the fact, whether those propositions were really contained in his book. Forty doctors of the Sorbonne declared for the affirmative. As this decision seemed to call in question the pope's infallibility with respect to matter of fact, an alarm was sounded by the Jesuits, and the king was induced to apply to the pope for a bull in condemnation of it. Clement thereupon issued the bull entitled "Vineam Domini Sabaoth," which was drawn up with great caution and studied obscurity, but which, being received by the church of France, restored a temporary tranquillity. The dispute between the parties was, however, renewed, on occasion of the version of the New Testament made by Quesnel, with the addition of moral reflexions; which book, though received with general applause, and much commended for its strain of piety by Clement himself, the Jesuits discovered to contain the principles of Jansenism. By their influence over the bigotted Lewis, the pope was applied to for a condemnation of Quesnel's work, which, it is said, he very reluctantly granted. This was given in the famous bull Unigenitus," published in 1713, the acceptance of which in France was so strenuously opposed by some of the worthiest characters in the church. Clement was involved in a dispute with the king of Sicily about the rights of the royal tribunal, called the Monarchy, which went so far, that he laid the whole island under an interdict; but its invasion by Spain and the emperor, suspended ecclesiastical hostilities. His pontificate was a series of difficulties and troubles, which made him often express his hearty repentance for having yielded to the solicitations made at his election. He died in 1721, in his seventy-second year, after a popedom of more than twenty years. Clement XI. was a lover of learning, and learned himself. He was a good scholastic divine, and wrote many homilies, orations, epistles, &c. in very elegant Latin. His works were collected and published by his nephew cardinal Albani in 2 vols. folio. His private character was unblemished; and though not altogether free from nepotism, he did not carry it to any scandalous excess. He had much natural sagacity, but was occasionally misled by too much deference to the advice of others. Bower. Moreri. Mod. Univers. Hist.-A.

CLEMENT XII. pope, whose secular name was Laurence Corsini, descended from an ancient and noble family of Florence, was born in 1652. He rose by various steps of promotion at the court of Rome to the posts of clerk of the apostolic chamber, and treasurer-general; and

in 1706 was created cardinal by Clement IX. to whom he had been auditor. He was afterwards bishop of Frescati, and prefect of the sig nature of justice; and on the death of Benedict XIII. he was unanimously elected, after a long conclave, to the papal chair. The clamours of the people against the injustices committed by the ministers of the late pope, induced him to appoint a particular congregation for examining into their conduct, which condemned them to large restitutions. He abolished several imposts, and made other regulations for the better government of his territories. The public events of his popedom were inconsiderable, though he had differences with various powers, and particularly with the emperor Charles, relative to the duchy of Parma. He governed the church between nine and ten years, and died at the advanced age of eighty-eight, in 1740. He was an encourager of learning, and made valuable additions to the Vatican library. The Roman people honoured his memory with a bronze statue in the capitol. Bower. Moreri.-A.

CLEMENT XIII. pope, first named Charles Rezzonico, was born at Venice in 1693, of a family originally from Como in the Milanese. He was first ecclesiastical protonotary, then governor of Rieti and Fano, and afterwards auditor of the Rota for the Venetian nation. Clement XII. created him a cardinal in 1737. He was appointed to the see of Padua in 1743, where he distinguished himself for piety and beneficence. At the vacancy occasioned by the death of Benedict XIV. he was raised to the popedom, July, 1758. The most remarkable event of his pontificate, which he in vain strove to avert, was the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal, France, Spain, and the kingdom of Naples. To this disaster (as, considering the devoted attachment of that order to the see of Rome, it may be termed) was added the loss of the territory of Avignon and Benevento, incurred during this pontificate, in consequence of Clement's imprudent attempt to exercise sovereign jurisdiction in the states of Parma. A too great facility in complying with the advice of his ministers, who were chosen without sufficient discernment, was, indeed, the principal fault of this pontiff, who possessed much private virtue and good infention, and ruled his subjects so as to acquire their esteem and affection. He restored the port of Civita-Vecchia, which, through neglect, had been rendered almost useless. In the scarcity under which Rome laboured in 1764, he bestowed his charities with an unsparing hand; and on all occasions he displayed a character of mildness and benevo

lence. He died in 1769, under the regret of having been unable to appease the troubles arisen in the catholic church. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

