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sweetest outline your fancy could imagine; and it circles the weary mariner as a strong man's arm round a timid girl's waist; for within its reach all is still as an inland lake. Before you is the Anna Liffey, fpeeding fro' th' Eaft; the tide cleanfing it for many miles above the City. And on your left, that is, on the right bank of the river, rucked on a rifing knowle, like a Curlew wailing i' the marshes, is Dublin.

A fmall Capital truly, and yet too large for its inhabiters. You shall find in't as many ruins as dwellings; and there be poor folk hovelled in the wrack more than housed tradesmen i' the streets, and more mud cabins than brick, and more thatch than wood or flate. And the Castle where the Lord Deputy should live, and where the Officers of State be, is a dull gloomy building, incommodious and ill-repaired ; moreover, wholly incapable fhould an enemy attempt it. There is, hard by, a venerable Cathedral dedicate to St. Patrick, and an Abbey of the Redeemer, both of an antique style, but uncleanly and dilapidated, as are other of the holy places here and throughout the country. And there is a Spital and fome overthrown Monafteries extra muros, and her Grace's new College a mile down the river, near the banks. Such is the city!

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But it would have done your heart good to witness how hofpitably the natives welcomed the Lord-Lieutenant, her Majesty's Governor-General! How they, who had them, threw up their greafy caps with a " Cead mille falthe,”-being interpreted, "A hundred thousand good wishes" at the least; and, with fhoutings and triumphings, how they regarded Effex as one who had already achieved their falvation, by the overthrow of all enemies, real and imaginary. For 'tis wonderful how (to speak in their own figure) the Irish be grateful rather in hoping than on experience.

Now the Earl, when he had landed, rode into the Castle, and was fworn into his office, receiving the Sword. Immediately he called upon the Council to report to him on the state of Ireland.

So there were lifts, and schemes, and statements, plans, and maps, and inftructions. Much contradictory matter, omiffions, extenuations, overdraughts. In effect, 'twas as difficult to fift the true from the false, and the needful from the useless, as it had been to begin all anew. For there was neither order, nor form, nor exactness in any thing, nay, nor in any man. Honesty, in the report o' the Council, but little; nor yet in the returns of the Army. For, first, the

troops already in Ireland had been drawn into idle, miferable journeys, whereby they were rendered weak and unferviceable. Many were already fick from this haraffing, and for lack of proper food. There was not provifion of any fort to sustain them for a fingle week! Secondly, the army was both undisciplined and diffolute. And lastly, the Council was inefficient, if not actually mischievous, as her Majefty confeffed, imputing to them almost the lofing of the kingdom. These things, therefore, Effex wrote of complaining, with this word that, as he was her Majesty's minister in this the greatest cause she ever had, so he entreated their Lordships to forget his person if they would, but fo to honour and regard his office that he might be enabled to reduce the fo great rebellion.

And my Lord fet himself to understand the people with whom he had to deal; their temper and conditions: and to learn the uses and customs they had; enquiring why it was they should ever be poor and uncivilized, as it were scorning good rule and domeftical comfort: apt for revolt, like the raging sea cafting up mire and dirt. And one Dymok, an ingenious person who had noted these things, much helped my Lord in untwifting the contrary humours of the natives.

Three Sorts in Ireland.

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“For,” he faid, "first you shall feparate the whole into three forts: to wit, the English settlers who are in pale and rule, but be in a continued progrefs of derogation. Secondly, the Anglo-Irish, a mixed folk opposite to all government but by their lewd wills: thirdly, the mere Irish, whofe Lords keep them favage for their own ends."

Now the degenerate and the mixed folk and the mere Irish be all one in rebellion. As occafion shall ferve they'll bond them, too, with the wild Scot, or with any marauder

comes."

"Then we shall have enemies of our kin," faid Effex faltering; "the Anglo-Irish ?”

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Ay, my Lord, and they the bittereft. The MacMahons and MacSwines, who were Fitz Urfe and De Vere, you shall find more desperate wild than the O'Beirnes or O'Mores. There is the Defmond, too, a Geraldine, and he untameable, worse than Tyr Oen himself.”

"So!"

And then Master Dymok fhewed my Lord how unfitted our laws were for a mixed people; witneffing that, whether for good or for evil, they were neither observed nor obeyed: all men feeking to evade what was once faid to be the

Law. To wit: though her Grace had abolished the infamous use of Coyne and Livery within the Pale, yet the degenerate English had resorted to it: and though there were injunctions against marriages, fosterings, and allyings with the mere Irish, yet would they covet these connections more than any. Nor was there any element of good government in their own customs: for with them the inheritance defcendeth not by fucceffion from father to son, or from elder to younger, but they attain to it by election; all the Sept making choice of one who hath fhewed himself most valiant; wherefore the more barbarous and cruel the fooner will he be preferred. First he shall be Taunist, then Chief. And, as with the Princes, fo with the meaner fort. No man is lord of his own longer than he can hold it. So are there perpetual stirs among them.

"Well," faid Effex, "an they love fuch laws 'twill be hard to perfuade them to adopt ours. It can only be by good government among the English fettlers, and a fair enfample. Oh, 'tis a miserable country where the poor is the flave of the rich-where the weak must bend to the ftrong-where the peaceful and industrious shall be spoiled and trampled on by the violent and profligate! Haft

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