the profession who wished to hear his charges to the jury or his opinions, which were then always read.

When in health he was an admirable and a jovial companion and loved to hear a story or to repeat one; at a dinner or a supper party he was the centre of attraction, but not a monopolizer of conversation. He told many a good story, and I cannot refrain from telling one of his jokes. Many will remember George Von Neida, a tipstaff of the District Court, a dressy bachelor, proud of his black moustache. Judge Sharswood, stepping from the bench, said to him: "They say that our officers never die, but, George, I think you dye daily."

I commend to your attention Judge Sharswood's address at a dinner from the bar to the bench, Misc. Pamphlets, Law Association, and George W. Biddle's address before the Law Association, November 20, 1883, 102 Penna. State Rep., 601.

JOHN CADWALADER'S OFFICE

by

JOHN SAMUEL

On the 8th of September, 1847, I made my first appearance as a student of law at the office of John Cadwalader. Mr. Cadwalader's office was, as was the custom of the profession at that time, in his dwelling house, situated at the present No. 240 South Fourth Street. It was a large, roomy house, on the west side of the way, fronting eastward. On the ground floor were two entries or hallways, the northernmost one admitting to the dwelling portion of the house, the one to the south giving on the offices, which consisted of two rooms; the front room on Fourth Street and a rear or back room connected by a door with the front room, and the hall on the south side running past the front room into the back room, so that a person could enter or leave the back room without being obliged to go through the front room. In the back room, which was surrounded by bookcases, all with doors, were a bricked-up fire-proof vault for deeds, etc., and a large table covered with a cloth-no desk. On the table generally stood a pair of silver candlesticks with candles in them, which were lighted at dark though gas was in both the office rooms. The walls of the front office, where the students sat and worked, were covered from the floor to the ceiling with paper and bookcases, all having doors. The furniture of the room consisted of an anthracite stove with a long pipe, a large table, about which the students sat, on which were writing pads, paper and ink, and a number of hard wooden- or straw-seated chairs. If I remember aright, blotting paper had not as yet entirely supplied the place of sand, or, as it was called, "pounce," for drying the wetted page, of which several boxes like pepper casters were on the table. Steel pens had at that time arrived, but were not universally accepted. Some of the students thought that "no gentlemen could use a steel pen," so that on the table were

numbers of quill pens, together with the "new-fangled abomination." I am not sure, but I do not think there was a carpet on the floor of the front office, but there was a Venetian blind on the window between the two front doors. There might have been a map, but I do not think there was a portrait or picture in either of the rooms. I have thus described the appearance of the office to emphasize the different conditions of to-day-for Mr. Cadwalader's office was looked upon by the young men of that day as what would now be called an "up-to-date" office.

Fourth Street at that day was a great habitat for lawyers. Adjoining Mr. Cadwalader's house to the north was the office and house of Job R. Tyson, a well-known lawyer of his time, afterwards Member of Congress from the Second District. Around the corner in Locust Street was the office of P. Pemberton Morris, afterwards professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Further on, having crossed Locust Street, were the dwellings and offices of Benjamin Gerhard, Peter McCall, Caleb Ash, St. George Tucker Campbell, William M. Meredith, Ferdinand Hubbell, and, later on, of George M. Wharton, William H. Drayton and James W. Paul. On the east side of Fourth Street, opposite to Mr. Cadwalader's house, commencing at Willing's Alley and going towards the south, were the spacious mansions of Joseph R. Ingersoll, Horace Binney and John Sergeant; Charles Chauncey had his office and house on the north side of Walnut Street, a few doors above Third Street. These last four-named gentlemen had at that time retired from active practice, and almost from office business. The social relations of Mr. Binney with his neighbors, Mr. Ingersoll on the north and Mr. Sergeant on the south, were at that time understood to be somewhat strained. It was students' gossip that an ivy growing on the party wall between Mr. Ingersoll and Mr. Binney was the cause of their difference. I never knew the occasion of the falling out between Mr. Binney and Mr. Sergeant, but I well recall the interest and curiosity of the bar as to the remarks which Mr. Binney was

to make at the bar meeting on the occasion of Mr. Sergeant's death in 1852.

