absolvere, huic similis est sapientia. Lambinus' conjecture item is un

necessary.

ut par sis in utriusque orationis facultate] that you may possess equal command over both the Greek and Latin languages.' utraque lingua was an ordinary phrase for Greek and Latin, barbarous tongues being ignored: cp. Hor. Od. III 8, 5 docte sermones utriusque linguae. Beier however and Heine take utriusque to refer to both styles of discourse, illud forense dicendi et hoc quietum disputandi genus.

1. 10. quam quidem ad rem] i.e. ad ea quae a Graecis discuntur latine dicenda, BE. 'In this respect, if I mistake not, I have rendered considerable service to my countrymen, so that not only those of them who are not Greek scholars (qui illa, quae a Graecis accepissent, latine dici posse diffiderent, nat. deor. I § 8), but even those who are, consider that they have gained a good deal (aliquantum) to aid them not only as speakers but also as philosophical thinkers.' Cicero means that by his writings he had not only taught his countrymen to think, but also had so enriched (pleniorem effecit I. 20) their language, ut graecis de philosophia litteris non egeant (de div. II 2, 6). Comp. de fin. I ch. 2. Docti are opposed to graecarum literarum rudes: so Acad. Post. I § 4 the same who are called docti had been spoken of before as graecis doctrinis eruditi, and again, those who are said a Graecorum artibus et disciplinis abhorrere are afterwards referred to as indocti. The docti had been taught by Cicero that Greek philosophy was a subject capable of being expounded in Latin.

ut videmur] sc. nobis, i.e. nisi fallor, Zumpt Gr. § 380.

§ 2, 1. 14. disces tu quidem-et disces] On the use of quidem with a personal pronoun, when a concession is made but immediately qualified by an adversative clause, see P. S. Gr. p. 285, cp. § 66, § 95. The adversative clause is sometimes omitted as in II $ 32. The repetition of the verb after a conjunction is a frequent mode in Cicero of giving emphasis to an assertion: comp. below § 95 pertinet quidem—et ita pertinet, Verr. III 65 tenetur—et manifesto tenetur, Catil. 1 2, 4 vivis, et vivis...ad confirmandam audaciam, ib. 9, 6 vivis et vives ita ut nunc vivis, pro Mur. c. 26 § 53 petisset diligenter et ita petisset—ut.

1. 16. non paenitebit] 'you will not be dissatisfied.' Comp. Terent. Haut. Tim. I i. 20 at enim me quantum hic operis fiat paeniteret, Liv. Hist. 18 cum jam virium haud paeniteret, Cic. ad Att. 1 20 a senatu quanti fiam, minime me paenitet, ad Fam. VI I ea perturbatio est omnium rerum, ut suae quemque fortunae paeniteat, ad Att. XII 28 non paenitet me quantum profecerim.

1. 17. a Peripateticis] i.q. a scriptis Peripateticorum, § 76 1. 5, n. utrique] both of us, i.e. the Peripatetics and myself. On the relation between Socrates and the New Academy, see nat. deor. I 5.

1. 18. Socratici et Platonici-esse] cp. nat. d. 1 § 11 haec in philosophia ratio contra omnia disserendi nullamque rem aperte iudicandi profecta a Socrate, repetita ab Arcesila, confirmata a Carneade usque ad nostram viguit aetatem; de div. II § 150 cum autem proprium sit Academiae iudicium suum nullum interponere, ca probare quae simillima veri videantur, conferre causas et quid in quamque sententiam dici possit, expromere...tenebimus hanc consuetudinem a Socrate traditam, Tusc. disp. v § 11, de fin. II § 2, Ac. Post. I § 45.

1. 18. utere] i. q. uteris, the future as a softened imperative. For other examples of this form of the future of deponent verbs see Catil. I 11,

27 patiere, ib. 1, 1 abutere, 7, 17 verebere, sequere, 10, 26 perfruere, bacchabere: Verr. IV § 25 interpretabere, pro Flacc. c. 29 § 70 negotiabere, ep. ad Fam. x 14 consequere, de fin. Iv § 69 angere.

