Pie-de-Port, the pass in which romance military abilities gave him great considerarepresents Charlemagne and all his paladins to have been put to "dolorous rout" by the people of Navarre; and though harassed at every step, he overthrew his enemies in two successive engagements, on the 16th and 17th October. Having forced the heights of San Marcial, and captured the entrenched camp and fortified posts on the Bidassoa, he advanced to Fonterabia and San Sebastian, which surrendered on the first summons. On the 28th November, he attacked the Spanish army, which occupied a strong position at the head of the pass between Pamplona and Roncesvalles, when the French left wing being defeated, Moucey retreated and took up his cantonments in Guipuscoa. On the 16th of the same month, Dugommier attacked the Spanish army under General Courten, in the neighbourhood of the camp of Madeleine; and though the movements of the republican army was for a moment paralysed by the death of its general, who was killed by the bursting of a shell, the Spaniards fell back, with the loss of their artillery, to their entrenched camp in the neighbourhood of Figueiras. Discouraged by these defeats, and the disaffection of the inhabitants of the northern provinces, who indicated a love of democratic institutions, and the dream of independence as a separate republic under the protection of France, the Spanish government made proposals for peace, to which the central government of France were not disinclined to listen, as then two of their armies would be ready for attempting the meditated conquests to the south of the Alps. In the winter of 1794-'5, the military operations of the French armies in Spain were terminated. On the side of the Alps, the French central government determined to establish their line of defence on that great chain of mountains. Towards Savoy, the republican armies had, in the preceding year, driven the Piedmontese into the valley of Piedmont; but in order to open a road into Italy, the Little St. Bernard and Mount Cenis must be reduced. On the side of Nice, the army of Italy was still encamped before Saorgio, without being able to force the formidable camp of Fourches. General Dugommier had been replaced by Dumorbion, whose counsels were directed by Napoleon Buonaparte, who had obtained the rank of general-of-brigade for his services at Toulon, and whose extraordinary tion and ascendancy in the army. Perceiving the impossibility of carrying the camp of Fourches by a direct attack in front, he prepared to turn Saorgio by its left, and thus cut off the retreat of its garrison and the camp at Fourches, by the great road over the Col, or defile de Tenda. Saorgio is situate in the valley of Roya. Parallel to this valley is that of Oneille, in which runs the Taggia. Napoleon Buonaparte's plan was to throw a division of 15,000 men into the valley of Oneille; to march that division to the sources of the Tanaro; then as far as Mount Tanarello; and thus to intercept the causeway of Saorgio, between the camp of Fourches and the defile of Tenda. By this means he showed, that the camp of Fourches, isolated from the Alps, must necessarily fall. The only objection to the plan was, that the French army must invade the territory of Genoa to carry it into execution. This was easy to accomplish; for the King of Sardinia, believing that the French would respect the neutrality of that republic, whose territories covered on one side the plains of Piedmont, and by the Rochetta and other passes afforded access to Alexandria and Turin, had neglected to take the precaution of fortifying himself on that side, collecting nearly all his strength in the passes of the Alps which led from Nice and Savoy, then in possession of the French. The plan of Napoleon Buonaparte was therefore adopted, and its execution immediately carried into operation. Mas On the 6th of April, the troops were in motion. Massena, with 20,000 men, passed the Roya, and advanced between Saorgio and the sea. Dumorbion remained in front of the enemy with 10,000 men; while Napoleon Buonaparte, with an equal force, advanced towards Oneille. Dumorbion attacked the position of the Piedmontese in front, while Massena and Napoleon Buonaparte advanced on their flanks and rear. sena having traversed, at his pleasure, the neutral territory of Genoa, stormed the redoubts of Col Ardente, one of the defiles of the Alpine ridge. The attack of the centre, under Dumorbion, had been attended with equal success; while Napoleon Buonaparte, having driven an Austrian division out of Oneille, had advanced to Ormea, in the valley of Tanaro. The Sardinian, or Piedmontese forces, being thus pressed in front, and menaced in the rear and flanks, abandoned Saorgio and their