CLEMENT XIV. pope. John-Vincent-Antony Ganganelli, son of a physician at St. Archangelo near Rimini, was born in 1705. He received his early education at Rimini, and, at the age of eighteen, entered into the order of Minorconventual Franciscans at Urbinc. He studied philosophy and theology at Pesaro, Recanati, Fano, and Rome; and becoming at length a teacher, he gave instructions in various colleges of his order, and at the age of thirty-five was called by his superiors to be theological professor in the college of St. Bonaventure at Rome. In this station he acquired the general love and esteem of his pupils, whom he inspired with generous and elevated sentiments, far superior to the ordinary spirit of monkery. He attracted the notice of pope Benedict XIV. who made him counsellor of the holy office. That pontiff thus expressed his idea of Ganganelli's character: "He unites solid judgment to extensive erudition; and what is particularly pleasing is, that he is a thousand times more modest than one who knows nothing, and is as chearful as if he had never been a recluse." His merit caused him in 1759 to be raised to the cardinalate by Clement XIII. He neither sought nor expected this elevation, nor did it make any change in his behaviour to his former brethren and companions. He delivered his sentiments, however, with freedom in the congregations held on public affairs; and continually inculcated the necessity of submitting to the desires of the sovereigns then at variance with the holy see, well knowing that the time was past in which Rome could speak in a high tone to her spiritual children, and command their obedience. This doctrine was not agreeable to many of the cardinals, who urged the pope to that resistance which brought him into such difficulties. He became sensible at last of the inefficacy of struggling against superior power, and had appointed a consistory for the purpose of declaring his intention of making concessions, when death relieved him from his embarrassments. The conclave that ensued was long and stormy; and it was chiefly through the influence of the house of Bourbon, managed by the cardinal de Bernis, that Ganganelli was elected in May, 1769. The knowledge of his character and opinions caused his election to be received with great joy by the public. Never were the affairs of the Roman see in a more critical state. Portugal was on the eve of choosing a patriarch.

France, Spain, and Naples, were all meditating attacks on the papal authority. Venice was proposing to reform its religious communities; and Poland thought of curtailing the privileges of the pope's nuncio. Ganganelli, who took the name of Clement XIV. began with conciliatory measures, but void of meanness, towards the discontented powers. Being urged to proceed to the suppression of the order of Jesuits, the great object of the Bourbon courts, he coolly remonstrated, "that as the father of all the faithful, and especially the protector of the religious societies, he could not destroy a celebrated order without reasons which would justify him before God, and in the eyes of posterity.' He carried on his negociations with the princes by himself, that his intentions might not be discovered and betrayed; and being once asked by a princess whether he had nothing to fear from his secretaries, "No (he replied), and yet I keep three," shewing his fingers. He was indefatigable in business, and minutely attentive to all that concerned the good of his people. "A monk's life (he used to say) is to be directed by his rule; but the wants of his subjects point the hours of a sovereign." His decisions, however, were never precipitate; and he was always on his guard against the vivacity of his temper. No pontiff was more free from the prevalent vice of nepotism. When, on his elevation to the popedom, he was desired to send a courier to inform his sisters of the event, he said, a letter by the post would suffice, "for they had not been accustomed to receive embassies;" nor did he raise any of his family to a conspicuous station. Being told that he ought to keep a more splendid table, he said, that "neither St. Peter nor St. Francis had taught him to dine splendidly:" yet upon occasion he could entertain guests with proper dignity, and he received the duke of Gloucester and other illustrious visitors with great magnificence. He preserved the simplicity of his character and his humorous turn of conversation, and loved nothing so much as to chat at his ease with his old friends. "I have been (said he one evening) a prince and a pope all day; that I may not be quite suffocated, let me now be father Ganganelli again." And pointing once to an old convent friend, he observed, with a sigh, "He has kept his habit, and is happier than I am who wear the tiara. It was decreed that I should be pope, and I much fear"-there he paused, and then added-" however, we must submit to the will of God." "I do not wonder (sajd he) that cardinal de Bernis so much wished to make me pope. Poets love to deal in me