1. 20.

efficies pleniorem] you must be sure to improve' not 'I am confident you will improve.' The clause de rebus ipsis etc. is really subordinate to this. See too § 17 1. 27 and cp. § 51, § 84.

legendis nostris] Cum iam longius abesset illud nostra legens, repetit legendis nostris. Z.

1. 22. apte] sc. ad rerum dignitatem 'with propriety,' suitably to the subject we are handling: de orat. III § 53 qui distincte, qui explicate, qui abundanter, qui illuminate et rebus et verbis dicunt, ii sunt qui dicunt ornate; qui idem ita moderantur ut rerum, ut personarum dignitates ferunt, ii sunt in eo genere laudandi quod ego aptum nomino.

distincte] 'with perspicuity' refers to the method of a discourse: ornate, to the figures and ornaments of rhetoric employed in it.

1. 24. vindicare] sc. mihi: cp. § 22 1. 32 quoniam ortus nostri partem patria vindicat, sc. sibi.

P. 4, § 3, 1. 3. iam illis fere se aequarunt] 'have now come up to them' in bulk and number. Of the former he had composed 68, of the latter 51 including the present treatise: see Introd. to de divin. II. The MSS. reading aequarunt instead of se aequarunt is shewn by Zumpt to be incorrect Latin: either illis fere se aequarunt, or illos fere acquarunt being required. The original construction was aequare aliquam rem cum aliqua re, or passively res aequatur cum re, e.g. de leg. 111 § 24 quo tenuiores cum principibus aequari se putarent; Brut. c. 36 latina dicendi copia cum graecorum gloria aequata. Sometimes a dative takes the place of the ablative with cum as in the phrase solo aequare urbem in Velleius Tacitus etc. Aequare again is often used in the sense of reaching' or 'coming up to' with a simple accusative, but never with a dative. follows from the literal meaning, 'to bring a thing into equality with something belonging to yourself,' as in Liv. I 53 Tarquin is said belli arte superiores aequasse, Quint. Curt. IV I cursum equorum aequare, Hor. Od. II 5, 3 munia comparis aequare. But in this sense the dative is never similarly employed. Beier takes aequare to be used reflexively =acquare se, as muto is used by Catullus XXII II tantum abhorret ac mutati.q. mutat se.

1. 5. aequabile] uniform,' 'even,' ‘unimpassioned.'

This

1. 8. elaboraret] 'worked at with success.' 'Elaboraret ex uno tantum sed bono libro MS. (Guelf. 2) editur. Laborat in aliqua re qui operam insumit, fere frustra, nisi adiungatur verborum aliquid, quemadmodum Cic. de orat. III 33 ait utroque in genere et laboravit et praestitit, sed qui sic laborat ut praestet aliquid, is uno verbo elaborat in aliqua re.' Z. Comp. Kühner Tusc. Qu. 1 § 1 laborare est in re aliqua studiose atque enixe agenda tractandaque versari, notione adiuncta vel molestiae vel frustrationis vel curae: elaborare contra est e labore in aliqua re collocato quasi emergere et vel ad speratum fructum vel ad propositum finem pervenire; omninoque laborando aliquid efficere : hinc semper ponitur ubi non anxia sed liberior quaedam agendi ratio commemoratur.' Cp. § 116, § 133.

1. 9. sequereturque] 'that is, aimed at,' ' endeavoured to attain.' Cp. 1. 14 utrumque certe secuti sumus, nat. deor. I § 12 cuius rei tantae... facultatem consecutum esse me non profiteor, secutum esse prae me fero.

dicendi-disputandi] Brut. § 118 idem (Stoici) traducti a dispu

tando ad dicendum inopes reperiantur: see note to § 132 on the opposition between contentio and sermo.

