Variations from Halm's Text, 1868. his. a me uno. una. MSS. una cum consulatu. H (ex coni.). iis. H. § 4. communis salutis. salutis communis. H. § 6. negat. at negat. H. petis. § 8. favi. adfui. II. quae si causa non esset hominis, tamen honoris eius... nemini, sic existimo, quibus ceperis, ea, cum adeptus sis, deponere, esse.... petas. H. ...esset, tamen vel dignitas hominis vel honoris eius......H. nemini, quibus laboribus ea ceperis, eos, cum adeptus sis, deponere, esset...H. §13. aliquo convicio. aliquod convicium. H. § 14. in vita. om H. § 16. generis sui. generis sua. H (ex coni.). $ 19. vocatur, ab utroque dis- vocatur, ab utroque dissimillima simillima ratione tractatum. ratione transactum est. H (ex coni.). tantum laudis. tantum huic laudis. H eadem in. in eadem H. § 20. loquar. loquor. H. (ex coni.). impertit. impertiit. H (ex coni.). § 21. pari. parem. H (ex coni.). apud exercitum mihi fueris, inquit, | tot annos, forum non attigeris ? tam diu, ut. tam diu, et. H (ex coni.). coni.). idem. item. H (ex coni.). apud exercitum mihi fueris? inquit, tot annis forum non attigeris? H. expedit. expediit. H (ex § 22. qui potes dubitare. qui potest dubitari. H. rei militaris [quam iuris civilis] glo ria? § 23. didicisti. dilexisti. H. rei militaris quam iuris civilis gloria? § 24. in his. in iis. H. dicendi facultas. $ 25. petebatur. petebantur. H. causis. capsis. H. Cic. pro L Mur. ediscendis. discendis. H. 8 114 VARIATIONS FROM HALM'S TEXT 1868 § 27. corrupta et. res. H. set. § 31. gratissimae. corrupta ac. H. aliquamdiu. H. apud nos. H. aliquo motu. H. clarissimae. H. § 32. mihi statuam. mihi statuo. H. nunquam esset. H. antepones. H. bello invectum. putarent. putarunt. H. geritur res [publica]. geritur numquam cum Scipione es hunc regem nimirum antepones. hunc pugnae certe non rudis. pugnax et acer et non rudis. H. bellum invexisset. H. § 38. sumpsit; ipse cum... sumpsit ipse, cum... H. (sic et H ed 1872). praerogativum. H. § 40. L Otho, [vir fortis,]. L Otho, vir fortis. H. § 42. ipse autem. ipsa autem. H (ex coni.). interea Romae scilicet amicis-(sic et H ed 1872). 843. Servius. [Servius]. H. his rebus. in iis rebus. H. interea amicis. H. § 45. aut desertam. ut desertam. H. § 46. existimasti. si existimasti. H. facere posse, vehementer. H. § 47. proderant. proderat. H. § 48. sapientiae. satietati. H. § 49. quibus rebus certe spes candidatorum obscuriores videri solent. (H 1872). circumfluente. circumfluentem. H. praerogativae. consulatum. [consulatum]. H. facere posse: vehementer. prorogationem. perrogationem. H. quibus rebus candor ipse candidatorum obscurior videri solet. H. § 51. quia timebant. quia omnia timebant. H. § 52. homines iam tum coniuratos. om H. a Catilina. Catilinam. H. $55. quae relicta. quae ei relicta. H. $57. amicis. amicus. H. $58. possit. posset. H. § 62. dixisti quippe, iam. dixisti quippiam. H. § 63. esse moderatas (sic et H ed 1872). esse moderandas. H (ex coni.). § 64. seposuisses. si dixisses. H. (si posuisses. H 1872). § 65. isti ipsi mihi. isti mihi. H. nihil omnino gratiae concesseris. etiam, in dissolvenda severitate; sed tamen. nihil gratiae causa feceris. H. etiam, sed tamen. H. § 66. sententiam sententia alia. sententia alia. H. VARIATIONS FROM HALM'S TEXT 1868 115 § 67. qui lege punierim. quod lege punierim. H. si iudicat. H. candidatis. tum est. H. candidatus H. § 68. id indicare. id vindicare. H. sunt. gladiatorium. gladiatoribus. H. § 76. rationem officiorum ac temporum, vicissitudinem..... (sic et H ed 1872.) § 77. sin etiam cum noris tamen per monitorem appellandi sunt, cur nomen petis quasi incertum sit? quid, quod, cum admoneris, tamen quasi tute noris, ita salutas? quod posteaquam... nisi iudicat. si factum sit. sin fac necessarios adsectentur. H. denique. H. tua nimia diligentia, Servi, conlecta sunt. H. ratione officiorum ac temporum vicissitudinem...... H (ex coni.). sin etiam, cum noris, tamen per monitorem appellandi sunt, cur ante petis, quam nomen citavit ? aut quid admoneris, si tamen, quasi tute noris, ita salutas? quid, quod, posteaquam H. speculis atque in insidiis. H. usitatis viis aut... ; non. H. ... $79. speculis atque insidiis. § 83. quae * * * § 86. squalore