LESSON 72.

COMPOSITION.

Build each of the following groups of nouns into a senSee Rule, Lesson 15.

tence.

webster cares office washington repose home marshfield.

george washington commander army revolution president united. states westmoreland state virginia month february.

san francisco city port pacific trade united states lines steamships sandwich islands japan china australia.

Write five simple sentences, each containing one of the five personal pronouns: I, thou or you, he, she, and it.

Write four complex sentences, each containing one of the four relative pronouns: who, which, that, and what.

What is used as a relative pronoun when the antecedent is omitted. The word for which a pronoun stands is called its Antecedent. When we express the antecedent, we use which or that. "I shall do what is required;" "I shall do the thing which is required, or that is required."

Build three interrogative sentences, each containing one of the three interrogative pronouns who, which, and what.

Build eight sentences, each containing one of the adjective pronouns few, many, much, some, this, these, that, those.

LESSON 73.

CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES.

Hints for Oral Instruction. When I say large, round, sweet, yellow oranges, the words large, round, sweet, and yellow modify the word oranges by telling the kind, and limit the application of the word to oranges of that kind.

When I say this orange, yonder orange, one orange, the words this, yonder, and one do not tell the kind, but simply point out or number the orange, and limit the application of the word to the orange pointed out or numbered.

Adjectives of the first class describe by giving a quality, and so are called Descriptive Adjectives.

Adjectives of the second class define by pointing out or numbering, and so are called Definitive Adjectives.

Let the teacher write nouns on the board, and require the pupils to modify them by appropriate descriptive and definitive adjectives.

DEFINITIONS.

A Descriptive Adjective is one that modifies by expressing quality.

A Definitive Adjective is one that modifies by pointing out, numbering, or denoting quantity.

COMPOSITION.

Place the following adjectives in two columns, one headed descriptive and the other definitive, then build simple sentences in which they shall be employed as modi

fiers. Find out the meaning of each word before you use it:

Round, frolicsome, first, industrious, jolly, idle, skillful, each, the, faithful, an, kind, one, tall, ancient, modern, dancing, mischievous, stationary, nimble, several, slanting, parallel, oval, every.

Build simple sentences in which the following descriptive adjectives shall be employed as attribute complements. Let some of these attributes be compound:

Restless, impulsive, dense, rare, gritty, sluggish, dingy, selfish, clear, cold, sparkling, slender, graceful, hungry, friendless.

Build simple sentences in which the following descriptive adjectives shall be employed. Some of these adjectives have the form of participles, and others are derived from proper nouns :

Shining, moving, swaying, bubbling, American, German, French, Swiss, Irish, Chinese.

CAPITAL LETTER RULE. - An Adjective derived from a proper noun must begin with a capital letter.

no complete assertion and is not a sentence. If we add the object complement fish, we complete the assertion and

form a sentence "The man caught fish." The action expressed by caught passes over from the man to the fish. Transitive means passing over, and hence all those verbs that express an action that passes over from the doer to something which receives are called Transitive Verbs.

“Fish swim.” The verb swim does not require an object to complete the sentence. No action passes from a doer

to a receiver.

These verbs which express action that does not pass over to a receiver, and all those which do not express action at all, but simply being or state of being, are called Intransitive Verbs.

Let the teacher write transitive and intransitive verbs on the board, and require the pupils to distinguish them.

When I say, "I crush the worm," I express an action that is going on now, or in present time. "I crushed the worm," expresses an action that took place in past time. As tense means time, we call the form crush the present tense of the verb, and crushed the past tense. In the sentence, "The worm crushed under my foot died," crushed, expressing the action as assumed, is, as you have already learned, a participle; and, as the action is completed, we call it a past participle. Now notice that ed was added to crush, the verb in the present tense, to form the verb in the past tense, and to form the past participle. Most verbs form their past tense and their past participle by adding ed, and so we call such Regular Verbs.

"I see the man; "I saw the man; "The man seen

by me ran away." "I catch fish in the brook;" "I caught fish in the brook; ""The fish caught in the brook tasted good." Here the verbs see and catch do not form their past tense and past participle by adding ed to the present, and hence we call them Irregular Verbs.

Let the teacher write on the board verbs of both classes, and require the pupils to distinguish them.

DEFINITIONS.

CLASSES OF VERBS WITH RESPECT TO MEANING.

A Transitive Verb is one that requires an object.1
An Intransitive Verb is one that does not require an object.

CLASSES OF VERBS WITH RESPECT TO FORM.

A Regular Verb is one that forms its past tense and past participle by adding ed to the present.2

1 The object of a transitive verb, that is, the name of the receiver of the action, may be the object complement, or it may be the subject; as, "Brutus stabbed Cæsar," "Cæsar was stabbed by Brutus."

2 If the present ends in e, the e is dropped when ed is added; as love, believe, believed.

loved;

It is quite com..on to classify verbs as weak and strong rather than as regular and irregular. Weak verbs are those that form their past tense by adding ed or some form of it, as d or t-to the present; strong verbs are those that form their past tense by vowel-change alone. The full ending of the past participle weak is ed, and of the past participle strong is en.

Regular and irregular, if used, would denote those verbs that (1) do, and those that (2) do not, conform perfectly to the two types. Fall, fell,