tamorphoses." It being remonstrated to him, that the English and Dutch would be displeased at some new duties he had imposed upon foreign commodities, "Oh! (said he) they will not dare to show their displeasure; for if they anger me, I will put an end to keeping Lent." Though perfectly free from bigotry, he was firmly attached to the principles of religion, and freely expressed his disapprobation of some of the writings in which they were attacked. Considering himself as the general father of all Christians, he received strangers, whether catholic or heretic, with equal kindness; and the English, in particular, had reason to be pleased with the attentions he paid them. He thought it became him, as sovereign of Rome, to be a collector of the precious relics of ancient art, but he never affected to be a connoisseur in them, conscious that his education and course of life had not qualified him for such a pretension. He was happiest in his retirement at Castel Gandolfo, which he never failed to visit twice a-year, and where he chiefly occupied himself in familiar conversation with his intimates, and contemplation of the beauties and wonders of nature. The great public event of his pontificate was the final suppression of the order of Jesuits. After a mature deliberation on the subject for four years, he signed the brief for this purpose on July 21, 1773-a memorable day! from which may be dated the rapid decline of the papal power, with all its consequences. Whatever be thought of the effects of the measure, it can scarcely be doubted that it was become unavoidable; and Ganganelli is not, perhaps, so much to be reckoned the foe of the Jesuits, as the involuntary instrument of their destruction. The suppression was succeeded by an immediate reconciliation with the discontented courts; and the pope had taken so much care to provide successors to the Jesuits in the institutions for education of which they had obtained the chief management, that the loss of so many able instructors was less felt than might have been imagined. It is said, however, that he soon began to languish after this event, which must naturally have been attended with great anxiety, and doubtful apprehensions. His concluding illness, accompanied with severe pains in his bowels, which wore him to a skeleton, excited a strong suspicion of poison, which the character of the suppressed order did not tend to invalidate. Clement himself foresaw his approaching end, and said that he knew the cause. Yet his age and cares might be thought sufficient natural causes for a death, scarcely to be called premature; and it seems probable that

the Jesuits, if disposed to commit such a crime, would have perpetrated it by way of prevention rather than of revenge. He died on September 22, 1775, having nearly obtained the age of seventy years. The modesty and occupations of this pope prevented him from becoming an author; and the letters and other pieces published in his name since his death are judged to be wholly or in great part spurious. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Anecd. prefixed to the Letters.-A.

He

CLEMENT of Alexandria, Titus Flavius Clemens, an eminent father of the christian church, is supposed by some to have been a native of Athens, by others, of Alexandria, but in reality little is known concerning his origin. The time of his flourishing is placed about 192. He was educated in heathenism, and had acquired an extensive knowledge of literature and philosophy, when he was converted to the christian religion. He then travelled into Greece, Italy, Assyria, and Palestine, in order to obtain instruction in the principles of Christianity. He became the particular disciple of Pantænus of Alexandria, whom he succeeded in. the catechetical school of that city about the year 189. Here he taught with reputation, and had for his hearers the celebrated Origen, and Alexander, afterwards bishop of Jerusalem. He was likewise a presbyter of the church of Alexandria. The edict of the emperor Severus against the Christians in 202, obliged Clement to quit his employment and residence. was in Cappadocia about 210, and afterwards. visited Antioch. Nothing further is known of his history, but he is supposed to have lived till about the close of Caracalla's reign, in 217. Clement was a copious writer, as appears from a list of his works given by Eusebius and Jerom. Of these are remaining (written in Greek): 1. "Protrepticon; or, an Exhortation to the Pagans;" the purpose of which is to persuade them to abandon their superstitions, and embrace the christian faith: 2. "Pædagogus; or, the Instructor;" treating of the proper christian education and manners: 3. Stromata," a name alluding to carpet-work, and denoting the miscellaneous and unconnected nature of the contents, which relate to a variety of religious and philosophical topics treated without any method or order: 4. The fragment of a treatise, entitled, "What rich Man shall be saved," the subject of which is the proper use of riches. In these works Clement deviates little from what is considered as the orthodox doctrine of the church ; but in a considerable one which is lost, entitled "Hypotyposes, or Institutions," it appears from the representation of Photius, that