et sordibus * § 87. hac eum re. vos L Murena. H. demissioni animi. H. immanis, manus importuna. H. quae perniciem iam diu bonis omnibus minatur. H. in squalore et sordibus * * * * H. hac eum cum re. H. demissis. andas, Ha APPENDIX. A. On the spirit of Roman trials. Prof. Ramsay well remarks, 'the moral feeling which prevailed in a Roman court of justice was entirely at variance with the principles which rule our own.' It may be well to draw out shortly some of the main differences. I. There was no class of professional advocates, taking fees and living by their profession. Any citizen could come forward to accuse or defend any other: and, as a high reputation for able pleading helped a man in rising to official distinction, many did so (pro Mur §§ 8, 24). It was also a great advantage to have the power of addressing assemblies with effect (pro Mur § 24). This naturally led to the introduction of irrelevant matter into speeches in court (see the partitio § 11, where the irrelevance of two of the heads is manifest), particularly allusions to the situation of affairs at the moment, and the probable effect on them of the condemnation or acquittal of the accused (see Introduction C and I in Verrem §§ 10, 15, 17, 20). 2. It not unfrequently happened that a corrupt collusion existed between the accuser and accused. For a sum of money or some other consideration the former would play into the hands of the latter, suppressing evidence and making only a feeble attack upon him. This was called praevaricatio (pro Cluent §§ 58, 87, div in Caecil § 58, etc), and was properly applied only to the accuser in a public—that is, a criminal-trial. Hence the chief security for an honest prosecution lay in the personal hostility of the accusator to the reus (see div in Caecil § 64, Tacitus dial 36, 40, Merivale's History of the Romans, c 44). Numberless allusions shew this. In div in Caecil § 12 C Verres, cui te inimicum esse simulas (said to the would-be praevaricator Caecilius), pro Cluent § 29 auditis non ab inimico opposed to audiebant ab accusatoribus, § 42 erat huic inimicus Oppianicus: erat: sed tamen erat vitricus (i e he would have shewn mercy even to an inimicus, on the ground of family connexion); and generally the relations of counsel to clients rested on grounds of personal feeling, div in Caecil § 23 magnus ille defensor et amicus eius (see pro Mur §§ 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 86), pro Mur § 2 inimicorum impetus (see the remarkable plea in § 56). 3. Great weight was attached to the personal influence of the pleaders (pro Mur §§ 58, 59, I in Verrem §§ 9, 15). This naturally followed from what has been stated above. 4. There was no professionally trained judge to sift the evidence in a summing-up. The praetors were changed from year to year, and merely acted as chairmen of the Courts. With such presidents, no wonder that irrelevant considerations often were the most powerful in determining a verdict. 5. It was customary for the reus to wear old and filthy garments in sign of mourning to excite pity (pro Mur §§ 42, 86, pro Cluent 18, 192, etc). Passionate appeals to the jury, either without allusion to the charge or assuming a client's innocence, were also common in speeches (see the perorations of the two just cited, the story told in pro Cluent §§ 58, 59, and Quintil VI I § 36). 6. Bribery (corrumpere iudicium) was common (see for instance pro Cluent §§ 64 foll). In truth it was not guarded against with proper care. The jury were accessible during the trial to the agents of either party, instead of being kept away by themselves. It will thus be seen how differently from our English trials a criminal prosecution was conducted at Rome. We are not dealing with the Athenian courts; but one quotation will perhaps be interesting. In Dem de Cor p 230 § 15 we read Toû μèv ảyŵvos öλov τὴν πρὸς ἐμὲ ἔχθραν προίσταται, § 16 τῆς ἡμετέρας ἔχθρας ἡμᾶς ἐφ' ἡμῶν αὐτῶν δίκαιον ἦν τὸν ἐξετασμὸν ποιεῖσθαι. B. Leges iudiciariae. Up to the year 123 BC the iudices, whether single jurymen or a number empanelled to serve on the permanent or extraordinary commissions (quaestiones perpetuae or extraordinariae), were taken |