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tions were removed, and the Scriptures in the Irish language were scattered by these teachers through a wide district of mountain hamlets and cottages. As the result many of the peasantry came to Mr. Gubbins for more advanced instruction as to the tenets of the Protestant religion; and in a short time about seventy persons left the Church of Rome, and joined the congregations that assembled in the watch-houses of the coastguards.

In 1838 this movement out of the Church of Rome had assumed such dimensions that it was absolutely necessary to erect churches. Mr. Gubbins, who had become Rector of Dunurlin, and the Rev. Charles Gayer, the devoted and apostolic minister of the adjoining parish of Dingle, undertook a tour in England to raise funds for the purpose. Churches and parsonages were built in Ventry and Dunurlin, and subsequently a schoolhouse was licensed for public worship in Donquin. An Irish speaking clergyman was also en

gaged, the Rev. Thomas Moriarty, who devoted many years to the great missionary work in the West of Kerry. His thorough acquaintance with the people, being himself a native, his genial vivacity of manner, thorough earnestness, genius, eloquence, piety, missionary zeal, and perfect mastery of the vernacular language, made him one of the most successful clergymen of the Irish Church. He has in later years been presented by his Bishop with the Deanery of Ardfert, his brethren having previously enabled him to take his collegiate degree of D.D. In the year 1860 another church was erected at Kilmalchedar, chiefly through the munificence of an English lady. It should be added that much of the success of later years resulted from the Divine blessing upon the earnest and devoted labours of the Rev. S. H. Lewis, who succeeded Mr. Gayer at Dingle, and Rev. N. Foster, who succeeded Mr. Moriarty at Ventry.

(To be continued.)

THE SUNDAY BIBLE HOUR.

The Old Testament in the Light of the New :

A SERIES OF PRIZE QUESTIONS.*

BY THE REV. W. AUBREY CUTTING, M.A., VICAR OF GAYTON, Norfolk. THE two Testaments, the Old and the New, with an interval of four hundred years between them, by the prophecies of the New going before in the Old, and by the references to the Old abounding in the New, are riveted together into one Scripture; and each in substance is so contained in the other, that if either could by any possibility be lost, it might be recovered from the one remaining to us.

"Correct passages from the Old Testament with evangelical light from the New."H. V. Elliott.

"If the sense of the Old Testament is patent in the New, it is because the New is latent in the Old."-Liddon.

* There are no conditions, in giving answers to the Bible Questions, as to age, aids, etc., except those specified in the January and February Numbers. But it is desirable that all our young friends should give their ages, as some have done. Answers also must be punctual to the date fixed.

Correspondents are requested to write "Answers" outside the envelope at the upper left hand

corner.

QUESTIONS.

I. John xix. 36. Where is this scripture found? II. Exod. xii. 3, 6. Why this interval of four days? and how were both the period and its purpose accomplished in Christ?

III. How does St. Paul explain the unleavened bread? and what other light does he cast on the Passover at the same time?

IV. To the Passover-feast what counterpart in the Christian Church?

V. And what also to the Israelites being under the cloud and passing through the sea at their setting out?

VI. What is the propriety of Exod. xiv. as a lesson for Easter Day?

VII. To Exod. xv. what allusion and addition towards the other end of Scripture?

VIII. Was there ever a nation of believers? and what great act of faith was done by them?

IX. What name of a woman illustrious at the Exodus is even much more so in the gospelstory?

X. John i. 17. What illustration of this in our Lord's inaugural miracle, compared with the first plague in Egypt and the first interposition in the wilderness?

XI. What tree is it sweetens life's bitter waters to the Christian?

XII. Exod. xv. 27. Give other instances of these numbers (1) in Moses; (2) in one of the four gospels.

ANSWERS. (See Page 69).

I. Heb. xii. 16, 17.

II. 2 Cor. xii. 7.

III. John i. 51. As a ladder joins the low to the high, enabling this to come down and that to go up, so Christ, reaching to heaven in His Godhead, but set upon earth in His Manhood, makes a way from heaven to earth and from earth to heaven.