1. 10. Demetrius Phalereus] Demetrius ó Þaλnpeús, so called from his birthplace, the Attic duos, where he was born about B.C. 345. He was educated, together with the poet Menander, in the School of Theophrastus. He began his public career about B. C. 325, and soon acquired a great name by his public speaking. As he acted thoroughly in the spirit of Phocion he was made governor of Athens by Cassander B. C. 317, an office which he filled for ten years (Atheniensium remp. exsanguem iam et iacentem sustentavit Cic. de rep. 11 § 2). Afterwards, becoming intoxicated with his extraordinary good fortune, he abandoned himself to every kind of dissipation, which roused a party of malcontents, so that on the approach of Demetrius Poliorcetes to Athens he fled to Thebes and thence to the court of Ptolemy Lagi at Alexandria, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits (Plutarch, de exil. p. 602 F), and died B.C. 283. His numerous writings (a list of which is given by Diogenes Laertius v 80) embraced subjects of the most varied kinds; he was the last among the Attic orators worthy of the name (Cic. Brut. 8, Quintil. x I § 80): his speeches were characterised rather by grace and elegance than by force and sublimity. Cicero, Brut. IX § 37, says of him: Phalereus successit, eruditissimus ille quidem sed non tam armis institutus quam palaestra, itaque delectabat magis Athenienses quam inflammabat: processerat enim in solem et pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo, sed ut e Theophrasti doctissimi hominis umbraculis. Hic primus inflexit orationem et eam mollem teneramque reddidit et suavis, sicut fuit, videri maluit quam gravis; sed suavitate ea, qua perfunderet animos, non qua perfringeret; tantum ut memoriam concinnitatis suae, non, quemadmodum de Pericle scripsit Eupolis, cum delectatione aculeos etiam relinqueret in animis eorum à quibus esset auditus: de legg. III § 14 a Theophrasto Phalereus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque pulverem, sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit: cp. de orat. II $95, orat. § 94, Quintil. x 1 § 33. He maintained however a happy medium between the sublime grandeur of Demosthenes and the flourishing declamations of his successors. By disputator subtilis is meant 'a clever essayist,' qui res eruditas egregie explicare potest.

in hoc numero] i. q. in horum numero, i. e. in the number of those who have made both oratory and philosophy their study.

1. 12. dulcis...Theophrasti] Comp. Cic. Brut. § 121 quis Aristotele nervosior, Theophrasto dulcior? Or. § 62 Theophrastus divinitate loquendi nomen invenit, Quint. Or. Inst. x 1 § 83 in Theophrasto tam est loquendi nitor ille divinus, ut ex eo nomen quoque traxisse videatur.

1. 13. aliorum sit iudicium] i. q. alii iudicent.

§ 4, 1. 15. Platonem] Orat. § 10 non intelligendi solum sed etiam dicendi gravissimus auctor, de orat. I § 47 in oratoribus irridendis ipse esse orator summus mihi videbatur.

1. 16. Demosthenem] said to have given philosophy up for oratory at the advice of Socrates, Brut. § 121 lectitavisse Platonem studiose, audivisse etiam Demosthenes dicitur idque apparet ex genere et granditate verborum, Plutarch. Demosth. ch. 5 Ερμιππος δέ φησιν ἀδεσπότοις ὑπομνήμασιν ἐντυχεῖν, ἐν οἷς ἐνεγέγραπτο τὸν Δημοσθένην συνεσχολακέναι Πλάτωνι καὶ πλεῖστον εἰς τοὺς λόγους ὠφελῆσθαι: Cic. orator $ 14 quod idem de Demosthene existimari potest cuius ex epistulis intellegi licet quam frequens fuerit Platonis auditor.

1. 17. pronuntiare] i. q. exponere stilo, enarrare, 'to propound.'

