complement of the predicate. As light completes the predicate by naming the thing acted upon, we call it the Object Complement.

Expressions like the following may be written on the board, and by a series of questions the pupils may be made to dwell upon these facts till they are thoroughly understood:

Besides verbs requiring object complements, there are those that do not make complete sense without the aid of a complement of another kind.

A complete predicate does the asserting and expresses what is asserted. In the sentence, "Armies march,” march is a complete predicate, for it does the asserting and expresses what is asserted; viz., marching. In the phrase, armies marching, marching expresses the act denoted by march, but it asserts nothing. In the sentence, "Chalk is white," is does the asserting, but it does not express what is asserted. We do not wish to assert merely that chalk What we wish to assert of chalk is the

is or exists.

quality expressed by the adjective white. As white expresses a quality or attribute, we may call it an Attribute

Complement.

Using expressions like the following, let the facts given above be drawn from the class by means of questions:Grass growing; grass grows; green grass; grass is green.

DEFINITION. The Object Complement of a sentence completes the predicate, and names that which receives the act.

DEFINITION.-The Attribute Complement of a sentence completes the predicate and belongs to the subject.

The complement with all its modifiers is called the Modified Complement.

Explanation of the Diagram.

-You will see that the line standing for the object complement is a continuation of the predicate line, and that the little vertical line only touches this without cutting it. Oral Analysis.-Fulton and invented, as before. Steamboat is the object complement, because it completes the predicate, and names that which receives the act. The and first, as before. The first steamboat is the modified complement.

Model.

1. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon.
2. Morse invented the telegraph.

3. Ericsson built the Monitor.

4. Hume wrote a history.

5. Morn purples the east.
6. Antony beheaded Cicero.

-Gold is malleable.

Gold

28 malleable

+

In this diagram, the line standing for the attribute complement, like the object line, is a continuation of the predicate line; but notice the difference in the little mark separating the incomplete1 predicate from the complement.

Oral Analysis. — Gold and is, as before. Malleable is the attribute complement, because it completes the predicate, and expresses a quality belonging to gold.

7. Pure water is tasteless.

8. The hare is timid.

9. Fawns are graceful.

10. This peach is delicious.

11. He was extremely prodigal.

12. The valley of the Mississippi is very fertile.

LESSON 40.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF MODIFIERS.

Caution. Place adverbs where there can be no doubt

as to the words they modify.

Correct these errors:

I only bring forward a few things.

Hath the Lord only 2 spoken by Moses?
We merely speak of numbers.

The Chinese chiefly live upon rice.

1 Hereafter we shall call the verb the predicate; but, when followed by

a complement, it must be regarded as an incomplete predicate.

2 Adverbs sometimes modify phrases.

Caution. In placing the adverb, regard must be had

We always should do our duty.
The times have changed surely.

The work will be never finished.

He must have certainly been sick.

Caution. — Adverbs must not be used for adjectives.

It is often difficult to distinguish an adjective complement from an adverb modifier. We offer the following assistance:

"Mary arrived safe." As we here wish to tell the condition of Mary on her arrival, and not the manner of her arriving, we use safe, not safely. "My head feels bad" (is in a bad condition, as perceived by the sense of feeling). "The sun shines bright" (is bright -quality—as perceived by its shining).

You must determine whether you wish to tell the quality of the thing named or the manner of the action.

When the idea of being is prominent in the verb, as in the examples above, you see that the adjective, and not the adverb, follows.

Show that the following adjectives and adverbs are used correctly:

1. I feel sad.

2. I feel deeply.

3. I feel miserable.

4. He appeared prompt and willing.

5. He appeared promptly and willingly.
6. She looks beautiful.

7. She sings beautifully.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

What is a conjunction? What is an interjection? Give two rules for the use of the comma (Lesson 37). What is the rule for writing abbreviations? What is the rule for tne exclamation point? What is an object complement? What is an attribute complement? Illustrate both. What are the cautions for the position of the adverb? What are the cautions for the use of the adverb and the adjective? Tell when we use the adjective and wher we use tl. adverb.