IV. Ver. 2: John vii. 5, 7. Ver. 5-11: Matt. xxvi. 64; xxvii. 18. With last words of ver. 20 c.p. Matt. xxvii. 39-43, 62-66. Ver. 28: Matt. xxvi. 15. See also Rev. xi. 8.

V. Gen. xxvii. 15, 16, 23; xxxvii. 31-33.

VI. See chapter xl.

VII. The marriage of Joseph (xli. 45) is a type of the call of the Gentiles; and his exaltation was for the deliverance of both Hebrew and Egyptian.

VIII. Chap. xliv. The intercession was with the Governor for Benjamin. In pleading for Benjamin, Judah did so as one who had made himself surety for him (ver. 32), even as Christ has for In pleading with the Governor, Judah was really pleading with the lad's own brother, more ready to hear even than Judah to pray. Christ pleads for us with THE FATHER (John xvi. 26, 27).

us.

IX. Gen. xlix. 10.

X. Heb. xi. 22.

XI. Acts ii. 23, 24; iii. 17, 18; iv. 27, 28.

II. Notes Eritical and Expository.

XI. THE HOME LIFE.

"Ye are our epistle."-2 Cor. iii. 2. HOSE Christians who do not adorn the relations in life which Christ has chosen to represent His love to His people, vitiate the force of the illustrations to themselves and to those about them. Perhaps they do not realize the fact that they are, by their unlovely lives, " 'making the Word of God of none effect" to those nearest and dearest to them, whom God has committed to their charge, and for whom He holds them especially responsible.

Are you such a father as to make the words "our Father in heaven" mean anything to your children? Are you willing to have their idea of

God's attributes formed, in some measure at least," from your patience and gentleness and love towards them?

Are you such a husband, in your unselfish thoughtfulness, as to recall even faintly to those about you the love which Christ bears to His Church? Are you an "elder brother," so kind and helpful and sympathetic as to be a type in any degree of Him who chose that title for Himself? Are you such a faithful and true friend as to make the words "I have called you friends" signify all that they ought, to those who have had experience of your friendship?

These questions are nothing if read, approved of, and forgotten. But if soberly asked and honestly answered before God by every Christian. they may reveal to many the reason why they are not more manifestly "the epistle of Christ."

S. H. Brown.

XII.

III. Life Illustrations of Bible Truths.

CONSISTENT EXAMPLE "The truth shall make you free."-St. John viii. 32. OT long since," says a well-known author, "on board a man-of-war was a young midshipman who was in the habit of kneeling daily at his berth. This was such an unusual practice that the other middies resolved to put it down; so they watched him, and the moment he knelt he encountered a volley of caps and shoes. This was repeated again and again, but still the midshipman persevered in his devotion.

The commander heard of it, and summoning the young men, bade the persecuted middy state his grievance. The lad replied that he had no charge to bring. The captain replied that he knew there was good cause of complaint, and cautioned the midshipmen against repeating the

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"Be ye therefore very courageous to keep and to do all that is written in the Book of the Law of Moses."-Josh. xxii. 6.

LITTLE boy was tempted to pluck some cherries from a tree which his father had forbidden him to touch. "You need not be afraid," said his evil companion," for if your father should find out that you have taken them, he is too kind to hurt you."

"Ah," said the brave little fellow, "that is the very reason why I would not touch them; for though my father would not hurt me, yet I should hurt him by my disobedience."

XIV. HEARING AND DOING. "Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of the Father, cometh unto Me."-St. John vi. 45. BRIEF and simple, but very expressive eulogy was pronounced by Martin Luther upon a pastor at Zwickau, in 1522, named Nicholas Haussmann. "What we preach,"

said the great Reformer, "he lives."

One who had been to the house of God was met on the way home by a friend, who asked if the sermon was done. "No," was the reply, "it is all said; it has got to be done."

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HE late Dr. John Todd, in the preface to his little book, "Truth made Simple," published in England in 1839, addressing his own child, says :

"Far away from our house lives an aged widow. She has no children near her. She has no home. She has no money. She has been deprived of reason ever since I can remember; she does not even know her own children. That aged woman is your father's mother! For the last twelve years I have had the honour to provide for her, and to do it I have been obliged to use my pen. For this I have written books, and every cent of the proceeds has thus been devoted. Nothing else would ever have made me an author-nothing else would ever keep me one. Have I not done right?