1. 18. ornate facere potuisse] 'that he might have done so'i.e. pronuntiare. This vicarious use of facere with or without the pronoun of reference, where it is employed as an equivalent to the verb which has immediately preceded, is very common. § 1, 1. 7 coniunxi neque id in philosophia solum feci, 111 § 62, de orat. 11 § 32. Similarly in Greek TOUTO or ταῦτα ὁρᾷν, as in Thucyd. II 49 καὶ πολλοὶ τοῦτο ἔδρασαν (ἔρριψαν ἑαυ TOÙs) Kai eis Opéara: where the construction of the verb is retained. Comp. ib. v 70, VI 83. Potuisse is used because in the oratio directa it would have been expressed by Demosthenes potuit, Madvig Gr. § 409, § 348 e.

1. 19. Aristotele] Cp. de div. II § 3 Aristoteles itemque Theophrastus, excellentes viri cum subtilitate tum copia, cum philosophia dicendi etiam praecepta coniunxerunt; orat. § 62 quanquam et philosophi quidam ornate locuti sunt...si quidem et Theophrastus divinitate loquendi nomen invenit et Aristoteles Isocratem ipsum lacessivit, et Xenophontis voce Musas quasi locutas ferunt et longe omnium, quicumque scripserunt aut locuti sunt, exstitit et suavitate et gravitate princeps Plato; tamen horum oratio neque nervos neque aculeos oratorios ac forenses habet: Tusc. I 4, 7, de orat. III 141 itaque ipse Aristoteles, cum florere Isocratem nobilitate discipulorum videret, quod ille suas disputationes a causis forensibus et civilibus ad inanem sermonis elegantiam transtulisset, mutavit repente totam fortunam prope disciplinae suae versumque quendam Philoctetae paulo secus dixit. Ille enim turpe sibi ait esse tacere cum barbaros, hic autem cum Isocratem pateretur dicere. The line referred to was αἰσχρὸν σιωπᾶν, βαρβάρους δ ̓ ἐᾶν λέγειν.

1. 20. alterum] = alterius studium, n. to § 76, 1. 5, ‘undervalued the other's' i. e. Isocrates never tried how he could succeed in philosophy, nor Aristotle how he could succeed in rhetoric. Cic. orator § 13 speaks of eloquentia haec forensis spreta a philosophis et repudiata: and again doctis eloquentia popularis et disertis elegans doctrina defuit.

CHAPTER II

1. 21. Sed is used as Gr. 8' ovv in passing on to a new point, P. S. Gr. p. 319, Zumpt Gr. § 739. 'I say, having resolved to write something to you at the present time and a great deal more hereafter, I desired above all to begin with a subject best fitted to your youth and most becoming my authority as a father.' [Accordingly I chose ethics as my subject]; 'for etc.' Comp. Epist. ad Attic. XV 13 Tà πeρì тоû Kаlýкovтos magnifice explicamus πроopwνoûμεvque Ciceroni. Qua de re enim potius pater filio? and XVI II quoted above § 1.

1. 23. quod esset] the subjunctive is used with the relative consecutively in a generic sense, 'of such a kind as.

1. 24. cum multa sint] For the subjunctive after cum concessive= 'whereas,' 'although' see P. S. Gr. p. 466 n, Madvig Gr. § 358 obs. 3, Roby Gr. II 1730.

1. 26. latissime patere] ad omne vitae genus, tempus ac munus pertinere. H. Comp. 1 §§ 20, 24, 26, 51, II § 54 etc.

1. 28. forensibus] in a wider sense, opposed to domesticis, as foris is to domi. Comp. Ep. ad Attic. I 17, 6 non forenses res, non domesticae carere diutius tuo suavissimo atque amantissimo consilio ac sermone possunt, de fin. 11 § 77 sententiam aliam domesticam, aliam forensem.

1. 29. si tecum agas quid] = si solus fueris. H. compares Vergil georg. I 389 et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena, Iv 46; ie, dulcis coniunx, te solo in litore secum......canebat.