to apply to his favourite pursuit. He acquired great reputation in the republic of letters by his Bibliothèque curieuse historique de Livres difficiles à trouver," 9 vols. large 4to. Hesse, Gottingen, and Hanover, 1750, 1756; but it is much to be regretted that this masterly performance, which is exceedingly correct, and which is indispensably necessary to bibliographers, was left unfinished in consequence of the premature death of the learned and diligent author: these nine volumes go only to HES. Clement has advanced farther in this part of literary history than any of his predecessors. In every page of his work, which displays indefatigable industry, and the greatest care to collect whatever has any relation to curious and rare books, it may be readily seen that the author had not merely filled his memory with the titles of books, but that he had read and examined them; and by these means he has given a valuable collection of materials towards the history of literature. This work, which is far from being a dry catalogue of books, is now scarce, and particularly the ninth volume. By the same author we have also, "Specimen Bibliothecæ Hispano-Majansianæ, sive Idea novi Catalogi critici Operum Scriptorum Hispanorum quæ habet in sua Bibliotheca Gregor. Majansius." Hanov. 1753-4. Hirching's Manual of celebrated Persons who died in the 18th Century.-J.

he maintained many opinions highly erroneous. and unscriptural; whence Du Pin supposes it was composed soon after his conversion, while he was yet better acquainted with heathen philosophy than with the principles of Christianity. They, however, who do not scruple to speak freely of the fathers of the church, charge Clement with having been one of those who most contributed to corrupt the simplicity of the gospel, by doctrines derived from the philosophers; and they assert, that even in his existing works many platonic and stoic tenets are to be found, delivered as christian doctrines, which became the seeds of after error. This father was a man of great and various learning, surpassing in that respect almost all the early christian writers; but his judgment seems to have been unequal to his erudition. Some idea of his mode of arguing may be derived from the manner in which he replies to the heathen objection of the novelty of Christianity." On the contrary (says he), the Christians are the oldest people in the world, more ancient than the Arcadians or Phrygians who are fabled to have existed prior to the moon; for, before the creation, the Christians existed in God, in consequence of the spiritual birth they were to receive from his word." There are, however, many useful moral precepts in his works; and his "Stromata" are particularly valuable, as containing many quotations from ancient books, and recording many facts, not to be met with elsewhere. His style is careless and unartful, but pleases by a kind of dignified gravity. The works of Clement of Alexandria were first printed, in Greek only, at Florence, in 1550. Various editions have since been made, with a Latin translation by Hervetus, corrected by Silburgius, Heinsius, and others. Those of Leyden in 1616 and 1629, and of Paris in 1641, are valued; but the best of all is that of archbishop Potter, 2 vols. fol. 1715, Oxon.-Du Pin. Cave Hift. Literar. Ceillier Hist. des Auteurs Eccles. Brucker Hist. Philos.-A.

CLEMENT, or CLEMENS, DAVID, a learned and respectable writer on bibliography, was born on the 16th of June, at Hof-Geismar, where his father was French preacher. After studying at Rinteln and Marpurg, he succeeded his father; but in 1736 went as French preacher to Brunswick, and in 1743 to Hanover, where he died on the 20th of June, 1760. He was a man of great industry, and made deep researches into the history of literature, to which he was so much attached, that he refused a professorship of theology that he might have more leisure

VOL. III.

CLEIVELAND, JOHN, a popular poet in the reign of Charles I. was the son of a clergyman in Leicestershire, and was born at Loughborough in 1613. After a school education at Hinckley, he was entered at Christ's college, Cambridge, whence he was afterwards removed to St. John's college, of which he became fellow in 1634. He continued many years in that society, officiating as one of the tutors, and occupying the post of rhetoric reader, in which capacity he was employed to compose speeches and epistles to eminent persons. His style was admired for its purity and terseness. The inspirer of his English verse seems to have been party, and he is said to have been the first poetical champion of the royal cause at the breaking out of the civil war. His satires had all the keenness which fitted them for popularity; and when the success of the parliament obliged him to quit Cambridge and repair to the king's headquarters at Oxford, he was received in that seat of the Muses with great distinction. The poem by which he was best known, was a satire entitled, "The Rebel Scot," to which national and party antipathy gave great vogue. It will, however, now be thought more characterised by