I charge you, then, my dear child, and I charge every child who reads this book, that if you live, and as long as you live, never fail to be kind, affectionate, and grateful to your mother.".

XVI. "THE OLD HUNDRED.” "O come, let us sing."-Ps. xcv. 1. DROVER, who was naturally high-tempered, had been used to beat his oxen over the heads, as his neighbours did. It was observed that, when he became a Christian, his cattle were remarkably docile. A friend inquired into the secret. Why," said the drover, "formerly, when my oxen were a little contrary, I flew into a passion, and beat them unmercifully. This made the matter worse. Now, when they do not behave well, I go behind, and sit down, and sing Old Hundred.' I don't know how it is, but the psalm tune has a surprising effect on my oxen."

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XVII. MINISTERS' HELPS.

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are my fellow-workers."-Col. iv. 11. AM past usefulness," said an old lady to her minister; "the Lord spares my days, but I do no good now." "You are doing a great deal of good," said the minister; "you help me to preach." Of course she was very much surprised. Help her minister to preach! "Why, how?" "In the first place," said he,

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'you are always in your seat at church, and that helps me. In the second place, you are always wide awake, looking right up into my face, and that helps me. In the third place, I often see tears running down your cheeks, and that helps me very much."

THE OLIVE BRANCH; OR, PAGES FOR THE YOUNG.

What Robert Raikes Felt and Did.

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EARLY LIFE. "A GOOD MOTHER."-THINGS AS THEY WERE.-THE SADDEST PAGE.-LACK OF EDUCATION.-RAIKES' HEART TOUCHED.-FEELING PUT INTO ACTION.-HOW HE BEGAN THE WORK.CHRISTIAN LOVE.-WE GET AS MUCH AS WE GIVE.-THE ROBINS IN SPITALFIELDS.-"WE GOT HIM IN!"-THE LUXURY OF DOING GOOD.-" GO AND DO LIKEWISE.' ""

HE past is very real. The house in which Robert Raikes carried on his business as a printer still stands in Southgate Street, Gloucester; and we can almost fancy, as we look at it, that we really see the good man engaged in his daily calling, "diligent in business, fervent in spirit," whilst at the same time "serving the Lord."

His father lived in Gloucester before him. He was a printer, and founded the Gloucester Journal. He lived in Palace Yard; and here, just beneath the shadow of the Cathedral, on September 14th, 1735, his son Robert was born. He had a good mother. She was the daughter of the Rev. Richard Drew. On the monument in St. Mary de Crypt Church, to the memory of her husband and herself, she is described as "his most excellent wife;" but her best epitaph is found in the exemplary after-life of her children, several of whom obtained influential positions.

Robert's education was both liberal and practical. It was designed to fit him for the employment of his father, at whose death, in 1757, being then himself only twenty-two years of age, he succeeded to the responsibilities of a large and important business.

In those days things were very different

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from what they are now. The handsome, well-kept city was then unpaved, undrained, unsavoury, and, of course, unhealthy. The houses were poor-looking, and the best of them hung over the street in the top storeys, as seen in the engraving. There were no railways; and even coaches were great curiosities. They called them "Flying Coaches; " I wonder what they would call the "Flying Dutchman" now? There were no gaslights in streets or houses, and candles and lamps were so poor that they did little more than make darkness visible. The watchman (old Charley, as he used to be called) went about all night with his lantern, calling out "Har'-paro'clock, and a starlight night," or "Har'-par" - o'clock, and a rainy night" (which some said only served to let the thieves know he was coming); and in the early morning the only way to procure a light was by striking a flint till a spark happily caught some prepared tinder; for lucifer matches were a luxury hardly known even to some of our fathers and mothers.