When I first came to Mr. Cadwalader's office I found as companion students Charles Lincoln, the late Clerk of the United States Courts for this District, an industrious worker, always at his work and thinking of little else, but social, friendly and ready to smile at the antics played by some of the others; George Harding, who, during the late years of his studentship displayed great mechanical abilities and developed into one of the greatest patent lawyers in the United States. He was engaged with Mr. Cadwalader in the celebrated Parker Turbine Wheel cases, and in them displayed those qualities which instantaneously placed him in the highest rank of that branch of the profession. Hamilton Beckett, the son of Henry Beckett, an Englishman, and at that time, by reason of his marriage with a daughter of Mrs. Lyle, formerly Ann Hamilton, the owner or occupier of the Woodlands and other Hamilton estates. He went to England during his time of studentship and I do not think finished his course. Afterwards came Charles G. Leland, just back from Germany, full of German university life and German mysticism and European ideas of life. He was not cut out for a lawyer, but he is well known in literature by his translations of Heine (probably the best made), his Gypsy books and the immortal Hans Breitman and his ballads. It was Mr. Leland who first introduced to his fellow-students, and I think I may say to the Philadelphia public, the use of lager beer in place of the strong malt potations to which we had been accustomed. Gideon Scull, a tall, handsome man, with a fine intellect, was also a student. Had not his eyes failed him he undoubtedly would have achieved fame as a lawyer. He afterwards left this city, went into business of insurance at Boston, where he became wealthy and died a few years ago. Brinton Coxe came to the office after I left, a worker and thinker. He is known in legal literature by his translation of Bracton, and his Treatise on Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation, a work which has received the highest praise from all constitutional

students, and by one of his ablest critics he is said to have "said the last word on the subject"-nothing more could be added to it. Judge Craig Biddle and John T. Montgomery had been students with Mr. Cadwalader and had left before I entered. David W. Sellers came shortly after I left.

There were no rules or regulations about attendance or hours of reading. We were expected to be at the office at about nine o'clock. If there were any messages or notes to be carried it was our duty to do so, but Mr. Cadwalader always hesitated about requiring from his students services which, though common in the other offices, were not directly in the line of legal education. We students were always making comparisons with those in other offices, and bragging

The following is a list of Mr. Cadwalader's students, with the dates of their registration. Some of them were finishing their legal education in his office, having been previously registered as students in another office. This list, copied from the dockets of Mr. Cadwalader, has been kindly furnished to me by his son, John Cadwalader :

Joseph Reese Fry, October 9, 1830; William H. Harford, of Georgia, April 9, 1832; William Fisher, October 8, 1832; Frederick William Mayer, July 3, 1833; Evert John Bancker, October 15, 1834; James Arrott, Jr., April 29, 1837; Stocker Lewis, October 2, 1837; Mark A. Earl, October 16, 1837 Charles J. Biddle, November 22, 1837; Yardley Warner, January 1, 1838 (previously entered with William F. Smith, November 15, 1835); William Cadwalader, March 6, 1838; George W. Biddle, August 11, 1838 (had previously been with James C. Biddle, September 2, 1835); Charles Gordon Clarke, November 16, 1840; Benjamin Brannan Reath, August 27, 1841; Ellicott Evans, October 29, 1841; J. Craig Biddle, December 1, 1841; John T. Montgomery, March 7, 1842; Frederick W. S. Grayson, May 4, 1843 (had previously been with J. Hall Bready); Philip Physick Randolph, December 5, 1843; Cadwalader Morris Wickersham, January 2, 1844; John Kennedy, Jr., January 10, 1844; Charles Shippen Lincoln, February 6, 1845; George Harding, September 2, 1846; Charles Carroll Tucker, October 26, 1846; Francis Ingraham, January 4, 1847 ; Walter R. McDonald, February 24, 1847; Hamilton Beckett, May 4, 1847; John Samuel, September 9, 1847; Sidney Tennent, September 22, 1847; Charles G. Leland, October 23, 1848; Robert M. Richardson, February 8, 1850; Peter Bowdoin Smith, November 5, 1850; David W. Sellers, April 22, 1851; George W. Poulterer, September 2, 1851; Clement Tingley, January 24, 1852; Brinton Coxe, May 31, 1852; Gideon Scull, Jr., June 6, 1852; James Buchanan Henry, July 5, 1853; Samuel Emlen Randolph, September 10, 1853; Robert Palethorp, October 10, 1853; Samuel A. J. Salter, July 15, 1854; Henry Cochran, November 15, 1856; P. Arrell Browne, August 26, 1857; Samuel Griffith Davis, January 11, 1858; George Tucker Bispham, September 11, 1858 (afterwards registered in office of William H. Rawle).