Ε

malignity, than by wit or poetry. Two lines of it, forming an epigram, are still occasionally repeated:

Had Cain been Scot, God would have chang❜d his doom,

Not forc'd him wander, but confin'd him home. Cleiveland's fate partook of that of his party. He was, in his absence, ejected from his fellowship at Cambridge; and though his friends made him some compensation by the office of judge-advocate in the garrison of Newark, the capture of that fortress deprived him of all regular support. He thenceforth wandered about in obscurity, a dependant upon the hospitality and bounty of his brother loyalists, till in 1655 some officious persons apprehended him at Norwich, as one whose "great abilities rendered him able to do the greater disservice." He was for some time kept a prisoner at Yarmouth, till he was set at liberty by the Protector, in consequence of a well-drawn petition, in which Cleiveland skilfully dwells upon the topics proper to excite favour and commiseration, while at the same time he avows his former principles. This lenity was the more worthy of praise in Cromwell, as Cleiveland had been a personal and warm antagonist to him when candidate to represent the town of Cambridge in parliament. Our poet then took up his residence in London, where he met with a generous patron, and was much admired and caressed by the loyalists, whose convivial clubs he frequented. He died in chambers at Gray's-Inn in 1658, and was honoured with a splendid interment. Cleiveland's poetry was of that class which Dr. Johnson (after Dryden) has named the metaphysical, abounding in turns, conceits, and illusions; and as he was far from the head of his class, and wrote chiefly upon temporary topics, we cannot agree with the authors of the Biog. Britan. that "he was one of those who have at one time been too much praised, and at another too much neglected." Poetry (or rather verse) is not such a rare commodity, that it is worth while to retain or revive the inferior performances of past times. It was surely enough for Cleiveland, that, as Edward Phillips writes, he was by some grave men" in his time affirmed to be," in regard his conceits were out of the common road, and wittily far-fetched," the best of English poets. The editions of this work were extremely nume rous about the middle of the last century, but the latest was in 1687. Biog. Britan.-A.

CLENARD, or CLEYNARTS, NICHOLAS, a celebrated grammarian, of the 16th century,

was a native of Diest in Brabant. He was long a teacher of the learned languages at Louvain. At length, in 1535, he set out on his travels in company with John Vasaus of Bruges, and their first visit was to Budé at Paris. Thence they went to Spain, where Clenard taught the languages at the university of Salamanca, till he was invited by the king of Portugal to undertake the education of the prince his brother, A desire of learning Arabic induced Clenard to visit Africa in 1540; whence returning, he died at Granada in 1542. According to Scaliger, he was more to be commended for his zeal in the acquisition and promotion of knowledge, and his modesty, than for the depth of his erudition. He published grammatical works on the Greek and Hebrew languages; and his Greek grammar was long in use, improved in successive editions by various learned men, who chose rather to continue an established work under the name of its first author, than to undertake a new one. His "Epistolæ de Percgrinatione sua," written in a tolerably pure style, are curious, and have been several times edited. Baillet. Moreri.—A.

CLEOBULUS, son of Evagoras, a native of Lindus, or of Caria, is reckoned among the. seven sages of Greece. He is said to have been descended from Hercules; and he united strength and beauty of person to a cultivated mind. He travelled into Egypt for the sake of philosophical improvement, and there, probably, acquired that taste for enigmatical writing by which he was distinguished. He was the author of 300 verses of this kind, which might exercise the wits, if they did not much improve the wisdom, of his contemporaries. Several maxims of his in plain language are also recorded, which are in general too trite and obvious to deserve repeating. One of the best is the prudential advice, that before a man quits his house he should well reflect on all he has to do, and when he returns, should recollect what he has done. A brief epistle of his to Solon is extant, in which he invites that celebrated legislator to come and reside at Lindus, a free state and anisland, where he would be safe from the enmity of Pisistratus. Cleobulus died at the age of seventy, about 560 B.C. He had a daughter named-Cleobulina who was a poetess, and distinguished for the composition and explanation of enigmas. Diogen. Laert. Vit. Philos.—A. .

CLEOMENES I. king of Sparta, succeeded his father Anaxandridas, B.C. 557. The Lacedemonians strictly adhered, in his person, to the laws of hereditary succession, though he was