But the sad page in the history of England at this period was the moral degradation and ignorance that so widely prevailed. Highwaymen abounded. Horace Walpole speaks of the necessity of being accompanied with one or two servants armed with blunderbusses to ensure safety a mile from home

* From "What do we Owe Him? Robert Raikes; or, The Story of a Grain of Mustard Seed." Price 6d. (London: Hand and Heart Office, 1, Paternoster Buildings, E. C.)

We quote one of the six chapters of this Illustrated Centenary Volume, and hope our readers will aid the effort to circulate it amongst the young.

We wish also to call attention to the liberality of a Friend of Sunday Schools, enabling the Publisher to offer during the Centenary Year Sunday School and Parish Library Grants at a reduction of forty per cent. up to the value of £1000. Books value £5 will be sent for £3; value £3 for £1 16s.; and value £1 for 12s. The Catalogue for selection will be forwarded on application to Mr. Charles Murray, 1, Paternoster Buildings, London, E.C.

WHAT ROBERT RAIKES FELT AND DID.

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"Our houses cannot secure us from outrage, nor can we rest with safety in our beds. The number of criminals increases so rapidly that our gaols are unable to contain them, and the magistrates are at a loss how to dispose of them. Our penal code is already sufficiently sanguinary, and our executions sufficiently numerous to strike terror into the populace; yet they have not hitherto produced any material alteration for the better, and were they multiplied a hundredfold, they would probably fail of the desired effect."

As to the education of the people, printing might almost as well never have been invented. Only here and there could a labouring man be found able to read; and no shame was felt on account of the ignorance. The children of the poor had no better prospects. In the greater number of parishes, and especially in rural districts, the children of the poor had no education at all. Nearly all our rural schools have been built since 1800. As a sample parish, Hannah More

states:

"On first going to the village of Cheddar, near the cathedral city of Wells, we found more than two hundred people in the parish, almost all very poor; no gentry, a dozen wealthy farmers, hard, brutal, and ignorant. We saw but one Bible in all the parish, and that was used to prop a flower-pot!"

Robert Raikes' spirit was moved within him by the surrounding ignorance and wretchedness of the people. He was a busy man, and had much to attend to as a leading citizen. He had his own family too. "I am blessed," he writes in 1787,"with six excellent girls and two lovely boys." But busy men are generally the very men to take fresh work; and those who have children of their own are the most likely to feel for and desire to help the children of others not so well off. And so Robert Raikes was led to put feeling into action, and became the noble founder of Sunday Schools.

I must give you his own story of how it came about, taken from a letter to a friend

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who inquired into the nature of Sunday Schools. The beginning, you will see, arose in a very simple way; but those who are wise to watch providences, see God's Hand in very little things. Mr. Raikes said :

"Some business leading me one morning into the suburbs of the city, where the lowest of the people (who are principally employed in the pin manufactory) chiefly reside, I was struck with concern at seeing a group of children, wretchedly ragged, at play in the streets. I asked an inhabitant whether those children belonged to that part of the town, and lamented their misery and idleness. 'Ah! sir,' said the woman to whom I was speaking, 'could you take a view of this part of the town on a Sunday, you would be shocked indeed; for then the street is filled with multitudes of these wretches, who, released on that day from employment, spend their time in noise and riot, playing at "chuck," and cursing and swearing in a manner so horrid as to convey to any serious mind an idea of hell, rather than any other place. We have a worthy clergyman,' said she, 'curate of our parish, who has put some of them to school; but upon the Sabbath they are all given up to follow their own inclinations without restraint, as their parents, totally abandoned themselves, have no idea of instilling into the minds of their children principles to which they themselves are entire strangers.'

"This conversation suggested to me that it would be at least a harmless attempt, if it were productive of no good, should some little plan be formed to check the deplorable profanation of the Sabbath. I then inquired of the woman if there were any decent welldisposed women in the neighbourhood who kept schools for teaching to read. I presently was directed to four. To these I applied, and made an agreement with them to receive as many children as I should send upon the Sunday, whom they were to instruct in reading and in the Church Catechism. For this I engaged to pay them each a shilling for their day's employment. The women seemed pleased with the proposal. I then waited on the clergyman before mentioned, and imparted to him my plan. He was so much satisfied with the idea that he engaged to

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