camp at Fourches, men to blockade Landrecies, while the Prussians advanced from the Moselle to the Sambre. Coburg was posted towards Guise; the Duke of York, in observation, towards Cambray. But the want of co-operation on the part of the King of Prussia, though subsidised by England and Holland, by virtue of the treaty of the Hague, to furnish 62,400 men, tended greatly to paralyse the measures of the confederates; that prince, instead of furnishing the stipulated contingent, having employed the subsidy, amounting to nearly two and-a-quarter million sterling, in his designs of sharing in the partition of Poland, and had, moreover, entered into secret negotiations for a separate peace with the French government. The plan of the campaign by the allies was-while the Spaniards and Sardinians advanced from the Pyrenees and the Alps on Lyons, to capture Landrecies, and from that base to march direct on Paris. In pursuance of that plan, the siege of that fortress was commenced in the middle of April. During the operations, the French made reiterated efforts to raise the siege. In that made on the 26th of April on the English, under the Duke of York, near Cambray, they were driven back in confusion, with the and fell back on the Col de Tenda, and ultimately abandoned that post to take refuge at Limona, beyond the chain of the Alps. While these operations were taking place in the valley of Roya, the valleys of the Tinea and Vesubia were swept by the left of the army of Italy; and at the same time the army of the Alps, under General Dumas, was climbing Mont Cenis and the Little St. Bernard, and having forced those passes on the 23rd of April and the 14th of May, were advancing from the side of Savoy. The united armies of the Alps and Italy, now ascertaining that the Piedmontese and Austrians were projecting an attack along their line of posts, with the hope of compelling them to evacuate the Genoese territory, they scaled the Apennines, descended into Piedmont by the valley of the Bormida, and on the 21st of September, attacked the allies who were strongly posted at Cairo. The republican armies were led by Dumorbion, Massena, and Napoleon Buonaparte; but though they attacked with their usual impetuosity and assurance of victory, they were repulsed with the loss of 600 men. On the following day, however, the allies abandoned their strong position, and retired across the Bormida to Acqui. The results of this campaign were, that the imbecile King of Sar-loss of above 4,000 men and thirty-five candinia, Vittor Amedeo, had lost half of his states, and the principal passes and defences of the higher Alps, which separate Piedmont from Italy; and that the keys of the Alps and the Apennines were in the possession of the republican armies of France, the road opened to them into Italy, and an excellent base laid from the Apennines to Mont Blanc for their future operations. While encamped on these heights, Napoleon Buonaparte submitted two plans to the Committee of Public Safety, by which 50,000 men would have taken up their winter quarters on the southern side of the Alps, but which, not being adopted, postponed for two years the glories of his first Italian campaign. non. It was in this repulse, that the 15th hussars charged headlong through the whole of their line, and completed their rout. Landrecies now capitulated, and its garrison of 5,000 men became prisoners of war. On While these operations were in progress, Souhan and Moreau, with 50,000 men, advanced into West Flanders against Clairfait, whose division of the imperial army formed the extreme right of the allied line. the 25th of April, the Austrian general was driven back to Tournay, with the loss of 1,200 prisoners and thirty-three cannon. The surrender of Menin and Courtray followed; but the garrison of the first-mentioned town, consisting of 3,000 French emigrants and Hanoverians, cut their passage through the besiegers and joined the allies. The campaign on the great theatre of the war in the Netherlands, opened rather The Committee of Public Safety, now later than that on the side of the Alps and under the direction of Carnot, ordered the Pyrenees. There, from the Vosges to Pichegru-an order which eventually dethe sea, 500,000 men were about to enter cided the fate of the campaign-to attack into deadly contest. The French army of the coalitionists on their wings posted on the north, consisting of 160,000 men, the Sambre and the Meuse, convinced, if commanded by Pichegru, was posted to- beaten on that line, they would be sepaward Lisle, Guise, and Maubeuge. Co-rated from their base. To put this resolve burg, who still had the chief command of into execution, Jourdan was ordered to rethe coalitionists, had collected about 100,000 | inforce the army of the Moselle with 15,000 men, drawn from the army of the Rhine; to leave on the Vosges the troops necessary to cover that frontier, and to proceed by forced marches, with 45,000 men, on the Ardenne forest, and form a junction with the army of the Sambre. On the 9th of May, the right wing of the French army recrossed that river, and attacked the allies in their fortified position at Grandrengs. A furious battle ensued, which terminated by the French being driven across that river with the loss of 4,000 men and ten cannon; and, on the repetition of the same attempt on the 24th, they were driven a second time across that river, with a like loss of men, and twentyfive cannon; and had not Kléber arrived in time with fresh troops to arrest the allies, the whole army would have met with total destruction, as they were fleeing over the bridges of the river in the greatest confusion. On the 16th of the same month, however, Clairfait, who had crossed the Lys, with the intention of capturing Courtray, was attacked by Pichegru. After two days' obstinate contest, without any decisive advantage to either party, and the loss of 4,000 men on each side, Clairfait fell back into Flanders, and took up a position which enabled him to cover Ghent, Bruges, and Ostend. The allies, encouraged by their success, now conceived the plan of enveloping and cutting off the left wing of the French army posted at Turcoing on the Marne, by moving on it from the various points which they occupied, in six columns, in concentric lines. Those movements were to be executed on the 17th of May. Souhan and Moreau commanded the French army. The first notice they received of the design of the enemy was the march of Clairfait on Werwick. Moreau advanced to Werwick to arrest the march of Clairfait, and Souhan, with 45,000 men, advanced on Turcoing. When the detached corps of the Duke of York and General Otto reached Turcoing, where they expected to find the head of Clairfait's column, they found themselves enveloped by Souhan's force. At three in the morning of the 18th, Otto was attacked by Souhan and soon put to flight. The English, under the Duke of York, though surprised and attacked by overwhelming numbers, after a stubborn resistance, also took to flight; and so sudden was the rout, that the duke with the greatest difficulty es caped. The other columns of the allies fell into confusion; and the emperor, from the heights of Templeuve, had the mortification of seeing his whole army take to flight, and his "plan of destruction," as the design had been vauntingly termed, brought to nought. The loss of the allies was 3,000 men and sixty cannon. The emperor, in discontent, left the scene of his discomfiture, and transferred the command of the army to the Prince of Coburg. On the unsuccessful issue of the battle of Turcoing, the coalitionists fell back on Tournay. On the 22nd of May, Pichegru being desirous of capturing a convoy of provisions coming up the Scheldt, attacked the English and Hanoverian column at the village of Pont-a-Chin. A desperate and bloody conflict ensued. The impetuosity of the French at first gave them the superiority; but after the battle had continued from five o'clock in the morning till nine at night, they were driven back with the loss of 6,000 men. Pichegru, perceiving he could make no impression on this side, determined to transfer the theatre of war into West Flanders, and lay siege to Ypres. So discouraging had been the Austrian military operations in the Netherlands, that in a council of state, held at the imperial headquarters, two days after the battle of Turcoing, the resolution was adopted, that as soon as circumstances would afford a plausible pretext, the imperial armies should evacuate the Belgic provinces, on account of their burdensome nature, and the disaffection of their inhabitants. On the 4th of June, Jourdan joined Pichegru with 40,000 men of the army of the Moselle. In a few days, the republican army crossed, for the third time, the Sambre, and resumed the siege of Charleroi. Clairfait advanced to its relief, and drove the French over the Sambre, with the loss of 3,000 men. But three days afterwards (June 13th), the French army re-crossing that river, resumed the siege of Tournay. Clairfait and Prince Coburg advanced with an army, amounting to 75,000 men; but before they reached their destination. the place had capitulated; the garrison having hardly laid down their arms without the gates, when the artillery of the allies announced their approach for its relief, and the arrival of the army for that relief in the sight of the French lines. On the following day (June 26th), the imperialists, in the hope of recovering the town, attacked the and the