III peroratio, §§ 83 quamquam to end. Gentlemen, all rests on you. Surely you will not play Catiline's game for him: the hour is come; take away our next year's consul, and the State is lost. In the name of our country, on behalf of Murena, I appeal alike to your patriotism and your mercy for an acquittal. Do this, and I can assure you that in so doing you will have done what is for the best. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES. Mommsen = Mommsen's History of Rome, English translation. Ritter and Preller = Ritter and Preller's Historia Philosophiae Graecae et Zeller=Zeller's 'Stoics Epicureans and Sceptics' translated by Reichel, 1870. Festus is referred to by the page of Müller's edition. auct ad Herenn=author of the treatise ad Herennium. auct petit cons=author of the treatise de petitione consulatus. M TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO PRO L MURENA AD IUDICES. 1. QUOD precatus a dis immortalibus sum, iudices, more 1 institutoque maiorum illo die, quo auspicato comitiis centuriatis L Murenam consulem renuntiavi, ut ea res mihi, fidei magistratuique meo, populo plebique Romanae bene atque i. 1. quod precatus......] the opening words of the speech post reditum ad Quirites closely resemble these. The MSS here give deprecatus which will not make sense. The reading indicated by precor and precatus sum following is established by Quint IX 4 8 107, where this opening is quoted with the remark creticus initiis optimus. The presiding magistrate offered up a formal prayer after the election. Compare Liv XXXIX 15, sollemne carmen precationis. auspicato] the ablative of the perfect participle often stands singly thus. Compare Madvig § 429 obs I, Liv v 38. renuntiavi] 'declared duly elected.' The consuls settled by lot or agreement which should act as returning officer at the elections for the following year. fidei] a correction of Lambinus from the fides of some MSS. My 'honour,'' trustiness.' Sorof well points out that the words are part of a traditional formula, and Halm compares the old form of words quoted by Varro L L VI § 86, quod bonum fortunatum felixque salutareque siet populo Romano Quiritium reique publicae populi Romani Quiritium mihique collegaeque meo fidei magistratuique nostro. magistratuique] que as often only with the last of the series. Two more instances of this occur in this very section. populo plebique] this phrase is a survival from a time when the plebs were a mass of dependent aliens outside the populus = patricii, the latter alone being burgesses and engrossing all political power. We find it elsewhere, as in the title of ad fam x 35, II in Verrem v § 36 and in the latter of the carmina Marciana quoted in Liv XXV 12. Cicero is here no doubt giving the exact words of the old prayer. See Mommsen, bk 1 cc 5, 6, Dyer, Hist of Kings of Rome, p 301. bene atque feliciter] also formal. Compare Plin Paneg 72 nam quod precatus es, ut illa ipsa ordinatio comitiorum bene ac feliciter eveniret, nobis, rei publicae, tibi. feliciter eveniret, idem precor ab isdem dis immortalibus ob eiusdem hominis consulatum una cum salute obtinendum, et ut vestrae mentes atque sententiae cum populi Romani voluntatibus suffragiisque consentiant eaque res vobis populoque Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium concordiamque adferat. quodsi illa sollemnis comitiorum precatio consularibus auspiciis consecrata tantam habet in se vim et religionem, quantam rei publicae dignitas postulat, idem ego sum precatus, ut eis quoque hominibus, quibus hic consulatus me rogante datus esset, 2 ea res fauste, feliciter prospereque eveniret. quae cum ita `sint, iudices, et cum omnis deorum immortalium potestas aut translata sit ad vos aut certe communicata vobiscum, idem consulem vestrae fidei commendat, qui antea dis immortalibus commendavit, ut eiusdem hominis voce et declaratus consul et defensus beneficium populi Romani cum vestra atque omnium civium salute tueatur. et quoniam in hoc officio studium meae defensionis ab accusatoribus atque etiam ipsa susceptio causae reprehensa est, ob obtinendum] 'for the purpose of making good.' Sorof. salus= acquittal. et ut] refer closely to idem (neut), then it precor ut ea res feliciter eveniat et ut......Halm. comitiorum] prayer 'at' elections. Genitive of possession or relation. Compare § 31 victoriae eorum bellorum, 873 officium necessitudinis, § 56 odio inimicitiarum, § 63 adiumenta doctrinae, also § 64 rei publicae vinculo, § 71 fructum officii, div in Caecil 14 officium necessitudinis, I in Verrem § 54 oblivionem diuturnitatis. See Nägelsb Stil § 100, p 275. religionem] 'sanctity.' Halm compares pro Rosc Am § 66, magnam vim magnam necessitatem magnam possidet religionem paternus maternusque sanguis. idem ego......] ie so solemn is the prayer, that my use of it implies a prayer for the weal of those elected. Zumpt. me rogante]=me comitia habente. The full phrase is consul populum consulem rogat, compare Liv III 65 qui plebem Romanam tribunos plebi rogaret and VI 42 end of book. Halm. 2. potestas......] Matthiae compares pro Rabirio § 5 vos, quirites, quorum potestas proxime ad deorum immortalium numen accedit. qui] on consideration of the MSS authority (Lag 9 alone having quem), I now read thus and accept Halm's consulem above as the best emendation of the corrupt consul ei. beneficium] the distinction just granted him. Compare $$ 3, 86, 90. Halm. cum] 'to the preservation of'... compare pro Planc § 