water, it should have been borne in mind that this takes place in the direction of the breadth and depth of the volume of liquid discharged; but in the case of the solids floating on the surface, only in the former direction, and in both cases very slowly, as may be seen by an inspection of the metropolitan outfalls. It is impossible in the space at our disposal to notice the numerous details described and illustrated; the plates of all the more important are carefully drawn and well executed, no trouble being spared to make them thorough working drawings, while a sufficient number of woodcuts are introduced amply to illustrate the text. There are other books on this subject of a more popular nature, containing most of the information required by those who desire a general knowledge of the subject freed from too technical matters, but this is undoubtedly the best book hitherto published in this country for the student of practical sanitary science and for the engineer who requires a thorough treatment in detail of that branch of his practice. Naples, nearly one hundred naturalists have worked in the laboratory connected with it, and a goodly number of papers, which have resulted from their labours, are scattered through the biological periodicals of almost all the civilised nations of Europe. Gratifying as this success must be to Dr. Dohrn, the founder of the institution, he does not show himself inclined to repose on his laurels, but aims at still further extending the scope of the station by starting two publications in connection with it. One of these, of which we have the first number before us, is published in octavo size, and, as we learn from the preface, is intended for smaller papers, and general notes on the habits of animals living in the Aquarium, It will, moreover, be and other zoological topics. the medium for recording the systematic observations now being carried on by the permanent staff at the The second publication will be in quarto size, station. and will bear the title "Fauna u. Flora des Gulfes von As its Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresbezirke." name indicates it will consist of fully illustrated monographs of the various groups of animals found in the Bay The parts may be purof Naples or adjoining seas. chased separately, or may be subscribed for by the payment of 17. yearly. The contents of the first part of the Mittheilungen promise very well. Dr. Schmidtlein, who manages the public aquarium, contributes three One of them gives an interesting account short papers. of the habits of a large number of the various animal forms living in the aquarium. A second deals with the periodic appearances of pelagic animals in the Bay of Naples during the two past years, and the third is a list of the breeding times of the marine forms inhabiting the Neapolitan seas. Dr. Hugo Eisig, the general manager of the station, contributes a paper of very great importance on the segmental organs of the Capitellida. He shows that, in some species of this group, it is normal for several segmental organs to be present in a single segment, and that the number of these organs present in a segment increases in passing from before backwards. Dr. Eisig compares the segmental organs in Annelids with the segmental tubes in Vertebrata, and points out how closely the arrangement he has found in the Capitellidæ agrees with that described by Dr. Spengel in some Amphibia. There is an illustrated paper by Dr. Meyer on some points of crustacean anatomy, and two botanical papers by Drs. Falkenberg and Smitz. Dr. Dohrn himself communicates some observations on the Pycnogonidæ, in which he adduces a large amount of evidence to prove that the view as to the number of their appendages put forward by him some years ago, which was subsequently attacked by Semper, is, in all essential points, correct. The number as a whole is very creditable to the zoological station, and we may congratulate the founder upon the continued prosperity of the institution, as evinced by its ever-increasing activity in all directions. F. M. B. |