extension of the French dominion to the very banks of the Rhine. enemy at day-break. The battle lasted the whole day. At first, the allies were successful; but the French receiving a powerful The approach of winter afforded no respite reinforcement towards the latter part of the to the republican armies in their career of day, the imperialists retreated to Halle. conquest. In the early part of September, The battle, from the village on the plains the invasion of Holland was undertaken. at which it had taken place, was called the Cadsand and Sluys, in Dutch Flanders, had battle of Fleurus. The imperialists con- been reduced by Moreau towards the end tinuing their retreat, took post at Mont St. of August. The Duke of York, who had Jean and Waterloo, at the entrance of the taken a defensive position behind the Au, forest of Soignies, in the hope of covering for the defence of the United Provinces, Brussels. Pichegru and Jourdan advanced being attacked on the morning of the 19th with 150,000 men against them. Several October, was compelled to retreat from minor actions having taken place between his covering position, with the loss of the rear-guard of the allies and the ad. 1,500 men, to the right bank of the Meuse, vanced French columns at Mont St. Jean, and eventually across the Waal and the Braine l'Alleud, &c., in the course of the Rhine, taking post at Arnheim, in Guelderadvance, the republican army attacked the land. The strong fortresses of Bois-le-duc, allies in their entrenched camp, and driving Venloo, Grave, Nimeguen, and other Dutch them out at the point of the bayonet, pur- barrier-towns fell, one after the other, into sued them through the streets of Brussels, the hands of the enemy. Early in Decemwhich they entered in triumph on the 10th of ber, the Duke of York, transferring the July. Coburg and Clairfait retired behind command of the British and Hanoverian the Dyle, with the intention of drawing forces to General Walmoden, set out for near their resources at Cologne and Coblentz; England. Towards the end of that month, and the Duke of York encamped between the Meuse being completely frozen over, Mechlin and Louvain, with the intention the French army under Pichegru crossed of covering Antwerp and Holland. Bruges, that river, and attacking the Dutch troops, Oudenarde, Ghent, Ostend, Valenciennes, put them to flight with the loss of 1,600 Condé, Landrecies, Liege, Antwerp, &c., prisoners and sixty pieces of cannon. But fell into the hands of the republicans; and on the 30th, Walmoden detached General thus, in one short campaign, the whole of Dundas, with 8,000 British infantry from Austrian Flanders and Brabant had fallen Arnheim, against the enemy, who drove under the dominion of the republic of them back across the Waal with a considerFrance. The Emperor of Austria was so able loss of men and cannon. discouraged by the events of the war, that to prevent his secession from the coalition, the English ministry were obliged to sub-publican armies in the Netherlands: by the sidise him with a loan of four million sterling, to secure his continuance in the coalition. While this distinguished success attended the army of the north, that of the Rhine, on the eastern and southern frontiers, was no less encouraging. Early in the year, the fort of Kayserslautern, the town of Spires, with many other forts and towns, had submitted to the republican forces; and though the Prussians, under Wöllendorf, had in the early part of May recovered possession of Kayserslautern, the French army, commanded by Mechand, overthrew the Prussians, on the 12th of July, with so great a slaughter, as to compel them to abandon the Palatinate, a territory of sixty miles in length, and afford an opportunity of co-operating with the armies of Pichegru and Jourdan in the conquest of Holland, Notwithstanding the severity of the winterseason, no cessation was granted to the re memorable decrees of the Committee of Public Safety, enforced by the command of the commissioners who accompanied the armies, they were ordered to resume offensive operations. Masses of men were thrown on the retreating columns of Clairfait, who, after sustaining another defeat, left Juliers and Aix-la-Chapelle to Jourdan. Having rallied again, he was attacked on the 3rd of October at Ruremonde, with the loss of 3,000 men and thirty-six cannon. Retreating with his exhausted army, he left Cologne and Coblentz open to the enemy. In his evacuation of the first-mentioned town, the French pressed so closely on his rear, as to have the opportunity of shouting after the fleeing host, that that was not the road to Paris. Bonn, Worms, the formidable fortress of Maestricht, &c., soon fell into the possession of the republicans; so that, with |