THIS Appendix is intended to convey valuable information illustrative of the Lectures, drawn mainly from Dr Livingstone's own sources. Hence this part of the book is essentially his own.

The explorations and discoveries made by him are herein discussed on two grounds-as to their extent, and as to their results.

Some of the subjects are treated at greater length, because they are of so much importance, and yet are only glanced at. in the Lectures: the main object of this Appendix being to give new information to the general reader, and not to discuss topics well known, or of trifling consequence.

The missionary question is kept in view, since the Lectures are so substantially missionary; and because his design in coming to Cambridge referred chiefly to such matters.

These labours, explorations and discoveries will be briefly considered as to their extent and results under four aspects, viz.: The Historical.

1.

SECTION I-Dr Livingstone's Explorations and Discoveries considered as to their extent and results in their HISTORICAL ASPECT.

"One day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day." 2 Pet. iii. 8.

"Whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away.” I Cor. xiii. 8.

It is well known that "What is central Africa?" is a question which has been asked in despair for many an age past. The unsatisfactory replies which have been given to

this inquiry in the shape of expeditions lost, hopes defeated, projects abandoned, and theories proved false, make our traveller's successful solution of it to become the more completely triumphant. It has taken a long series of years to help us to know as much of the geography of Africa as we do.

The earliest voyages to the eastern coast were EARLIEST at those to Tarshish and to Ophir, mentioned in tempts at the exploration of Scripture. The Phoenicians under Pharaoh Necentral Africa, cho are said to have circumnavigated this continent in three years. Likewise it is reported that Sataspes, a Persian nobleman, was commanded by Xerxes to attempt such a voyage, as a penal sentence commuted from death, but he did not succeed.

as well as of its coasts.

According to Strabo, Eudoxus, a native of Cyzicus, made a like attempt. The Carthaginians actively tried both to explore the interior, and to survey the coasts. The Periplus of Hanno contains a journal of his voyage with the latter view.

Antiquity is almost silent about any explorations of the interior. Whatever references to these have been transmitted to us by the ancients, they differ from those of Dr Livingstone in the significant respect, that they were all attempted from the north of the continent, while his were accomplished from the south. In fact, most of the ancient and modern expeditions not only set out from a point differing from his, but also refer more to central north than to central south Africa. Until his labours threw new light on the latter, the former has hitherto been far the best known.

Herodotus says that five young Nasamonians penetrated across the Great Desert from the north, possibly as far as the Niger. It is thought that this great historian knew the true sources of the Nile. Cambyses sent two divisions of his army to explore towards the south and south-west; but with disastrous results. Alexander visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, which stood in the oasis to the west of Alexandria. Under the Ptolemies attempts at exploration were made; also

by the Romans, but with no results at all commensurate with the enterprising spirit of the two nations, and with their great national resources. Ptolemy was extensively acquainted with central North Africa, especially with its river system. In truth, after ample allowance has been made for the loss of ancient literature, especially for that of the great libraries at Alexandria, we can fairly conclude that the ancients possessed little accurate knowledge of central Africa. Farther we may say, that they knew far less of central South Africa than we do now through the publication of Dr Livingstone's single Book of Travels.

A notice of

The Arabians at various times have made the modern at themselves far better acquainted with interior tempts to ex- Africa than we give them credit for. These plore the African continent, restless spirits not alone overran parts of Asia up to the time and Europe during the middle ages, but also of Dr Living. stone. large portions of Africa. Since the time that the power both of their arms and science waned in the 14th century, European enterprise has almost exclusively carried on these explorations.

About the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, Portuguese navigators by degrees ploughed their way down the African coast, round the Cape of Good Hope and up twothirds of the eastern side; still the great enigma of the interior was unsolved by them. The chief of these were Tristan Vaz, Gileanez, Diege Cam, Covillan, Payna, Bartholomew Diaz, and Vasco de Gama, sent out by Portuguese monarchs during the 15th century.

The first European navigator who doubled the Cape, was a Portuguese, Bartholomew Diaz, in 1492, who called it Cabo Tormentoso, a name which was afterwards converted by his master, King John of Portugal, into the Cape of Good Hope. In 1496, Vasco de Gama doubled this Cape, and in 1510, Francis Almeida was defeated and killed in an engagement with the Hottentots, not far from the site of the present

Cape Town. In 1620, two English vessels took formal possession of Saldanha Bay, and in 1620, a Dutch surgeon, Van Riebeck, settled a colony there. In 1795, a British Squadron possessed itself of the colony, which was however restored to Holland at the treaty of Amiens in 1802. In 1806, it was again wrested from the Dutch, and at the peace of Paris in 1814, it was finally ceded to Great Britain.

The slave-trade was the first incentive for exploring the interior among Europeans. Claude Jannequin, a Frenchman, in 1637, went up the river Senegal, a distance of 70 leagues.

In 1788, the "African Association was formed for the express purpose of opening up central Africa. Messrs Ledyard and Lucas were sent out by this useful society; in connexion with which the celebrated Mungo Park sailed on two expeditions. Under the same auspices Messrs Browne, Blumenbach, Hornemann, Nicholls, and Burckhardt, successively went out with like objects of exploration. Timbuktu was about this time described by Adams, Jackson, and Riley.

Early in the next century Captain Tuckey and Major Peddie, as well as an expedition sent out by the African Company, made attempts at further exploration. Next followed Captain Lyon and Major Laing, who published interesting volumes of travels. In 1821 Dr Oudney, Major Denham and Lieut. Clapperton were dispatched with like objects by government. The efforts of Mr Bruce and of the two Landers are not to be forgotten; as well as the several Niger expeditions.

With reference to the efforts especially made Attempts to open up central South Africa, I quote with madetoexplore South Africa. great pleasure from a valuable account kindly contributed for this work by Dr Norton Shaw:

"Zeal for discovery in Africa has sent a succession of travellers to explore also the southern portion. The first who penetrated any considerable distance into the interior was Captain Hop, who in 1761 made his way into the country of the Namaquas.