102 Madvig § 257 obs 5. et quoniam....ante quam....dicam] See Madvig § 476 b. ante quam pro L Murena dicere instituo, pro me ipso pauca dicam, non quo mihi potior hoc quidem in tempore sit officii mei quam huiusce salutis defensio, sed ut meo facto vobis probato maiore auctoritate ab huius honore, fama fortunisque omnibus inimicorum impetus propulsare possim. II. et primum M Catoni vitam ad certam rationis normam 3 derigenti et diligentissime perpendenti momenta officiorum omnium de officio meo respondebo. negat fuisse rectum [Cato] me et consulem et legis ambitus latorem et tam severe gesto consulatu causam L Murenae attingere. cuius reprehensio me vehementer movet, non solum ut vobis, iudices, quibus maxime debeo, verum etiam ut ipsi Catoni, gravissimo atque integerrimo viro, rationem facti mei probem. a quo tandem, M Cato, est aequius consulem defendi quam a consule? quis mihi in re publica potest aut debet esse coniunctior, quam is, cui res publica a me uno traditur sustinenda, magnis meis laboribus et periculis sustentata? quodsi in his rebus re pro me ipso] Cicero is here seek- Inventione I § 22. non quo...sed ut] Madvig § 357 b obs. hoc in tempore] Sorof well compares pro Sulla §§ 1-2 as generally parallel to this passage. ii. 3. rationis] a system of philosophy, namely the Stoic. Halm. Compare de off III § 20 erit autem haec formula Stoicorum rationi disciplinaeque maxime consentanea, Acad 1 § 34 qui primi Platonis rationem auctoritatemque susceperant. Seneca dial XII 9 § 3 says omnium officiorum recte dispensandorum ratio. ad normam] рòs κavóvα. derigenti. See on § 77. momenta] 'the relative weight, claims of'...compare § 18 pari momento sortis. Orator § 47 argumentorum momenta, and so ratio num, verborum, &c. per pendenti] see on § 77. officio] service,' i.e. the defence of Murena. So § 2 in hoc officio. rectum] a Stoic word, purposely used here = κατόρθωμα, compare de off 1 § 8, de fin III § 24. See on §§ 60, 77. legis] sc Tulliae de ambitu, passed in this very year. See on §§ 46, 47,67. uno] Lambinus' correction of MSS una. Cicero had held the election himself, and his colleague C Antonius Hybrida was away from Rome at this time, fighting Catilina. Hence too we see that the oratorical prolepsis in traditur is not unnatural. Zumpt. Sorof however objects that the renuntiatio and handing over the office to a successor are two very different things. Halm conjectures una cum consulatu. sustentata] sustenta is not used. his] with Zumpt and all MSS 'these every-day things.' See on § 24. repetendis] that is when B has petendis, quae mancipi sunt, is periculum iudicii praestare debet, qui se nexu obligavit, profecto etiam rectius in iudicio consulis designati is potissimum, qui consulem declaravit, auctor beneficii populi Romani defensorque periculi esse de4 bebit. ac si, ut nonnullis in civitatibus fieri solet, patronus-huic causae publice constitueretur, is potissimum summo honore adfecto defensor daretur, qui eodem honore praeditus non minus adferret ad dicendum auctoritatis quam facultatis. quodsi e portu solventibus ii, qui iam in portum ex alto invehuntur, praecipere summo studio solent et tempestatum rationem et praedonum et locorum, quod natura fert, ut eis faveamus, qui eadem pericula, quibus nos perfuncti sumus, ingrediantur: sold a thing to C, and A claims it as his own, maintaining that B never owned it, and therefore had no right to sell it. B is bound either to prove the soundness of his own (and therefore of C's) title to the property, or to make up to C the loss which ensues upon A's making good his claim. The process is technically called evictio rei venditae. Compare Jul Paullus sentent II 17 § I venditor si eius rei quam vendiderit dominus non sit, pretio accepto auctoritatis manebit obnoxius etc. quae mancipi sunt] res mancipi are things the transfer of which could only be accomplished by mancipatio or in iure cessio. See on § 25. mancipatio was a form of transfer by a symbolic sham-sale: the price was not paid by number but by weight. A man with a pair of scales (libripens), who must be of full age (impubes libripens esse non potest, Ael Gallus, fragm 6) and a small piece of money (negotium per aes et libram) were necessary, and 5 witnesses, Roman citizens of full age. res mancipi are enumerated by Ulpian XIX I, as praedia in Italico solo, iura praediorum rusticorum, and servi et quadrupedes quae dorso collove domantur. All other things are nec mancipi. As according to Aelius Gallus, fragm 9 nexum est quodcunque per aes et libram geritur, mancipatio must have been a kind of nexum. Compare Gaius II 27, M' Manilius, fragm 5, Q Mucius Scaevola, fragm 5. (For mancipatio see Maine's Ancient Law ed IV Lecture 6 p 204 foll, for res mancipi lect 8 p 277 foll, for nexum and the early confusion of the notions of contract and conveyance lect 9 p 314 foll). is...qui] the venditor who had to guarantee the title to the property sold. praestare] emptori. Here Cicero is bound to make good the title to the consulship for Murena, to be in fact the auctor secundus. Compare pro Caec § 27 Caesennius auctor fundi, II in Verr v § 56. 4. nonnullis] Matthiae refers to the Athenian σύνδικοι, οι συνήγοροι. Hermann Pol Ant § 133. praecipere]' give warning.' So pro Planc $59, Plautus mil glor 247 et Philocomasio id praecipiundumst ut sciat. praedonum] compare Thuc I 5, Odyss III 71 foll. qui ingrediantur] = quos ingredi scimus. Matthiae. The passage quodsi........subeundas |