§ 5, 1. 32. quaestio] = argumentum, 'subject of enquiry.'

1. 33. nullis officii praeceptis tradendis] h. e. ita ut nulla a se officii praecepta tradantur, 'without laying down any rules of duty.' Comp. Matthiae on Cic. pro Mur. § 17 qui non modo Curiis—antiquis illis, fortissi mis viris, sed his recentibus-commemorandis iacebant, where commemorandis quamquam Curios etc. commemorabant, Cat. III 3, 6, Zumpt Gr. § 643, Nägelsbach lat. Stil. p. 100, P. S. Gr. p. 498 n, Madv. Gr. § 416, obs. 1, who says 'sometimes the abl. of the gerundive and gerund denotes rather the way and manner (while, so that something takes place at the same time).

1. 34. non nullae disciplinae] 'some sects of philosophers.' He refers to the Epicureans and Cyrenaics, upon whose principles no man can live honestly and virtuously, III § 35, de orat. III § 62, Tusc. v c. 30, de fin. II § 35 tres sunt fines expertes honestatis, unus Aristippi vel Epicuri, alter Hieronymi, Carneadis tertius, tres in quibus honestas cum aliqua accessione, Polemonis, Calliphontis, Diodori, una simplex, cuius Zeno auctor, posita in decore tota, id est in honestate. Nam Pyrrho, Aristo, Erillus iam diu abiecti. Reliqui sibi constiterunt, ut extrema cum initiis convenirent, ut Aristippo voluptas, Hieronymo doloris vacuitas, Carneadi frui principiis naturalibus esset extremum. See on III § 12.

1. 35. propositis bonorum et malorum finibus] h. e. positis constitutisque iis quae summi boni malive loco habeantur. 'There are some sects, that by wrong stating the ends of good and evil (i. e. the highest good and the greatest evil: cp. Cic. de fin. 111 § 26) pervert all civil duty, friendship, justice, liberality, fortitude. For he that separates the chief good from virtue and honesty, and measures it by his own profit, (if he is constant to his principle and is not sometimes overcome by good nature,) can neither be friendly, just nor liberal; neither can he be courageous who declares pain the greatest evil; nor temperate, who maintains pleasure to be the greatest good...These sects, if they are consistent with themselves, can have nothing to say about civil duty...That subject solely belongs to Stoics Academics and Peripatetics.' Bentley Remarks upon a late Discourse of Free Thinking (Works, Vol. III p. 401).

P. 5, 1. 4. si sibi ipse consentiat] if he be consistent.'

et non] and not rather.' Cp. Tusc. disp. I § 13, III § 37.

naturae bonitate vincatur] h.e. 'natura victus cui obsisti non potest' as it is expressed de fin. II § 49, comp. II § 58 plusque rectam naturam quam rationem pravam valere. The meaning is 'as long as he acts in conformity with his own principles and is not overruled by his natural inclination to good.'

1. 7. fortis vero aut temperans are the two predicates corresponding to the subjects iudicans...statuens.

§ 6, 1. 9. in promptu] 'obvious' 1 § 61 II § 68, Lucret. de r. n. II 246 in promptu manifestumque esse videmus.

1. 10. alio loco] de fin. II c. 12 ff., 15 § 48, 19 § 62, 24 § 78, 35 § 117, de off. III § 117, and the last two books of the Tusc. disp.

1. 12. praecepta firma...naturae] firma means 'fixed,' 'permanent ;' stabilia 'subject to no change,' 'unalterable;' coniuncta naturae convenientia naturae, oμoλoyouμeva púσel, 'in harmony with nature,' i.e. with the dictates and rules of right reason, 'rational.' See Introd. § 14.

1. 13. aut ab iis qui solam, aut ab iis qui maxime etc.] i.e. either by the Stoics or by the Academico-Peripatetic philosophers, de legg. 1 § 37. The Stoics were so called because their founder Zeno of Citium (B.C. 280)